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According to WHO(World Health Organization)Air Pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoorenvironment by any chemical, physical or biologicalagent that modifies the natural characteristics of the
atmosphere.
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There are two types of pollutant
(A pollutantis a substance or energy introduced into theenvironment that has undesired effects, or adversely
affects the usefulness of a resource)
Primary pollutants
Secondary pollutants
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Primary pollutants are those that are emitted directly
into the air from pollution sources. Examples
Garbage burning gas emission from industries
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Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants
undergo chemical changes in the atmosphere. e.g.:- ozone
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ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES
IT INCLUDES:
1.STATIONARY SOURCE:
IT REFERS TO AN EMISSION
SOURCE THAT DOES NOT
MOVE,ALSO KNOWN AS A POINT
SOURCE. eg:factories,power plants and
dry cleaners.
2.AREA SOURCES:
IT IS USED TO DESCRIBE MANY
SMALL SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
LOCATED TOGETHER WHOSEINDIVIDUALS EMISSIONS MAY BE
BELOW THRESHOLDS OF
CONCERN,BUT WHOSE COLLECTIVE
EMISSIONS CAN BE SIGNIFICANT.
Eg:residential wood burners
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MOBILE SOURCESA mobile source of air pollutionrefers to a source that is capableof moving under its own power.
In general, mobile sourcesimply on-road transportation,which includes vehicles such ascars, sport utility vehicles, andbuses.
In addition, there is also anon-road or off-road categorythat includes gas-powered lawntools and mowers, farm and
construction equipment,recreational vehicles, boats,planes, and trains.
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Agricultural
Sources
Agricultural operations those that raise
animals and grow crops, can generate
emissions of gases and particulate
matter.
For example, animals confined to barn
or restricted area (rather than field
grazing ), produce large amounts of
manure. Manure emits various gases,
particularly ammonia into the air.
This ammonia can be emitted from the
animal houses, manure storage areas, or
from the land after the manure is
applied. In crop production, the
misapplication of fertilizers, herbicides,
and pesticides can potentially result in
aerial drift of these materials and harm
may be caused.
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Natural sourcesAlthough industrialization and
the use of motor vehicles are
overwhelmingly the most
significant contributors to air
pollution, there are important
natural Sources of pollutionas
well Wild land fires, dust storms,
and volcanic activity also
contribute gases and particulates
to our atmosphere.
Unlike the above mentioned
sources of air pollution, natural
air pollution is not caused by
people or their activities.
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FEW OTHER SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION:
1.INDUSTRIES:Gases emitted from chimneys cause
air pollution
2.FESTIVALS LIKE DIWALI
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It is estimated that the annual. carbon dioxide
emissions from fireworks is 60,340 tensor the same
emissions from 12,000 cars on the road for a year!!
If one suggests that planting trees is a solution,
then, please be informed that itd take the entire
lifetime of 5,000 trees to offset the 60,000 tons of
carbon emissions produced in this one day!!
Not only it pollutes the environment, it also
causes many deadly air-borne diseases.
Hence it is important to avoid use of fireworks
during our festivals
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Air pollution results in air quality degradation
Affects the quality of other environmentalresources as well as human-made structures
Impairs visibility and contributes to climatechange
Can also be detrimental to human health
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Polluted Air is Harmful to Park
resources such as
Vegetative discoloration
Growth disruption from ozoneLoss of aquatic species from streamacidificationErosion of building surfaces and rockformationsShifts in nutrient availability from aciddeposition
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Major Effects of Air Pollution
Acid Rain
Rainfall madesufficiently acidic byatmospheric pollutionthat it causesenvironmental harm,typically to forests andlakes.
Global WarmingA gradual increase in the overall temperatureof the earth's atmosphere generally attributed
to the greenhouse effect.
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Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or
other body of water causing a dense growthof plant life and death of animal life fromlack of oxygen.
Health EffectsSuch as irritation to the eyes, nose andthroat, and upper respiratory infections.
The Thinning Ozone LayerAir pollutants called CFCs have destroyed
parts of the ozone layer thus thinning theozone la er.
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Photochemical smog is a term used to describe air pollution that is a result of
the interaction of sunlight with certain chemicals in the atmosphere. Mixture of air pollutants
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Ozone
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PAN)
One of the primary components of photochemical smog is ozone.
While ozone in the stratosphere protects earth from harmful UV radiation,
ozone on the ground is hazardous to human health.
Ground-level ozone is formed when vehicle emissions containing nitrogen
oxides (primarily from vehicle exhaust) and volatile organic compounds(frompaints, solvents, and fuel evaporation) interact in the presence of sunlight.
Therefore, some of the sunniest cities are also some of the most polluted.
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To the right is Los Angeles on asmog-filled day and a smog free day.
The haze is due to the presence of
aerosols and particulates.
The second picture is of Gateway
Arch in St. Louis. The left is clear
day in April, the right is a hazysmoggy August day.
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1. Human Health
Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.
According to the American Lung Association, your lungs and heart can be
permanently affected by air pollution and smog.
Anyone with both short and long term exposure can suffer ill health effects.
Ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide areespecially harmful for senior citizens, children, and people with heart and lung
conditions such as bronchitis, and asthma.
It can inflame breathing passages, decrease the lungs' working capacity, cause
shortness of breath, pain when inhaling deeply, wheezing, coughing, fatigue,
increased asthma-related symptoms and even lung cancer. It can cause eye andnose irritation.
Increased hospital admissions and premature death.
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2. Damage to materials
O3causes cracking and aging of rubber by oxidizing and breaking double bondsin polymer.
3. Effect on the Atmosphere
Reduced visibility.
4. Toxicity to Plants Reduction to growth and yield.
Damage to vegetation.
Damage to crops.
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Two factors influencing the formation of photochemical smog
1. Topography
Very important for
formation of photochemicalsmog.
Restriction of air movement,
city in valley experience more
smog problem, than plains.
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2. Temperature Inversion
Increase of air temperaturewith height for some distance
above ground causing the smog
trapped close to ground.
Consequences
Air becomes still and dustand pollutants are no longer
lifted from surface.
Serious problem in many cities.
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