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EUT440
ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence
• NILAI UNIT/NUMBER OF UNIT: 2 (2+0)
• JENIS KURSUS/COURSE TYPE: TERAS/CORE
• 12th SEPT 2013
GROUP: SEM I 2014-2015 DKD5 THURS 10-12 PM INTRODUCTION: COURSE, ISSUES ON OSH
SAFETY & HEALTH
PROGRAM AT
WORK PLACE
Scope of Lectures
• Safety & Health Milestones in Malaysia
• What is Safety and Health Program
• Statistics
RISK MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY
MORAL & ETHIC
WHAT IS OSH
IMPLICATION
WHAT CONSTITUTE OSH
WHY OSH - BENEFITS
LEGAL
DIFFERENTIATE HEALTH & SAFETY
FINANCIAL
COSTS
HAZARDS ID
CLASSIFY HAZARDS
CONSEQUENT OF HAZARDS- HEALTH
CONTROL - BREIFLY
ROUTES
FACTORS/EFFECT
RISK ASSESSMENT
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
SAFETY CULTURE
HIRARC - TOOL
STEPS IN HIRARC
RISK MONITORING RISK CONTROL
MINIMIZATION
ELIMINATION
ADMINSTRATIVE
ENGINEERING
ACTS
FAC & MACH 1967
OSH 1994
A workplace safety and health program is a systematic plan to identify and control hazards and respond to emergencies. The program lays out responsibilities, resources, and procedures for keeping the workplace safe and healthy. Its objective is to integrate safety and health into all work practices and conditions.
WHAT IS SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
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Mandatory under the law. It is one of the general duties as prescribed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) for the employer to provide a safe workplaces to their employees and other related person. ……. OSH ACT
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM – WHY?
Why Managing Safety and Health?
OSHA 1994 Requirement For all industries If >5 Employees -Safety & Health Policy If ≥40 Employees (S30) -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & Health Committee For high risk industries (i.e. construction, ship building, gas etc.) If >100 Employees -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & (Order 1997) Health Committee + a Certified Safety & Health Officer For low risk industries (other than the above mentioned industries) If >500 Employees -Safety & Health Policy + Safety & (Order 1997) Health Committee + a Certified Safety & Health Officer
Since the days of the Industrial Revolution, when most factories were death-traps for the workers, legislation has steadily improved health and safety at work. Applying our normal principle that prevention is better than cure.
http://www.ehcareers.org/about/specialist_environmental_protection.html
Why Managing Safety and Health? 1890 - Boiler Enactment 1890. 1st legislation in the country to address safety issues.
Mandatory inspections of boilers by the Mines Department inspectors. 1913- Machinery Ordinance 1913. Superseded all the Boiler Enactment. 1932- Machinery Enactment 1932. Updated. Addition on provision on registration and
inspection of machinery installation. Enforced by Dept. of Mines. 1953- Machinery Ordinance 1953. Superseded all previous Regulations. 4 Regulations were
enacted, one was Safety and Health and Fire 1953; Enforced by Dept of Machinery, Min of Labor.
1967- Factory and Machinery Act 1967. Superseded Machinery Ordinance 1953. Fill the gaps, cover all aspects on industry – safety and health in all work place defined as factories (before, people worked in workplace where there was no machinery were unprotected). BUT work force under agriculture, forestry, fishing, construction, finance and public services not protected. Enforced by Factory and Machinery Dept.
1970- Regulations. 1991- Bright Sparklers factory explosion in Sungai Buluh killed 22 workers. Stiffer penalties
to employers failed to safeguard workers. {Bhopal tragedy in India 1984 (3000 killed, 50,000 suffered disability and Chernobyl nuclear power disaster in Russia 1986}.
1994- Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). To meet Malaysian fast economic growth to become an industrialized state by 2020 . Plug the weakness of 1967 Act. Provide general guidelines how to create a safe environment at work. All protected. Except those working on board ships (Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Ordinance (Sabah & Sarawak) 1960.
Milestones in the safety movement
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40 tons of methyl isocyanides (MIC) and other lethal gases including hydrogen cyanide leaked. Morning of 3rd December 1984. Accident – is a series of event Protective equipment – that could stop the disaster not in full working order Refrigeration system – to cool the storage tank was shut down. Scrubbing System – to absorbed the vapor was not immediately available. Flare system – to burn any vapor that got past the scrubbing system was out of order. (source: Goetsch, 2011).
Lessons Learnt from Bhopal tragedy?
Supreme Court India ordered USD470 compensation. The fund were paid to Indian Government to compensate the victims. Criminal negligence Corporate prejudice – chose a poverty-stricken country as a location that few would care if something went wrong Avoidance – putting a plant in remote area/poor country to avoid stricter safety and health standards of the country that of the parent company. In US, it led to the passage of - Emergency Planning and Community-to-know Act (EPCRA) in 1986 (Goetsch, 2011).
Lessons Learnt from Bhopal tragedy?
STATISTICS
FATALITY AND ACCIDENTS IN WORK PLACE
• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence
Lies
Frequency Rates of Occurrences of Occupational Accidents and Fatalities (source: Bahagian Dasar dan Penyelidikan, JKKP)
Fata
litie
s p
er
10
0,0
00
wo
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Acc
ide
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RATES OF OCCURRENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS and FATALITY in MALAYSIA
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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF NPD* UNTIL DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED)
*NPD – Non-Permanent Disability
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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF PD* UNTIL DECEMBER 2010
(INVESTIGATED)
*PD – Permanent Disability
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OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF DEATH UNTIL DECEMBER 2010
(INVESTIGATED)
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NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX versus NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL FATALITY OCCURRENCE
RATE
National Competitiveness Index versus National Occupational Fatality Occurrence Rate (source: World Economic Forum/ILO Safework, 2004)
Co
mp
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ne
ss In
dex
Fata
l Acc
ide
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/1
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,00
0 w
ork
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• Industrial Accidents is on the decline but
the compensation paid is on the increase
• Accidents are more severe in nature and
have longer medical leave
• Minor accidents are not reported
• Total number of Commuting Accidents
increased by 9%
CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRIAL
ACCIDENTS
• Reported OD cases for 2009 increased by 85 %
• Total number of OD is expected to increase due to long latency period, before the disease manifests and individual susceptibility factor
• New emerging diseases is on the increase
• Medical surveillance is not done according to the regulations for early intervention and thus disease may appear later with much more serious complication
• Under reporting phenomena carpal
Challenges of Occupational
Diseases
Why Managing Safety and Health?
• Moral and Ethical Issues
-Respect Human Resources - morale, commitment, image
-Respect their family – pride,
- Ethical Issues AS A PROFESSIONAL
• Legal Issues (MACHINERY AND FACTORY ACT 1967; OSH ACT 1994
-Claims for compensation
-Disruption during the legal process
• Financial Issues - is not a JUST legal, moral and ethical obligation; it also makes good business sense!!!!!.
-Increase of Insurance Premium
-Direct Lost
-Indirect Lost
-
REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS ACT 1967
(Revised – 2002) Act 138
An Act to provide for the registration of Engineers and for purposes connected
therewith.
ETHICAL ISSUES
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Functions of the Board - on Ethics -
For the purposes of this Act there is hereby established a board to be called "Board of Engineers", Malaysia (BEM). The functions
of the Board shall be among others: – to hear and determine disputes relating to professional conduct or ethics of registered Engineers; – to determine and regulate the conduct and ethics of the engineering profession;
ETHICAL ISSUES Why do Engineers need to know about Ethics? • With knowledge & skills, engineers have the capability to do services to the public. • With this capability, engineers have a tremendous responsibility to clients, individuals and society. • Ethics help engineers to guide their decisions to ensure they act responsibly.
ETHICAL ISSUES
Basic Ethical Concepts • Ethical considerations are an integral part of making engineering decisions. • The professional obligations of engineers go beyond fulfilling a contract with a client or customer. • Codes of ethics can provide guidance in the decision-making process.
ETHICAL ISSUES Basic Ethical Concepts •Ethical obligations do not stop at any country’s border; they are global. •Wherever engineers practice, they should hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public. •How an engineer fulfils those obligations may depend on the social and economic context of engineering practice.
ETHICAL ISSUES
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ETHICAL ISSUES CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990
• Conduct of Registered Engineer.
– 23. Every registered Engineer shall at all times uphold the dignity, high standing and reputation of his profession. • Responsibility to employer, clients or profession.
– 24. A registered Engineer in his responsibility to his employer, client or the profession shall have full regard to the public interest. • Discharge of duties.
– 25. (1) A registered Engineer shall discharge his duties to his employer or client as the case may be with complete fidelity.
ETHICAL ISSUES CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT REGISTRATION OF ENGINEERS REGULATIONS 1990 • Reputation etc. of a Registered Engineer not to be injured. – 26. A registered Engineer shall not maliciously injure or attempt to maliciously injure whether directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects or business of another registered Engineer.
BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections)
1/5. A Registered Engineer shall at all times hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. - 5 SUB-SECTIONS
ETHICAL ISSUES BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections) 2/5. A Registered Engineer shall undertake assignments only if he is qualified by education & experience in the specific technical fields in which he is involved. 2 SUB-SECTIONS 3/5. A Registered Engineer shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. 3 SUB-SECTIONS
ETHICAL ISSUES
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BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections)
4/5. A Registered Engineer shall act for each employer or clients as faithful agent or trustee.
7 SUB-SECTIONS
ETHICAL ISSUES BOARD OF ENGINEERS MALAYSBIA (BEM) GUIDELINES FOR CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT Five (5) Main SECTIONS for CODE of ETHICS (27 Sub-Sections)
5/5. A Registered Engineer shall conduct himself honourably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance the honour, reputation and usefulness of the profession. 10 SUB-SECTIONS
ETHICAL ISSUES
Managing Safety and Health – importatnt because:
• Moral and Ethical Issues
-Respect Human Resources - morale, commitment, image
-Respect their family – pride,
• Legal Issues
-Claims for compensation
-Disruption during the legal process
• Financial Issues is not a JUST legal and moral obligation; it also makes good business sense!!!!!.
-Increase of Insurance Premium
-Direct Cost
-Indirect Cost
-
THE ACTS - two most important
OSH
A A
CT
19
94
FAC
TOR
IES
AC
T 1
96
7
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WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER THE
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 0F 1994
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
Do you know that it is the duty of our EMPLOYER under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 0f 1994 to:
a) Ensure our safety, health and welfare at our workplace by:
•the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are safe and without risks to health; •making of arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances; •the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work; •maintaining the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks; •the provision and maintenance of a working environment which is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards to facilities for our welfare at work.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
b) Formulate safety and health policy: as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work; arrangements for the time being in force for carrying out the policy; to bring the statement and any revision of it to the notice of all of his employees.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
c) Employ a competent person to act as a Safety and Health Officer at the place of work exclusively for the purpose of ensuring the due observance at the place of work of the provisions of the OSHA and its regulations and the promotion of a safe conduct of work at the place of work.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
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d) Establish a Safety and Health Committee at the place of work if there are 40 or more persons employed at the place of work
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
e) Consult the Safety and Health Committee with a view to the making and maintenance of arrangements which will enable him and his employees to co-operate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure the safety and health at the place of work of the employees and in checking the effectiveness of such measures.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
f) Notify the nearest Occupational Safety and Health Office of any accident, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or is likely to occur at the place of work.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
g) General duties of employers and self-employed persons to persons other than their employees. It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to conduct his undertaking in such as manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he and other persons, not being his employees, who may be affected are not thereby exposed to risks to their safety or health
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LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
g) General duties of manufacturers, etc as regards plant for use at work. (1) It shall be the duty of a person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies any plant for use at work- (a) to ensure, so far as is practicable, that the plant is so designed and constructed as to be safe and without risks to health when properly used; …….. (2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the design or manufacturing of any plant for use at work to carry out or arrange for the carry out of any necessary research with the view to discovery and, so far as practicable, the elimination or minimization of any risk to safety or health to which the design or plant may give rise.
Nevertheless, it is our duty as employees to: a) Take reasonable care for the safety and health of ourself and of other persons who may be affected by our acts or omissions at work; b) Co-operate with our employer or any other person in the discharge of any duty or requirement imposed on our employer or that other person by OSHA; c) Wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by our employer for the purpose of preventing risks to our safety and health; d) Comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by our employer or any other person by or under OSHA or any regulations made thereunder.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994
WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER THE
FACTORY AND
MACHINERY ACT,
1967
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967
Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Provisions relating to safety, etc
10. Without prejudice to any law with respect to
local authorities, in respect of any factory, the
following provisions relating to safety shall apply:
(a) foundation and floor…..
(e) every openings, sump, pit or
fixed vessel in a floor , or working level shall be
securely fenced so as to prevent risk of persons
falling;….
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FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967
Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Persons exposed to explosive, inflammable, etc.,
substances
11. In a factory in which persons are exposed to
risk of bodily injury from explosive, inflammable,
poisonous or corrosive substances or ionizing
radiations, such measures as may be prescribed
shall be taken as will eliminate the risk.
FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967
Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Lifting of weights
12. No person shall be employed to lift, carry or
move any load so heavy as to be likely to
cause injury to him
FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967
Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Construction of machinery
14. All machinery and every part thereof including all
fittings and attachment shall be of sound
construction and sound material free from defect
and suitable for the purpose and shall be properly
maintained
FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967
Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Projecting material
16. In respect to such machinery as may be
prescribed, any part of any material carried by
that machinery while it is working thereon which
projects beyond any part of the machinery
shall be effectively fenced unless it is in such a
position as to be safe to any person employed
or working on or renting the premises.
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FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967
Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Machinery manufactured or repaired must
comply with regulations
18 (1) No person shall
manufacture, repair or install
machinery in such a manner
that it does not comply with
the provisions of this Act and
any regulations made
thereunder applicable to such
machinery
FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967
Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
Provisions relating to health
22 (1) Without prejudice to any law to public health,
in respect of any factory the following provisions
relating to health of persons shall apply:
(a) every factory shall be kept in a clean state and
free from offensive effluvia arising from any
drain, sanitary convenience or other source …
(b) the maximum number of persons employed at
any one time in any work-room in any factory
shall be such that the amount of cubic feet of
space and superficial feet of floor area allowed in
the work-room for each person are not less than
the amount of cubic feet of space and superficial
feet of floor area prescribed either generally or
for the particular class of work carried on in
the work-room
PROVISION OF SAFE AND HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENT THAT
ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESS CAN BE PREVENTED IS A VERY IMPORTANT
ASPECT IN ENGINEERING PROFESSION
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Benefits of Good OSH • Reduced lost time
• Reduced need to provide cover for personnel absent from work because of injury
• Reduce sick pay payments
• Reduce need for time-consuming accident investigation and consequent saving in management time and production down-time • Reduced potential for prosecution and other enforcement action by authorities
• Reduction in the number of claims for compensation by injured personnel
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• Reduced employer’s liability insurance premiums
• Improved morals
• Improved image of company, both in terms of employer and competent contractor
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Benefits of Good OSH …continue CASE STUDIES
ON
SUCCESSFULL IMLPEMENTATION OF
HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM
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Case study - North Staffordshire combined Healthcare NHS Trust
The board found itself facing service improvement targets. Using new corporate and clinical guidance, it set about taking a 'whole systems' approach to managing corporate risk, giving one of its directors responsibility for the leadership of health and safety for the first time. Health and safety was also made a key item on the board agenda. This has resulted in a much better integrated health and safety management system that increases the opportunity to identify and manage all corporate risks, and a much more open culture, improving reporting and monitoring. The board actively promotes a culture that gives staff the confidence to report incidents.
This has resulted in: incidence rates reduced by 16% over two years; insurance premiums reduced by 10% - financial implication.
Case study - British Sugar
The company had an excellent safety record and had no indication of the devastating events that were to happen – in one year three deaths occurred. Although health and safety had always been a business priority, a change in focus was needed to achieve behavioural change. This included: the CEO assigning health and safety responsibilities to all directors, and monthly reports go to the board; creating effective working partnerships with employees, trade unions and others; overseeing a behavioural change programme and audits; publishing annual health and safety targets, and devising initiatives to meet them. Results include: time lost to injuries reduced by 43% over a two year period; 63% reduction in major issues over the course of a year; much greater understanding by directors of health and safety risks.
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Case study – Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service To give health and safety a high priority, Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service recognised that it was critical for its leadership to demonstrate to its staff that accountability for health and safety was a fundamental element in the success of its overall service delivery. The director of service policy and planning was nominated as the health and safety director for the service in order to clearly define the importance this subject held within the organisation. The director implemented a revised health and safety framework, which included a programme of fire station visits to engage the workforce, and placed a renewed emphasis on improving incident reporting, investigation and monitoring procedures. The service has reported: £100,000 reduction in insurance liability premiums in one year through improved corporate strategic risk management; 50% reduction in sickness absence through work related injury over a two year period; 50% reduction in injury incidence rate over a three year period.
Case study – Sainsbury's An external health and safety audit identified a need to develop a unified approach, and also recommended more direction from the board, to develop an effective strategy. The result was a radical revision of the company's approach, including: the group human resources director creating a health and safety vision, supported
by a plan with targets over three years; training on health and safety responsibilities was introduced for all board
directors.
This has resulted in: the board providing a role model for health and safety behaviour; 17% reduction in sickness absence; 28% reduction in reportable incidents; improved morale and pride in working for the company; raising the profile of health and safety so it is becoming embedded in the culture of the organization.
http://www.hse.gov.uk/leadership/casestudies-success.htm
TECHNICALLY , THE GOAL OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM IN WORK PLACE IS TO ESTABLISH SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT -AN ENVIRONMENT FREE FROM HAZARD TO WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY
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Safety and Health – how it evolved
• PREVIOUSLY, EMPLOYERS NOT CONCERN FOR SAFETY OF WORKERS & IN FACT LITTLE INCENTIVE TO BE CONCERNED. SAFETY PROGRAMS WERE IN FACT NONEXISTENT.
• WHEN THE INDUSTRY IN THE WEST FACED WITH LABOR SHORTAGES ESPECIALLY DURING WW1 AND WW2, EMPLOYERS COULD NOT EFFORT TO LOSE WORKERS TO ACCIDENTS OR ANY OTHER REASONS.
•THIS LED TO GREATER OPENESS TO PROVIDING SAFETY A SERIOUS CONSIDERATION BY EMPLOYERS
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• INDUSTRY BEGAN TO REALIZED THAT: • IMPROVED ENGINEERING COULD PREVENT ACCIDENTS
•EMPLOYEES WERE WILLING TO LEARN & ACCEPT SAFETY RULES
•SAFETY RULES COULD BE ESTABLISHED AND ENFORCED
•FINANCIAL SAVING FROM SAFETY IMPROVEMENT COULD BE REAPED BY SAVING IN COMPENSATION AND MEDICAL BILLS
•WITH THESE REALIZATION AND INCENTIVES, EMPLOYERS BEGAN TO PLAY ACTIVE ROLE IN CREATING AND MAINTAINING SAFETY AT WORKPLACE – THERE IS ORGANIZED SAFETY PROGRAMS
Safety and Health – how it evolved
• THE ENGINEERING ASPECTS – DESIGN IMPROVEMENT THAT SIMPLIFIED MANUFACTURING PROCESS, MADE LESS DANGEROUS. MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS ENGINEERED IN WAYS THAT REDUCE POTENTIAL HAZARDS.
• EDUCATION ASPECTS – SAFETY PROGRAM ENSURES EMPLOYEE KNOW HOW TO WORK SAFELY, WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO DO SO, AND SAFEY IS EXPECTED BY MANAGEMENT
• ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS – SAFETY PROGRAM MAKING SURE EMPLOYEE ABIDE BY SAFETY POLICIES, RULES, REGULATIONS, PRACTICES & PROCEDURES
Safety and Health – how it evolved
Safety and Health – how it evolved
• THEY ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS IN MODERN WORKPLACE
• THE WIDELY USED TECHNIQUES IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS SUCH AS FAILURE MINIMIZATION, FAIL-SAFE DESIGN, ISOLATION, LOCKOUT, ETC ARE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF A BROADER SAFETY PROGRAMS THAT HAVE EVOLVED OVER THE YEARS (since 1800s).
Safety and Health ….the terms
• Safety means preventing accidents or hazards from occuring i.e Safety Accident
• Health means a state of complete psychic, mental and social well being not merely consist of an absence of disease i.e Health Illness
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Hazard HAZARD –condition with the potential of causing:
• Injury • Diseases • Damage to equipment or structures • Loss of material or lessening of the ability to perform
a prescribed function • Damage to the environment • Or a combination of the above
- It is something that can cause harm if not
controlled - the outcome is the harm that results from an
uncontrolled hazard
Workers don’t create hazards. Hazards are often built into workplace.
Work processes can be designed to prevent
accidents and illnesses. Existing hazards
should be removed from the workplace.
When hazard is present, the possibility of these adverse effect (such as injury, diseases, damage to equipment etc) occuring exists…. RISK
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so….. Safety Frequently defined as “freedom from hazard”
-NOTE: It is practically impossible to eliminate all hazards.
-Safety is therefore a matter of relative protection from exposure to hazards (the antonym to danger)
-Safe vs. Danger
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What is Accident?
• Unwanted and undesirable • Unexpected
• Involves a deviation from what was intended, i.e. a planned safe operation
• Involves injury to people and/or damage to plant and equipment or materials, including the finished product - or at least the potential for injury/damage (an event labeled a ‘near miss accident’)
• Involves a chain of events, rather than one isolated event
• Breakdown of Accident Costs for the Industry
• The costs can be categorized into
- Direct cost - Indirect cost
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Direct costs
•payment for work not performed;
•medical and compensation payments;
•repair or replacement of damaged
machinery and equipment;
•reduction or a temporary halt in
production;
•increased training expenses and
administration costs;
•possible reduction in the quality of work;
negative effect on morale in other workers.
The costs of an accident or illness can be
4 to 10 times greater than the direct costs,
or even more!
An occupational illness or accident can
have so many indirect costs to workers that
it is often difficult to measure them. One of
the most obvious indirect costs is the
human suffering caused to workers'
families, which cannot be compensated
with money.
Indirect costs
Indirect costs
•the injured/ill worker has to be replaced;
•a new worker has to be trained and given time to
adjust;
•it takes time before the new worker is producing at
the rate of the original worker;
•time must be devoted to obligatory investigations,
to the writing of reports and filling out of forms;
•accidents often arouse the concern of fellow
workers and influence labor relations in a negative
way;
•poor health and safety conditions in the workplace
can also result in poor public relations.
THANK YOU
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