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Erosion and LandscapeEvolution
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How Do We Know Rivers Cut Their Valleys?
John Play air! "#$$• Tri%utary valleys al&ost always 'oin
the &ain valley at e(actly the sa&eelevation! even thou)h the valleys&ay %e)in &any &iles apart* This isvery unli+ely unless the rivers havecut the valleys*
• How Rivers Widen Valleys
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Constructive and DestructiveProcesses
Hi)hlands• Erosion Do&inates• Destructive Processes• History not Preserved• Little ,eolo)ical Record
TransportLowlands! Coastal Plain! La+es and -ea s• Deposition Do&inates• Constructive Processes• History Preserved• ,ood ,eolo)ical Record
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-trea& .%rasion! /arathonCounty
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/e)a0Potholes! -t* Croi(Valley
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.nato&y
o aDraina)e-yste&
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TheContinental
Divide!Colorado
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-trea& 1rder
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The River That Did This2*
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Loo+s Li+e This 3ear 4ts-ource
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The 4deal -trea& Cycle5W*/* Davis! "##$6
3ot a Literal Ti&e-e7uence
• 8outh• /aturity•
1ld .)e• Re'uvenatio n
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8outh • V0-haped Valley• Rapids• Water alls• 3o :lood Plain• Draina)e
Divides ;road
and :lat!
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8outh ul Landscape! .ri=ona
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/aturity
5Early6
• V0-haped Valley• ;e)innin)s o :lood
Plain• -and and ,ravel
;ars• -harp Divides• Relie Reaches
/a(i&u&• Valleys stop
deepenin)• ,eneral .)ree&ent
on this sta)e! lotso e(a&ples
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8oun)0/ature Landscape! Cali ornia
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/ature Landscape!Kentuc+y
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/aturity
5Late6
• Valley has >at%otto&
•
3arrow :lood Plain• Divides %e)in toround o
• Relie di&inishes•
-edi&ent %uildsup! >ood plainwidens
• River %e)ins to&eander
• /any )eolo)ists%elieve slopesstay steep %utsi&ply retreat*
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1ld /ature Landscape! Tennessee
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1ld
.)e
• Land worn tonearly >at sur ace5peneplain6
• Resistant roc+sre&ain aserosionalre&nants5&onadnoc+s6
• Rivers &eander
across e(tre&elywide! >at >oodplains
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/onadnoc+! Colorado
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/onadnoc+s! /aine
ld ) d h
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1ld .)e Landscape! -outh.&erica
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The 1nset o 1ld .)e?4ndiana
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1ld .)e? 1r /ay%e 3ot@ 3e%ras+a
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1ld .)e? 3oA 5Wisconsin6
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Re'uvenation• -o&e chan)e causes strea& to
speed up and cut deeper* – ow
• -trea& valley ta+es on youth ul
characteristics %ut retains eatures oolder sta)es as well*• Can happen at any point in the cycle*
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Re'uvenation!
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Re'uvenation o an old0a)elandscape
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Re'uvenation o an early&ature landscape
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/achu Pichu! Peru
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/achu Pichu! Peru
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Why the -trea& Cycle DoesnBtE(plain Everythin)
• Rises and alls in sea level durin) the ice a)esre'uvenated &ost landscapes to so&e e(tent*
• Cli&ate chan)es &ean that &ass0wastin)
processes in te&perate re)ions &ay haveunder)one radical chan)es repeatedly in thelast ew &illion years*
• 4n places where conditions have re&ained
uni or& or lon) ti&es! li+e the sta%leinteriors o . rica! .ustralia and -outh.&erica! the ideal strea& cycle see&s towor+ %est*
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-ea Level and River Pro le
uperpose n ece en
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uperpose n ece enDrainage
Streams Cut Right Through HighTopography
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Re'uvenatedPeneplain@
the3ortheaste
rn
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Re uvenated
Peneplain
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edDraina)e!Delaware
Water,ap
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C &% l d / t i !
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Cu&%erland /ountains!Vir)inia
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Cu&%erland ,ap
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Devil s ,ap! Wyo&in)
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Riversand
Crustal/ove&en
t!Cali ornia
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Tectonic
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Tectonic
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The
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Draina)e Diversion
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TheHuan) He@
China s-orrowF
• "##G@ !$$$!$$$dead
• "I "@ !G$$!$$$dead
•
"I #@ The Chinesedyna&ite levees toslow the Japanesehal a &illionChinese died*
Ri Di i i h C i
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River Diversions in the CaspianRe)ion
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-trea&Piracy@3orthea
stEn)land
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Why is the Danu%e ;lue?
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Piracy on the Danu%e
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:lood! Ecuador
:lood! reen ;ay! June
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:lood! ,reen ;ay! June"II$
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:lood! ,reen ;ay! June "II$
;uildin) -&art in a :lood
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;uildin) -&art in a :loodPlain
Channeled -ca%lands!
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Channeled ca%lands!Washin)ton
: u : ow s -ca e0
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: u : ow s ca e04nvariant
Erosion o ;edroc+ River
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Erosion o ;edroc+ River;eds
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-ca%land Terrain! 1re)on
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Erosiono -o tRiver;eds
/e)a0 ravel ;ar!
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/e)a0,ravel ;ar!Washin)ton
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/e)a0:lood
Deposits!Washin)to
n
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