Epidemiological and molecular
information on avian influenza from
India and the SAARC sub-region
S Nagarajan C Tosh and V P Singh
ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases
(OIE Ref Lab for Avian Influenza)
Bhopal (MP) India
OIE expert group meeting
Sapporo Japan 03-05 Oct 2017
H5 and H7 AIV in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H5N1 ndash 2006
bull Bangladesh H5N1 ndash 2007 H7N9 H5N2 ndash 2016
bull Bhutan H5N1 ndash 2010
bull India H5N1 ndash 2006 H5N8 - 2016
bull Myanmar H5N6 ndash 2017 H5N1 - 2006
bull Nepal H5N1 ndash 2009 H5N8 ndash 2017
bull Pakistan H5N1- 2006 H7N3 ndash 1995
bull Sri Lanka H5N2 ndash 2012
Cumulative number of human cases for
AI (H5N1) reported to WHO 2003-17
Multiple genetic clades (0-9)
Genetic and Antigenic divergence
of H5N1 virus
Map and timeline of H5 subtype of Avian influenza outbreaks in South Asia
2008 2009 2010
IndiaPakistan(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1)
Bhutan(Feb)
2361 21
552124
1
2011 2012
Sri Lanka(H5N2)
bull Outbreaks
bull H5N1
bull H5N8
bull H5N2
bull H5N6
22
51
1
20072006
12332
AfghanistanMyanmar(H5N1)
Myanmar(H5N6)
India(H5N8)
Nepal(H5N8)
2013 2014 2015 20172016
IndiaBangladesh(H5N1)
Bhutan(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1
India(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Phylogenetic relationship of HA genes of
H5N1 viruses isolated in South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Genetic clades
bull Afghanistan - 22
bull Bangladesh - 22 234
2321a (H5N1)
bull Bhutan- 22 2321a
(H5N1)
bull Nepal - 22 2321a
2321c (H5N1)
bull India - 22 2321a 2321c
(H5N1) 2344 (H5N8)
bull Pakistan - 22
bull Myanmar - 232 234 7
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
H5 and H7 AIV in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H5N1 ndash 2006
bull Bangladesh H5N1 ndash 2007 H7N9 H5N2 ndash 2016
bull Bhutan H5N1 ndash 2010
bull India H5N1 ndash 2006 H5N8 - 2016
bull Myanmar H5N6 ndash 2017 H5N1 - 2006
bull Nepal H5N1 ndash 2009 H5N8 ndash 2017
bull Pakistan H5N1- 2006 H7N3 ndash 1995
bull Sri Lanka H5N2 ndash 2012
Cumulative number of human cases for
AI (H5N1) reported to WHO 2003-17
Multiple genetic clades (0-9)
Genetic and Antigenic divergence
of H5N1 virus
Map and timeline of H5 subtype of Avian influenza outbreaks in South Asia
2008 2009 2010
IndiaPakistan(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1)
Bhutan(Feb)
2361 21
552124
1
2011 2012
Sri Lanka(H5N2)
bull Outbreaks
bull H5N1
bull H5N8
bull H5N2
bull H5N6
22
51
1
20072006
12332
AfghanistanMyanmar(H5N1)
Myanmar(H5N6)
India(H5N8)
Nepal(H5N8)
2013 2014 2015 20172016
IndiaBangladesh(H5N1)
Bhutan(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1
India(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Phylogenetic relationship of HA genes of
H5N1 viruses isolated in South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Genetic clades
bull Afghanistan - 22
bull Bangladesh - 22 234
2321a (H5N1)
bull Bhutan- 22 2321a
(H5N1)
bull Nepal - 22 2321a
2321c (H5N1)
bull India - 22 2321a 2321c
(H5N1) 2344 (H5N8)
bull Pakistan - 22
bull Myanmar - 232 234 7
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Cumulative number of human cases for
AI (H5N1) reported to WHO 2003-17
Multiple genetic clades (0-9)
Genetic and Antigenic divergence
of H5N1 virus
Map and timeline of H5 subtype of Avian influenza outbreaks in South Asia
2008 2009 2010
IndiaPakistan(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1)
Bhutan(Feb)
2361 21
552124
1
2011 2012
Sri Lanka(H5N2)
bull Outbreaks
bull H5N1
bull H5N8
bull H5N2
bull H5N6
22
51
1
20072006
12332
AfghanistanMyanmar(H5N1)
Myanmar(H5N6)
India(H5N8)
Nepal(H5N8)
2013 2014 2015 20172016
IndiaBangladesh(H5N1)
Bhutan(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1
India(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Phylogenetic relationship of HA genes of
H5N1 viruses isolated in South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Genetic clades
bull Afghanistan - 22
bull Bangladesh - 22 234
2321a (H5N1)
bull Bhutan- 22 2321a
(H5N1)
bull Nepal - 22 2321a
2321c (H5N1)
bull India - 22 2321a 2321c
(H5N1) 2344 (H5N8)
bull Pakistan - 22
bull Myanmar - 232 234 7
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Multiple genetic clades (0-9)
Genetic and Antigenic divergence
of H5N1 virus
Map and timeline of H5 subtype of Avian influenza outbreaks in South Asia
2008 2009 2010
IndiaPakistan(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1)
Bhutan(Feb)
2361 21
552124
1
2011 2012
Sri Lanka(H5N2)
bull Outbreaks
bull H5N1
bull H5N8
bull H5N2
bull H5N6
22
51
1
20072006
12332
AfghanistanMyanmar(H5N1)
Myanmar(H5N6)
India(H5N8)
Nepal(H5N8)
2013 2014 2015 20172016
IndiaBangladesh(H5N1)
Bhutan(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1
India(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Phylogenetic relationship of HA genes of
H5N1 viruses isolated in South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Genetic clades
bull Afghanistan - 22
bull Bangladesh - 22 234
2321a (H5N1)
bull Bhutan- 22 2321a
(H5N1)
bull Nepal - 22 2321a
2321c (H5N1)
bull India - 22 2321a 2321c
(H5N1) 2344 (H5N8)
bull Pakistan - 22
bull Myanmar - 232 234 7
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Map and timeline of H5 subtype of Avian influenza outbreaks in South Asia
2008 2009 2010
IndiaPakistan(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1)
Bhutan(Feb)
2361 21
552124
1
2011 2012
Sri Lanka(H5N2)
bull Outbreaks
bull H5N1
bull H5N8
bull H5N2
bull H5N6
22
51
1
20072006
12332
AfghanistanMyanmar(H5N1)
Myanmar(H5N6)
India(H5N8)
Nepal(H5N8)
2013 2014 2015 20172016
IndiaBangladesh(H5N1)
Bhutan(H5N1)
Nepal(H5N1
India(H5N1)
Bangladesh(H5N1)
Phylogenetic relationship of HA genes of
H5N1 viruses isolated in South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Genetic clades
bull Afghanistan - 22
bull Bangladesh - 22 234
2321a (H5N1)
bull Bhutan- 22 2321a
(H5N1)
bull Nepal - 22 2321a
2321c (H5N1)
bull India - 22 2321a 2321c
(H5N1) 2344 (H5N8)
bull Pakistan - 22
bull Myanmar - 232 234 7
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Phylogenetic relationship of HA genes of
H5N1 viruses isolated in South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Genetic clades
bull Afghanistan - 22
bull Bangladesh - 22 234
2321a (H5N1)
bull Bhutan- 22 2321a
(H5N1)
bull Nepal - 22 2321a
2321c (H5N1)
bull India - 22 2321a 2321c
(H5N1) 2344 (H5N8)
bull Pakistan - 22
bull Myanmar - 232 234 7
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
bull From 2011 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses with PB1 gene of H9N2 virus circulated in Indo-gangetic plains
bull In June 2015 a new genotype of H5N1 viruses clade 2321a identified in Bangladesh with the HA NA and M genes of circulating 2321a H5N1 viruses and five other genes of LPAIVs (Eurasian-lineage)
bull In India similar viruses were isolated in 2006 and caused recent outbreaks in 2016-2017 except in the state of Karnataka in May 2016
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Antigenic divergence of H5N1 viruses
bull Cross hemagglutination inhibition data
indicated antigenic divergence (6-21 fold reduction in
cross-reactivity) between the two recently emerged
H5N1 clades 2321a and 2321c
bull These two clades are highly divergent (21-128 fold
reduction in HI titre) from the earlier clades 22 2221
isolated in IndiaBhat et al (2017) Arch Virol 162(2)487-494
Antigenic cartography
2321a
2321c
2221
22
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
H5N8 Outbreaks (2016-17)
bull India ndash 32 outbreaks (Oct to Dec 2016)
bull Zoological Parks - Delhi Madhya Pradesh Karnataka
bull Wetlands and lakes - Haryana Punjab Gujarat
bull Domestic poultry - Karnataka amp Kerala
bull Species Chicken duck crow goose Pelican Painted stork Black-necked stork Heron Grey legged goose
bull Nepal ndash One outbreak (Mar 2017) in Koshi
Species Chickens (Layers)
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
H5N8 outbreaks India (2016)
bull Phylogenetic analysis - Group B of
genetic clade 2344
bull Related to H5N8 viruses isolated
from wild birds in May 2016 in
Russian Federation (UVS-Nuur
Lake Tyva Republic) and China
(Qinghai Lake)
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016(delhi)
AduckIndia11CA232016(Delhi)
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
Amute swanCroatia852016(H5N8)
Atufted duckGermany-SHR84462016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY17-LU2016(H5N8)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AchickenIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AgooseIndia12TI012016(Gujarat)
Awild birdIndia12TI012016(Mysore zoo)
AduckIndia10CA072016(Kerala)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10TI062016(Kerala Ramankary)
Awild birdIndia10CA032016(delhi)
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
AduckIndia11Ca252016-Delhi
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaS11092014(H5N8)
AgooseZhejiang9250372014(H5N8)
Abreeder duckKoreaGochang12014(H5N8)
icB
AduckJiangsuk12032010(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL06112011(H5N8)
AduckEastern ChinaL10212012(H5N8)
AduckEngland3625414(H5N8)
Adomestic duckHungary73412015(H5N8)
AturkeyGermanyAR2485-86-L008992014(H5N8)
Aeurasian wigeonNetherlands22014(H5N8)
AduckChiba26-372-482014(H5N8)
AwigeonSakha12014(H5N8)
A1
AchickenSaga1-12015(H5N8)
Amandarin duckGifu2112D0012014(H5N8)
AmallardKoreaKU3-22015(H5N8)
AChickenMiyazaki72014(H5N8)
A3
Abaikal tealKorea14492014(H5N8)
ACootKoreaH812014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaBuan22014(H5N8)
Abroiler duckKoreaH652014(H5N8)
Abaikal tealKorea14562014(H5N8)
Abean gooseKoreaH3282014(H5N8)
Awhite-fronted gooseKoreaH2312014(H5N8)
Achickenkumamoto1-72014(H5N8)
AgooseTaiwan010262015(H5N8)
AcraneKagoshimaKU12014(H5N8)
AchickenCalifornia15-0049122015(H5N8)
AturkeyCaliforniaK1500169-122015(H5N8)
AAmerican wigeonOregonAH00125252015(H5N8)
A2
icA
9999
91
95
95
94
001 HA gene phylogeny
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
AcrowIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AduckIndia10CA072016 kerala
ABlack-Necked StarkIndia12CA012016(BNS Delhi)
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8) MP
AchickenIndia11CA012016(Kerala)
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
AgooseIndia11TI012016-Gujarat
AduckIndia11CA252016-Delhi
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala Ramankary
AchickenIndia11TI032016(Karnataka)
AcraneIndia11CA012016(Haryana)
ApigeonEgyptS10409A2014(H9N2)
AAnas platyrhynchosBelgium17330cls422013(H5N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia32010(H7N3)
AduckVietnamLBM3002012(H10N2)
AduckMongolia1672015(H3N8)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
DUOR15
AduckIndia10TI072016(Punjab)
AduckIndia11CA222016(Haryana)
ABrown-headed GullQinghaiZTO5-K2016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
ACaspian sealRussiaT12012(H4N6)
Acommon eiderNetherlands12006(H3N8)
Acommon TealRepublic of Georgia12011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands232012(H11N9)
AmallardCzech Republic14333-1K2011(H3N8)
Amallard duckNetherlands152011(H6N8)
Agreater white-fronted gooseNetherlands62011(H6N8)
AItaly32013(H7N7)
AchickenEngland474-0162502014(H4N6)
B314
AmallardRepublic of Georgia132011(H6N2)
AgadwallKurgan24422016(H5N8)
Awild duckTatarstan30592016(H5N8)
AchickenVoronezh202017(H5N8)
AduckIndia10CA082016-delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8) delhi
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
icB
icA
88100
100
100
97
100
90
94
89
100
99
100
90
72
81
98
78
82 100
80
99
AduckIndia10CA012016(H5N8)
AgooseIndia10CA012016-Delhi
Amigratory birdIndia10CA012016-Delhi
AduckIndia10CA082016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA232016-Delhi
AduckIndia11CA222016-Haryana
AduckIndia10TI072016-Punjab
AchickenIndia11TI032016-Karnataka
AcraneIndia11CA012016-Haryana
ABar-headed GooseQinghaiBTY9-LU2016(H5N8)
Ablack-headed gullTyva412016(H5N8)
Agreat crested grebeUvs-Nuur Lake3412016(H5N8)
AduckMongolia9962015(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1182015(H4N6)
Amuscovy duckVietnamLBM5292013(H3N8)
AduckMongolia1412015(H10N2)
AmallardRepublic of Georgia12010(H10N7))
Anorthern shovelerGeorgia12010(H2N3)
AmallardCzech Republic13438-29K2010(H11N9)
Awild waterfowlDongtingC23832012(H1N2)
AduckSichuanS42022011(H4N2)
AduckIndia10TI062016-Kerala ramankary
Amigraory birdIndia12CA012016-Delhi BNS
AturkeyItaly17VIR538-12017(H5N8)
Acommon tealKoreaW5502016(H5N8)
Amallard duckKoreaWA1372017(H5N8)
AchickenKoreaH9032017(H5N8)
AcrowIndia11CA012016-Kerala
AduckIndia10CA072016-kerala
AheronIndia10CA032016-Delhi
Apainted storkIndia10CA032016(H5N8)
AduckIndia11CA252016 Delhi
AgooseIndia12TI012016-Gujarat
AgadwallChany972016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia1032016(H5N8)
Adomestic duckSiberia50K2016(H5N8)
icB
icA99
99
99
99
98
95
94
99
75
77
70
99
99
70
70
97
95
99
001NP gene phylogeny PA gene phylogeny
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Species affected
bull H5N1 virus chickens ducks quail goose pigeon
crow water coot wild birds (Species not known)
bull H5N8 virus chickens ducks goose Crane Painted
stork Black-necked stork Pelican Heron crow Grey
legged goose
bull H5N2 virus Chickens
bull H5N6 virus Chickens (Myanmar)
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Other than H5 and H7 in SAARC region
bull Afghanistan H9N2 - 2008bull Bangladesh
bull H9N2 ndash 2006 bull H11N3 H4N6 H1N1 H1N3 H2N4 H3N2 H3N6
H3N8 H4N2 H6N1 and H6N7 - 2016bull India
bull H9N2 - 2003 Sequence of H9 haemagglutininsubtype in duck ndash 1986
bull H6N2 ndash 2014 H4N6 ndash 2009-2011 H11N9 ndash 2011 H3N8 - 2014
bull Myanmar H9N2 - 2014bull Nepal H9N2 ndash Seropositivity 2008bull Pakistan H9N2 - 1998bull Sri Lanka H6 and H9 ndash Seropositivity 2007
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
ML phylogenetic tree for the HA gene segment of H9N2 avian
influenza viruses from the Middle East and Asia
Alice Fusaro et al J Virol 2011858413-8421
bull Purple for Iran bull Green for Israelbull Red for Saudi Arabia bull Gray for the UAE bull Yellow for Afghanistan bull Orange for Pakistanbull Blue for Jordanbull Light blue for Iraq
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
H9N2 AIV - India
bull All Indian H9N2 viruses belong
to G1 sub-lineage of Eurasian
lineage
bull Form four distinct phylogenetic
groups (2003-2016)
bull Reassortant (Polymerase andNS genes from unknownorigin)
India
G1-lineage
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
bull The Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses (2009-2013) clustered with the H9N2 viruses isolated from India Pakistan and the Middle East
bull In the HA tree all of the H9N2 viruses formed a well-supported monophyletic cluster (99 bootstrap value) in the Mideast B sublineage
H9N2 AIV - Bangladesh
Shanmuganatham et al (2014) Emerging Microbes and Infections 3 e88
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
H9N2 AIV - Pakistan
bull The HA gene of H9N2 viruses
identified in Pakistan from 2004 to
2015 belonged to Middle East
group B
bull Sublineage B1 -viruses collected
from 2004 to 2008 and clustered
with other Middle East viruses
bull Sublineage B2 - viruses collected
from 2008 to 2015 and clustered
with viruses identified from the
Indian subcontinent
Dong-Hun Lee et al Vet Rec Open 2016 3(1) e000171
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
bull Cluster analysis showed that H5N1 was introduced in West Bengal at least 3 times between 2008 and 2010 and role of wild birds are suspected (Pandit et al 2013)
bull H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in India during Oct-Dec 2016 are related to Uvs-Nuur lake-like virus (isolated in May 2016) and coincides with winter migration of birds indicating role of wild birds in the dispersal of virus (Nagarajan et al2017 Sims et al 2016)
Wild birds and avian influenza outbreaks
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Central Asian Flyway
bull Eight Bird flyways ndash across the
world
bull Central Asian flyway (extends
between Arctic and Indian ocean-
29 countries
bull Movement of wild waterfowls was
suspected in intercontinental
spread of AI as the outbreaks
coincided with bird migration routes
FAO
Bird Life International
httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=1387483
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Migratory flyways and H5N8 outbreak
Shesheny et al 201720th July 2017 ICAR-NIHSAD Bhopal
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Winter season in Northern Hemisphere
increases the risk of avian influenza
Oct 16-
Mar 17
Apr - Sep
2016
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Avian influenza H5Nx outbreaks
and Rearing system
Country H5Nx outbreaks in various rearing system
Backyard
village
Farm Crow Zoo Livestock
market
Afghanistan 20 2 - -
Bangladesh 510 42 2 - -
Bhutan 18 3 - - -
India 116 26 8 5 -
Myanmar 4 120 - - 1
Nepal 28 205 3 1
Pakistan 2 47 1 1 -
Sri Lanka - 1 (LPAIH5N2) - - -
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
Conclusionbull HPAI H5Nx virus is a regional problem and only country specific
control measures will not be effective
bull The H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are evolving continuously in the
SAARC region
bull Cultural and economic factors lead to close interaction of
human and poultry in this region and hence there is a need for
targeted and coordinated active surveillance
bull Strengthening surveillance of avian influenza in poultry wild
birds and other hosts is important to assess their impact on
animal health
bull Creating awareness about biosecurity and its implementation is
essential However cost of such measures need to he kept in
mind while advocating the same
Thank you for kind attention
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