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ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES
YEAR 10 SCIENCE ROTATION TOPIC
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FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Male and female Red Kangaroos in their
environmentidentify the biotic and abioticfeatures
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A FOREST FOODWEB
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Spotted Quoll Blue Wren
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POSSIBLE TROPICAL AUSTRALIAN FOOD WEB
What eats what!
Frogs - grasshoppers
Fishalgae, other fish, tadpoles (frogs),
Turtlesalgae, reeds, fish, tadpoles (frogs);
Crocodileswater buffalo, fish, kangas, birds, turtles
Water buffalograss, reeds
Kangaroosgrass, leaves;
Small birdsseeds of trees, grasses, reeds,
Snakesmice, birds, fish, insects, frogs
Eaglesmice, echidnas, kangaroos, small birds Marsupial miceinsects, small birds,
Kookaburrassnakes, fish, mice, lizards.
Termiteswood, grass, leaves
Echidnas - termites
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POSSIBLE TROPICAL AUSTRALIAN FOOD WEB
PRODUCERS
HERBIVORES
OMNIVORES
CARNIVORES
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POSSIBLE TROPICAL AUSTRALIAN FOOD WEB
ALGAE REEDS GRASSES GUM TREES
FISH WATERBUFFALO
KANGAROOS GRASSHOPPERS BIRDS TERMITES
TURTLES FROGS MARSUPIALMICE
ECHIDNAS
CROCODILES SNAKES
KOOKABURRAS
WEDGE-TAILEDEAGLES
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BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity describes the variety of life forms
and ecosystems.
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY:
1. GENETIC DIVERSITYthe variety of geneticmaterial in a population of a species;
2. SPECIES DIVERSITYthe variety of different
species in an ecosystem;3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITYthe variety of
different ecosystems within an environment.
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DOG BIRD TREE APPLE
KINGDOM Animal Animal Plant Plant
PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Spermatopyte Spermatophyte
CLASS Mammal Bird angiosperm
ORDER Carnivore Rosales
FAMILY Canidae rosacea
GENUS Canis Malus
SPECIES familiaris domesticusSUB-SPECIES,
RACES, BREEDS
Doberman, poodle,
terrier, collie, etc
Gala, Fuji, Pink
Lady, etc
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGSExamples
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WETLAND NEAR ALBURY ON THE MURRAY RIVER
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
2. Biodiversity provides a rich store of usefulresources:
food for now and potential new foods for the
future; medicinal resources, currently used and potential
new medicines;
wood products;
resources that we do not yet know of, but which
could have benefits in the future.
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BUSH FOODS
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TIMBER
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
3. Biodiversity provides social benefits at all levelsof society:
Education, research and monitoringundisturbed
biodiverse ecosystems provide a baseline for
monitoring levels of environmental damage;
recreation;
cultural significance;
provides a starting point for environmental action.
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RESOURCES
Resources are materials or substances from the
biotic or abiotic environment that our society
uses to provide for its needs.
The most basic material needs of human societies
are:
foodfrom the biotic environment;
water;
raw materials; from the abiotic environment
energy.
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RESOURCES
Renewable resourcesthose that are replaced ata rate similar to the rate at which they are
consumed.
Resources from the biospherefood, timber,natural fibresare normally regarded as being
renewable, provided that we do not consume
them at a faster rate than the environment can
replace them.
The Earths hydrosphere provides water, a
resource that is also renewable.
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RESOURCES
Non-renewable resourcesare those that are not
regenerated at the rate at which they are
consumed.
Resources that we obtain from the lithosphere fall
into the non-renewable category. These include:
Energy resources - fossil fuelscoal, oil and
natural gas;
Mineral resourcesmetallic minerals,
construction material, industrial minerals.
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THEMU
RRAY
D
ARLING
BASIN
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BIOINDICATORSFrogs, such as the threatened Green and Golden
Bell frog, are useful as indicators ofenvironmental degradation. This is due to their
permeable skins.
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WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL INDICATORS
Electrical conductivityindicates how saline the
water is. The more salt dissolved in water, the better
it conducts electricity. The lower the conductivity the
better the water quality. Salt comes from saline soil,or saline groundwater.
pHhow acidic or basic the water is. pH between
6.5 and 7.5 is good
Turbidityhow cloudy the water is, due to suspended
solidsclay or algae. The lower the turbidity, the
better the water quality.
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Dissolved oxygen (DO) - the amount of oxygen gas
dissolved in the water. Oxygen dissolves in water by
mixing with air, when water is turbulent, or by
photosynthesis of aquatic plants. Higher the DO, thebetter the water quality
Oxygen saturation - the amount of oxygen in the
water expressed as a % of the maximum amount thatcan dissolve. Values lower than 85% represent
declining water quality.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - the amount of
oxygen in water that is used up in the decompositionof organic wastes, such as sewage, dead plant matter,
animal wastes, etc. The higher the BOD, the worse
the water quality.
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Temperature - most aquatic organisms have a
optimum temperature range in which they can
survive. Also, the higher the water temperature, the
less oxygen can dissolve in it. Therefore lower water
temperatures are better (> 28C).
Nutrientsphosphate and nitrate are essential plant
nutrients but high concentrations encourage excessivealgal growth, leading to algal blooms. The nutrients
often come from fertiliser runoff from farms; animal
manure from farms and feedlots, or sewage
overflows. Levels of phosphate and nitrate higherthan 0.1 ppm indicate poor water quality.
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WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
MICROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Fecal coliforms - coliform bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli, are present in the digestive systems
of all warm-blooded vertebrates. The presence of
E.coli in water indicates contamination by sewage oranimal feces. The higher the count, the worse the
water quality.
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WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
BIOINDICATORS Aquatic macroinvertebrates (water bugs)-
different kinds of water bugs can tolerate different
levels of water quality.
Low quality water will have a small biodiversity of
water bugs, only those that are very tolerant of
pollution.
High quality water will have a large biodiversity ofwater bugs, including some that are very sensitive
to pollution.
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WATERBUGS
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A
B
C
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Miningforresour
ceshasa
large
impactonthelocalenvironment
Farmland
Farmland
TAILINGS DAMS
MINERAL PROCESSING
PLANT
OPEN PIT
reek diversion
Original creekline Native forest
Pine plantation
WASTE ROCK
DUMPS
1 km
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LANDSCAPE
Creek
Farmland
HillForest
Scale(km)
0 10
200
m
Outcrop of copper-bearing rock
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EXPLORATORYDRILLING
Scale(km)
0 1
0
200
m
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Ore
Barren rock
DISCOVERY OF ORE BODY
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PREDICTED FINAL PIT SHAPE determined by rock stability
Not economicb/c to mine itrequiresremoval ofmuch more
waste rock
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FIRST CUT
Barren rock (waste rock)goes to waste rock dump
Ore goes for processing
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6 months
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12 months
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18 months
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2 years
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2 years
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3 years
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3 years
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4 years
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4 years
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5 years
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5 years
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6 years
INCANESCENT LIGHT GLOBE EXAMPLE OF
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INCANESCENT LIGHT GLOBEEXAMPLE OFTHE USE OF RESOURCES
glass
inert gas
tungsten filament
copper wire
brass base
plastic insulator
COMPONENT MADE FROM OBTAINED FROM RENEWABLE OR ENERGY REQUIRED POTENTIAL FOR
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COMPONENT MADE FROM OBTAINED FROM RENEWABLE OR
NON-RENEWABLE
ENERGY REQUIRED POTENTIAL FOR
POLLUTION
inert gas Argon,helium,neon,nitrogen
atmosphere renewable low Low
filament tungsten Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High
glass sand (silicon
dioxide) Beach, dunes ??????? moderate Low to moderate
sodium
carbonateSalt (sodium
chloride) -seawater
renewable low Low
wires copper Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High
brass copper Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High
zinc Ore (rock) Non-renewable high High
insulator plastic petroleum Non renewable high high
WORLD ENERGY USE 1860 2010 BY ENERGY SOURCE
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WORLD ENERGY USE 18602010 BY ENERGY SOURCE
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ENERGY SOURCES AND USE
NUCLEARelectricity generation HYDROelectricity generation
GASdomestic, industry/manufacturing,
electricity generation OILtransport, industry/manufacturing,
electricity generation
COALelectricity generation,industry/manufacturing
OTHER RENEWABLES - electricity generation,
domestic heating
COAL BURNING POWER STATION
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COAL-BURNING POWER STATION
Steam
water
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HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER STATION
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NUCLEAR POWER STATION
Primary Energy Production by Fuel TypeA t li 2009/10
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Australia - 2009/10Production (PJ)
2009 - 10 %Coal 2229 37.5Petroleum 2058 34.6Natural gas 1372 23.1Renewables
Hydro (45) (0.76)Biomass (192) (3.23)Biogas (21) (0.35)Wind (17) (0.29)Solar (11) (0.19)
Total renewables 286 4.8Total 5945
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T
H
E
C
A
R
B
O
N
CY
CL
E
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
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THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
AUSTRALIAS GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 2009 - 2010
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US S G OUS G S SS O S 009 0 0
Annual emissions Mt
CO2equivalentSECTOR 2009 2010 % changeElectricity generation 202 196Stationary energynot electricity 87 91Transport 84 85Fugitive emissions 41 42Industrial processes 29 33Waste 14 14Agriculture 83 81TOTAL 540 543
Source: http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdf
http://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdfhttp://www.climatechange.gov.au/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-accounting-december-quarter-2010.pdf8/13/2019 Environment and Resources 2013
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Palaeoclimate Tree rings
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IndicatorsTree rings
Gas bubbles trapped inice cores
Layering in ice
cores
P l li ti i di t ll
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Palaeoclimatic indicators - pollen
Each plant species has its ownunique pollen grains
Pollen grains are very durableand survive for thousands ofyears in lake sediments,therefore making excellent
fossils
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