ENV 506ENV 506
INTEGRATED SOLID INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTWASTE MANAGEMENT
LECTURER:LECTURER:ABD. RAHIM DALABD. RAHIM DAL
FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCESFACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCESUiTMUiTM
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
A key thrust of National Vision Policy is pursuing environmentally sustainable development to reinforce long-term growth.
Waste represent social, political,economic, physical and environmental concerns.
Preventing and managing waste is the heart of sustainable development.
Plan for future
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIAMANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
An ever-expanding population and high rates of economic development in Malaysia resulted in the generation of vast amount of waste.
It is estimated about 17,000 ton/day of waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia.
Average per capita generation of waste 0.85 kg/cap/day.
About 1.5 kg/cap/day in Kuala Lumpur.
About 76% of waste generated are collected.
1-2% is recycled and the remainder is taken to disposal sites.
Con’t…Con’t…
Con’t…Con’t…
About 5% waste collected in KL are reused and recycled.
Over 40% of 175 disposal sites are operating as dumpsite.
Intermediate treatment is limited to small-scale thermal treatment plant in resorted islands.
ROLE OF FEDERAL, STATE AND ROLE OF FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT
Three level of Government
Federal Government
- Ministry of Housing & Local Government
- Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Dpt.
- Department of Environment
- Ministry of Health
State Government
Local Authorities
ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENTROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Local Government Department,
MHLG handles all matters related to Solid Waste Management funding and policy development
this is done in coordination with the Economic Planning Unit and others government agencies.
Con’t…Con’t…
Interagency Cooperation
MHLG has established a Technical Committee on SWM
comprising of relevant government agencies, Local University Researchers and Research Institution.
RESEARCH ON SWM BY MHLG AND RESEARCH ON SWM BY MHLG AND OTHER AGENCIESOTHER AGENCIES
Study on Strategic Plan for SWM.
Study on Safety Closure & Rehabilitation of Landfill Sites in Malaysia.
Study on Solid Waste Composition & Characteristic.
Study on Composting.
ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Local Authorities are the implementing
agencies and have direct responsibility over
solid waste collection, treatment and
disposal.
LEGISLATION RELATED TO SWMLEGISLATION RELATED TO SWM
Local Government Act 1976
Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974
Environment Quality Act 1974
Refuse Collection, Removal and Disposals By-Laws.
Principles to guide development of Strategic Plan:
Direct participation of Federal Government.
Privatization of SWM services
Sustainable waste management
Inter cooperation amongst government and stakeholders.
Public awareness program Development of technical and managerial
capability
THE WAY FORWARD – Strategic PlanTHE WAY FORWARD – Strategic Plan
Waste Hierarchy
(Current Status)
Reduce Reuse Recycling Intermediate
Processing Disposal
THE WAY FORWARDTHE WAY FORWARD
5 % recovery
95% Landfill
Waste Hierarchy
(Targeted 2020)
Reduce Reuse Recycling Intermediate
Processing Disposal
THE WAY FORWARDTHE WAY FORWARD
> 20 % Recycling
< 65 % Landfill
15 % Intermediate Processing
THE WAY FORWARDTHE WAY FORWARD
Waste Minimization
Reduce / Reuse
Recycling
Incineration (With Energy Recovery)
Incineration(Without Energy Recovery)
LandDisposal
Waste Hierarchy(FUTURE)
Reduce
Reuse
Recycling
Intermediate
Processing
Disposal
THE WAY FORWARDTHE WAY FORWARD
Legislation & Institutional
Review existing legislation
Enable federalization and privatization
Enhance waste minimization
Identifying all stakeholders
Institutional strengthening
Con’t…Con’t…
Privatization
To improve SWM services
To relinquish financial burden
Wider involvement by the private sector
Final stage of agreement (transition period)
BenefitBenefit of private Sector Participation of private Sector Participation
UK & US StudiesCosts have been at least 25% lower due to rationalized
operation and greater management flexibility.
Canadian StudiesCosts have been at least 25% lower in most provinces 60% lower in Atlantic Province High costs in Quebec Province were due to older and
large equipment, large crew sizes and lower productivity.
Latin American Studies Costs have been at least 50% lower due to
higher labor and vehicle productivity
Malaysian Study Costs have been at least 20% lower due to
grater efficiency
Technical Aspect
Integrated solid waste management facilities
New Facilities with appropriate technology
- Transfer Station- Thermal Treatment Plant- Composting Plant
- Sanitary Landfill
Con’t…Con’t…
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (ZERO EMISSION)
Solid waste management facilities
Persekitaran Kita
Kitarsemula Sisa & Tenaga
Bahan Binaan
Kitarsemula
Slag
Bahan Tidak Terbakar
atau Buang Ke Tapak
Pelupusan
Pengurusan sisa pepejal yang baik memerlukan pendekatan yang bersepadu.
Con’t…Con’t…
Public Participation
Lack of public awareness in solid waste management.
Require full attention
A key to success in waste minimization and solid waste management.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Definition
The discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid
waste in manner that is accordance with the best principles of public health, economic, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and
environmental consideration.
ELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The activities associated with the management of solid waste from the point of generation to final disposal has been group into five elements.
GenerationStorageCollection, Transportation and Transfer Treatment Disposal
DefinitionDefinition
The selection and application of
suitable techniques, technologies
and management programs to
achieve specific waste
management objective and goals
Hierarchy of ISWMHierarchy of ISWM
Source Reduction
Recycle
Waste Transformation
Landfilling
Monitoring and Evaluation
Hierarchy of ISWMHierarchy of ISWM
Source Reduction
highest rank of the ISWM
most effective way to reduce the quantity waste, costs & env. Impacts.
Involve reducing the amount and/or toxicity of the waste
May occur through the design, manufacture, packaging of products
Cont’Cont’
minimum toxic content,
Minimum volume of material
Longer useful life
May also occur at the household, commercial, industrial facility.
Selective buying patterns & reuse of product & material.
Cont’Cont’
Recycle
Second highest rank
Important factor in reducing the demand or resources & the amount of waste requiring disposal by landfill.
Involved
separation and collection of waste materials
Preparation of the material for Reuse, Reprocessing, remanufacture
Cont’Cont’
Waste Transformation
Involved the physical, chemical or biological alteration
Improve the efficiency of SWM operation & systems
To recover reusable & recyclable materials
To recover conversion products & energy
Heat & biogas
Reduce use of landfill capacity
Cont’Cont’
Landfilling
For solid waste that cannot be recycle & no future use
Residual matter remaining after separation
Residual matter remaining after recovery of combustion products / energy
Involves the controlled disposal of waste
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
Definition 1
Defined as wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and
unwanted
Definition 2
By products of human activities. Physically it contains the same materials as are found in
useful products
Con’t…Con’t…
Definition 3
Refuse is define as putrescrible and non-putrescrible solid wastes including
garbage, ashes, rubbish, street cleanings, dead animal and industrial
wastes
Con’t…Con’t…
Definition 4
Garbage is the putrescrible animal or vegetable waste generated from the
handling, preparation, consumption of food and is organic in nature
Con’t…Con’t…
Definition 5
Ash is the residue i.e. the waste product of fuel used for industrial purposes. It is incombustible part of the fuel and is
usually used for the landfilling or as a constituent in cement making.
Con’t…Con’t…
Definition 6
Rubbish is combustible and non-combustible part of refuse like paper,
rags, wood, and glass
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTECLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
Five main categories of solid waste :
Municipal Solid Waste
Agriculture waste
Industrial waste
Hazardous waste
Medical waste
JENIS SISA PEPEJAL TERKAWALJENIS SISA PEPEJAL TERKAWAL
• Sisa Pepejal Awam.
• Sisa Pepejal Import.
• Sisa Pepejal Isi Rumah.
• Sisa Pepejal Keinstitusian.
• Sisa Pepejal Komersial. Sisa Pepejal Pembinaan.
• Sisa Pepejal Perindustrian.
Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste
mainly the household waste include commercial waste and institutional waste.
it composition depends on factors such as living standard, geographical location, type of housing and seasons.
Agriculture wasteAgriculture waste
Wastes and residues resulting from diverse agricultural activities include plant residue and animal waste.
food processing waste is consider as agriculture waste
Some are considered as hazardous waste
Industrial wasteIndustrial waste
comprises waste from industrial
processes
E.g construction, fabrication,
manufacturing, refineries, chemical
plants
Some of these could also include hazardous waste
Hazardous wasteHazardous waste
Wastes or combination of wastes that pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human.
special group of wastes define by certain criteria containing substances causing hazard.
Sometimes hospital waste is also classified as hazardous waste
Con’t…Con’t…
the hazard effect could be due to any or all of following:
ignitability corrosivity reactivity toxicity infectivity
Medical WasteMedical Waste
Hospital waste includes hazardous and non-hazardous waste.
hazardous waste - clinical waste
Non-hazardous -
Clinical wastes are any waste consist human tissue, blood or other body fluids, excretion include infectious waste.
Urban wasteUrban waste
In the form of solid, semi-solid, liquid and gases
Could organic and anorganic
could divide into six types
Type of urban wasteType of urban waste
household wastes
city wastes
commercial wastes
industrial wastes
liquid waste
gaseous wastes
Household wastesHousehold wastes
consist of wastes generated in the preparation of food
mainly garbage, fuel, residue, house sweeping, household discard, garden wastes and animal dung.
City wastesCity wastes
derived from street cleaning, park, school.
consist mainly paper, dry leaves, animal dung, etc.
commercial wastes commercial wastes
from office, shops and markets, restaurants, hotel
include high proportion of paper, cardboard, wood, food waste ,glass and plastic.
Hospital waste some time include in commercial wastes.
Industrial wastesIndustrial wastes
from the manufacturing and the processing industries, construction .
proposition of wastes depending on the type of industry.
include metal ores, wood, lime, tiles, food waste, special waste and hazardous wastes.
Liquid wasteLiquid waste
include mainly domestic sewage and factory effluents.
could be organic and inorganic liquid.
e.g.Agro wastes chemical factory
gaseous wastesgaseous wastes
could be from exhaust fume of factories, incinerator and chimney discharges.
Sources of solid wastesSources of solid wastes
domestic or residential
municipal services
commercial
Institutional
construction and demolition
treatment plant site
industrial
agricultural
Domestic or residentialDomestic or residential
Facilities, activities /location Type of solid wasteSource
Residential Single family & multifamily detached dwelling,
Low, medium & high-rise apartment, etc.
Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics, textile, leather, yard waste, wood, glass, tin, cans, aluminum, other metal, ash, street leaves, special waste, household hazardous waste.
Special waste:
Bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes collected separately, batteries, oil and tires.
Type of Solid Waste
CommercialCommercial
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Commercial Stores, restaurants, markets, hotel, motel, print shop, service station, auto repair shop.
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal, special waste, hazardous waste, ets.
InstitutionalInstitutional
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental centers.
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal, special waste, hazardous waste, ets.
Construction and DemolitionConstruction and Demolition
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Construction and demolition
New construction sites, road repair/renovation sites, razing or building, broken pavement.
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Municipal ServicesMunicipal Services
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Municipal service
(Excluding treatment facilities)
Street cleaning, landscaping, catch basin cleaning parks and beaches, other recreational areas.
Special waste, rubbish, street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, catch basin debris, general waste from parks, beaches and recreational areas.
Treatment plant sitesTreatment plant sites
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Treatment plant sites;
Municipal incinerators
Water, waster water and industrial treatment processes, etc.
Treatment plant wastes, principally composed of residual sludges.
Municipal Solid WasteMunicipal Solid Waste
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Municipal solid waste
All as above All as above
IndustrialIndustrial
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Industrial Construction, fabrication, ligh & heavy manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, demolition, etc.
Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, etc.
Non-industrial wastes including food wastes, rubbish, ashes, demolition & construction wastes, special wastes, hazardous waste.
AgriculturalAgricultural
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid wasteSource
Agricultural Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farm, etc.
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes.
ELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTELEMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The activities associated with the management of solid waste from the point of generation to final disposal has been group into six elements.
Waste Generation Waste Storage Waste Collection Waste Transfer and Transport Waste Treatment and Disposal
Waste GenerationWaste Generation
Urbanization and industrialization - many changes in the quality and quantity of solid wastes generated
Some of the changes included: change in waste characteristic increased volume of waste use modern techniques in MSWM concentration of large population in a
small area
Con’t….Con’t….
The type of produced depends upon various factors :
standard of living occupation habits of dietary
Average per capita generation of waste 0.85 kg/cap/day. About 1.5 kg/cap/day in Kuala Lumpur.
Con’t….Con’t….
Housing area generates the largest amount of waste.
The high income group residential areas - high percentage of leaves, glass and plastic
Market areas - large percentage of garbage and leaves,
Hay & straw is the large proposition in commercial areas
WASTE GENERATION IN MALAYSIAWASTE GENERATION IN MALAYSIA
Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisa Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisa Angg. Penduduk Angg. Sisadalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan dalam kaw. PBT Yang Dihasilkan
(tan/hari) (tan/hari) (tan/hari)
1. JOHOR 2,252,882 1,915 2,309,204 2,002 2,366,934 2,093
2. KEDAH 1,557,259 1,324 1,596,190 1,384 1,636,095 1,447
3. KELANTAN 1,216,769 1,034 1,247,188 1,081 1,278,368 1,131
4. MELAKA 605,361 515 620,495 538 636,007 562
5. NEG. SEMBILAN 890,597 757 912,862 791 935,683 827
6. PAHANG 1,126,000 957 1,154,150 1,001 1,183,004 1,046
7. PERAK 1,796,575 1,527 1,841,489 1,597 1,887,527 1,669
8. PERLIS 230,000 196 235,750 204 241,644 214
9. PULAU PINANG 1,279,470 1,088 1,311,457 1,137 1,344,243 1,189
10. SELANGOR 3,325,261 2,826 3,408,393 2,955 3,493,602 3,090
11. TERENGGANU 1,038,436 883 1,064,397 923 1,091,007 965
12. KUALA LUMPUR 1,400,000 2,520 1,435,000 2,635 1,470,875 2,755
JUMLAH 16,718,610 15,541 17,136,575 16,248 17,564,989 16,987
Tahun 2000
NegeriBil.
Tahun 2002Tahun 2001
Source: MHLG 2003
Waste Generation in Malaysia
33.6%
13.2%12.7%
3.6%
3.5%
0.9%
7.5%
1.2%
3.7%
20.1%
housing industry commercial offi ce market hospital road park wood others
Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics
32.0
29.5
3.4
7
16.0
2.04.5
0.4 3.7 0.60.9
organic/food waste paper textile/lether wood
plastic rubber glass ceramic
ferrous metal n.ferrous metal others
International Trend in MSW GenerationInternational Trend in MSW Generation
Most Asian country produce lower quantities of waste (mean 0.56 kg/capita/day) except Japan.
The developed industrial countries generate more (mean 0.96 kg/capita/day).
Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong show the pattern of waste generation similar to EC countries (0.86 kg/capita/day)
US is the largest per capita generating of MSW (1.97 kg/capita/day).
Scandinavian countries generated above the per capita EC average (>0.96 kg)
The population size does not influence the rate of waste generation.
Waste compositionWaste composition
Malaysia generate about 72% compostable waste, comprising;organic waste paper textile/leather wood
Garbage is the main component - 37 to 48%
Paper and cardboard is the second most abundant component (18 to 30% is)
Cont’….Cont’….
Plastic waste was at 9 – 16%
KL generate only 9% plastic waste
compare to 14 – 16% generate other three
cities around KL
The composition of MSW reflects the affluence of the society:
The way of life
Economic status
Social behaviour
Waste Composition (K.L.)Waste Composition (K.L.)
No. Source Of Waste Residential Commercial Institutional
1. Food waste & organic 63.1 76.8 40.6
2. Mix paper 6.7 7.6 16.0
3. Mix plastics 14.3 9.0 17.2
4. Textiles 1.7 0.5 0.7
5. Rubber & leather 0.6 0.3 0.1
6. Yard waste 6.3 0.9 18.4
7. Glass 2.1 0.9 1.5
8. Ferrous 2.3 1.4 2.8
9. Aluminum 0.1 0.1 1.3
10. Others 2.8 2.5 1.4
Total (2,3,7,8,9) 25.5 19.0 38.8
Source: Nazeri 2002
Composition of refuse from the municipality of Composition of refuse from the municipality of KL, Petaling Jaya and Penang for the year 1990KL, Petaling Jaya and Penang for the year 1990
Penang Kuala Lumpur Petaling Jaya
Paper & cardboard 25.5 30.0 27.0
Textile & leather 3.4 2.5 3.1
Plastics 11.2 9.8 16.4
Rubber 0.8 0.2 2.0
wood 14.4 3.2 7.0
garbage 32.8 40.8 36.5
Metal ferrous & non-ferrous
2.6 4.6 3.9
Glass & ceramics 1.4 3.0 3.1
Others 8 5.9 1.0
Waste StorageWaste Storage
Including the waste handling, processing, separation and storage.
The type of container use is highly variable depend on the amount of waste generated, the frequency of collection and whether waste separation is mandated.
The most commonly used in Malaysia are the plastic container. Daily collection 7 – 11 litres Weekly collection 20 – 30 litres
WASTE HANDLINGWASTE HANDLING
Refer to the activities associated with managing solid waste until they are place in the containers used for storage.
The activities will vary depending on:
Type of waste materials are separated
Type of collection service
May also requires to move the loaded containers to the collection point.
Residential dwellings Residential dwellings
Three categories most often used:
Low-rise dwelling
Under 4 stories
Single family detached
Single family attach
multifamily
Cont’….Cont’….
Tenants are responsible for placing the containers of solid waste around their dwelling.
Type of container used depend on whether waste separation is mandated.
Home owner will placed the containers filled with wastes to the street curb.
Medium-rise
From 4 to 7 stories
Handling methods for Low- and medium-rise Apartment depending on the waste storage location and collection method.
Location of storage include basement storage, outdoor storage, occasionally, compactor storage.
High-rise
Over 7 stories
The most common methods are:
Waste are pick up by building maintenance personnel
Waste are taken to the basement/service area by tenants
Waste are placed by the tenants in vertical chute.
Cont’….Cont’….
Waste discharged in chutes are collected in large containers.
The chutes are available in diameter from 12 to 36 inches ( ) and the most common diameter is 24 inches.
The use of disinfection and sanitizing unit as recommended.
SeparationSeparation
Separation of waste components including:
Paper
Cardboard
Aluminum can
Glass
plastic containers
Cont’….Cont’….
The effects of storage on the waste components.
The type container to be used The container locationPublic health and aesthetics.
Factors that must be consider in the onsite storage include
Cont’….Cont’….
Effects of storage on the waste components.
Effects of storing wastes include:
Biological decomposition
Waste will immediately start to undergo microbiological decomposition (putrefaction)
If waste are allowed in storage containers for extended period of time, flies will start to breed and odors compounds can develop.
Cont’….Cont’….
The absorption of fluids
Components of solid waste have differing initial moisture contents, re-equilibration take place.
The moisture will become distributed throughout the waste.
The degree of absorption depend on the length of time.
Waste also can absorb water from rainfall that enter into container.
Cont’….Cont’….
The contamination of waste
components
Major waste components may be
contaminated by small amount of waste.
E.g: motor oil, paints, household cleaner.
Effect : reduce the value of the individual waste components for recycling.
Types of containersTypes of containers
The type and capacities of container used depend on:
the characteristics and type of solid waste to be collected.
type of collection system.
The collection frequency
The space available for placement of containers.
Cont’….Cont’….
Low-rise dwelling (manual curbside
collection)
Container should be light enough to handle easily.
Injury to collector have results from handling container that loaded to heavy.
Upper weight limit between 40 to 65lb.
30 gal. galvanized metal or plastic container is proven the least expensive of storage for low-rise dwelling.
Cont’….Cont’….
The choice container materials depend on the preferences to the home-owner.
Galvanize metal tend to be noisy when being emptied and can be damage.
Some plastic containers tend to crack under ultraviolet ray and the freezing temperature.
Temporary and disposal containers are routinely used as temporary – remove along the waste.
The problem of temporary containers is difficult to loading them.
Cont’….Cont’….
The use of all types and different grades of container liners is common.
A disadvantage in the using of liner, if the waste are to be separated by component or they are to be combusted, has to be break up.
Cont’….Cont’….
Low-rise dwelling (mechanized curbside)
The containers are designed specifically to
work with the container-unloading
mechanism attach to the collection vehicle.
The container size is from about 75 to 120 gallons. 90 gallons container being the most common.
Cont’….Cont’….
Low- & medium-rise apartment
The two most common types have been use are:
Individual plastic or galvanized metal
Large portable or fix container
The container is kept in enclosed areas which easy access to nearby street.
The containers are equipped with caster or roller
Cont’….Cont’….
High-rise apartment
Where chutes are available separation
storage containers are not used.
The most common storage for wastes
accumulate from apartment include:
Enclosed storage containers or disposal bags
Large open-top containers for uncompacted
waste, bulky items,
Large open-top container for recycle materials.
Cont’’….Cont’’….
Commercial facilities
Types of container depend to a large extents the on the methods use of collection
Usually large open-top containers are used for unseparated waste
The use of container equipped with compaction mechanism
Special onsite processing equipment may also be used – recoverable material
Cont’’….Cont’’….
Container storage locations
Depend on the type of dwelling or commercial
and industrial facilities, available space and
access to collection service.
Residential dwelling
Low-rise detached dwellings usually are
placed
At the sides of rear of the house
In alley
In or next to the garage
Commercial & industrial Commercial & industrial facilitiesfacilities
depend on the location of available space & service access condition
location & type of containers not own by the commercial or industries Solid waste that
The contents of large containers are removed by elevator to the:
Cont’’….Cont’’….
Large storage container
Compactors used in conjunction with storage containers
Stationary compactors
Other processing equipments.
Cont’’….Cont’’….
The older large office & commercial buildings are used inadequate equipment and tend to create handling problem.
All of the office paper is now collected for recycle.
Public Health & AestheticsPublic Health & Aesthetics
Public Health
Infestation of vermin & insects – mechanical vectors
Most effective control is proper sanitation.
Use container with tight lids.
The period washing the container
Periodic removal biodegradable materials
Excellent description of solid waste-disease relationship
Cont’’….Cont’’….
Aesthetics
Related to the production of odors & un-maintenance of sanitary condition.
Odors can be controlled;
through the use container with tight lids
Reasonable collection frequency.
If odors persist, the contents of the container – spray with the masking deodorant
To maintain aesthetic condition, the container should scrubbed & wash periodically
Con’t….Con’t….
Depot
simple enclosure of brick wall low public health aesthetic value Commonly found in development
countries
The common communal storage methods used in Asian country include:
Con’t….Con’t….
Enclosure
slightly improvised depot within an enclosure around the storage area.
Exposed to rain and causes air pollution and odors
Not suitable in modern society
Con’t….Con’t….
Fixed storage bins
more appropriate and hygienic Occasionally, an irrseponsible
people tend to burn the refuse in the bin.
If not emptied regularly become threat to human health.
Con’t….Con’t….
Portable steel bins
commonly used in Malaysia can be easily loaded/unloaded
Drum
200 litres drum provided in some cities in Asia
Con’t….Con’t….
Concrete pipe Section
Found in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan
Capacity depend on size of pipe
scavengers and animal always
messing up the bins
Planning the waste collection systemPlanning the waste collection system
Factors need to be consider:
population distribution & density topography & road layout characteristic of the waste & quantity disposal method used weather condition type & number vehicles available number of location of transfer station road design
Collection of solid wasteCollection of solid waste
The term collection included:
picking up of solid waste from the sources,
hauling of wastes to the location where the contents of the collection vehicle are emptied
The unloading of collection vehicle is also consider part of the collection operation.
The activities associated hauling & unloading are similar
Con’t….Con’t….
Activities associated with hauling and unloading similar for most collection system
The gathering or picking up of SW vary with the characteristic of:
the facilities.
Activities.
location where wastes are generated.
method use for storage of accumulated wastes between collections.
Con’t….Con’t….
Collection in an urban area is difficult and complex:
Development of urban and sub-urban
Generation become more diffuse & quantity of waste increases.
The responsible of the municipal or district council the privet waste management companies.
Low-rise detach dwelling (commingled)Low-rise detach dwelling (commingled)
Manual method use for collection residential waste include:
The direct lifting & carrying of loaded containers to the collection vehicle.
The rolling the loaded containers on their rims to the collection vehicle
The use of small lifts for rolling loaded to the collection vehicle.
Con’t….Con’t….
The method of waste collection will influence the quality and quantity of recovered material and the mode of disposal.
Basically, four common types of residential collection service
curb
alley
setout-setback
setout
Con’t….Con’t….
Curb
Door to door collection
Homeowner responsible for placing the containers.
Most common method in Malaysia
Terrace houses or link houses
material collected from the home by the collection crew
Con’t….Con’t….
In other case the collection vehicle equipped with auxiliary container – then emptied to the collection vehicle
The use of small satellite vehicles
The empty bins are taken back by the owners
Con’t….Con’t….
Disadvantages:
the bins are messed up by scavengers
bin are stolen
animal sometimes mess up the bins – looking for food
Con’t….Con’t….
Alley
Door to collection
Also call back lane collection
Commonly used in many part of Asia
Con’t….Con’t….
Setout-setback
Door to collection
Containers are set out from homeowner’s property and set back after emptied by additional crew.
Use two groups of collectors
Faster
Con’t….Con’t….
Setout
Door to collection
Same as setout-setback except:
Homeowners is responsible to return the container to storage location.
Individual house collection
bungalow
Con’t….Con’t….
Manual methods
Manual methods used for the collection of residential waste include:
The direct lifting & carrying of loaded containers to vehicle
Rolling the loaded container to the vehicle
Use small lift for rolling loaded container
Low- and Medium-rise ApartmentsLow- and Medium-rise Apartments
Curbside collection is common for most low- and medium-rise apartments.
Maintenance staff is responsible for transporting the containers to the street for curb collection
If large containers are used, the collection vehicle will equipped with unloading mechanisms.
High-rise ApartmentsHigh-rise Apartments
Usually large containers are used to collect wastes large apartment building.
The contents of the containers may be emptied mechanically or may be hauled to an off-site location.
Commercial & industrial FacilitiesCommercial & industrial Facilities
Manual & mechanical means are used to collect wastes.
In many large cities solid wastes are collected early morning or late evening
Plastic bag, cardboard boxes and other disposal container are used in manual collection.
Collection usually accomplished with three or four person crew
Con’t….Con’t….
containers usually used are:
Movable containers
Container that can be couple to large stationary compactor
Large capacity open top containers
Collection of waste Collection of waste (separated at source)(separated at source)
Must be collect gathered together before they can be recycle.
The method of collection include:
Curbside collection using conventional & special designed collection vehicle
Incidental curb collection
Delivery by homeowners to drop-off & buy-back centers.
Residential Residential (curbside collection)(curbside collection)
Recyclable materials are collected separately from commingled waste.
Some programs require residents to separate several different material & store in their own containers.
Other programs only one or two containers to store commingled recyclable.
The vehicle used are for collect the separated waste are:
standard collection vehicle
specialized collection vehicle.
Type of Collection SystemType of Collection System
The system used may classified from several points of view such as:
The mode of operation.
Equipment use
Type of waste collected
collection system have been classified according to their mode of operation into two categories.
Hauled container systems (HCS)
Stationery container systems (SCS)
Cont’….Cont’….
Hauled Container Systems (HCS)
Suitable for removal of waste where the rate of generation is high.
The use of large containers reduce handling time.
The advantage:
is the flexibility – many different sizes & shapes for the collection all types of waste.
Require one truck & driver to accomplish the collection cycle
Cont’….Cont’….
Disadvantage
the use of vary large containers leads to low-volume utilization unless loading aids provided.
Three types of haul container system:
Hoist truck
tilt-frame container
Trash trailer
Cont’….Cont’….
Hoist truck systems
container size from 0.2 to 10 cu3 (2 to 12 yd3)
Applicable in only limited cases which are:
For small operation and collects from a few pickup points
For the collection of bulky item and industrial rubbish
Con’t….Con’t….
Tilt-frame container
Widely use especially among private collectors
Used tilt frame loaded vehicle and large containers.
Suitable for collection of all types of solid waste rubbish.
Various type of large containers are available for use with these vehicles
Open-top containers are used at warehouse and construction sites
Large containers in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at apartment, commercial, and transfer station.
Trash trailer
Similar to tilt frame container system
Better for the collection heavy rubbish & often used for the demolition waste.
Con’t….Con’t….
Pneumatic and hydraulic system
More complex than hydraulic systems.
Use low pressure air and vacuum conduit system to transport rubbish through underground pipe
transport wastes from high density apartments or commercial activities to central location for processing.
Reduces traveling time & increases the waste collection efficiency & minimize management cost.
Hydraulic transports is being used for the transport of food wastes
The major problem of this method is the / waste water used for transporting the wastes must be treated.
This system practical in areas where proper processing facilities are incorporated into treatment system.
Con’t….Con’t….
Routes of Collection
The guideline should be taken in to
consideration when design the layout the
collection routes:
Existing policies and regulations
the number & arrangement of the containers
Frequency of collection
Existing system characteristic the number crew
Vehicle type
Begin and end should be near arterial street.
In hilly area:
Should start at the top and proceed downhill as the vehicle become loaded
The last container to be collected must be located nearest to the disposal site
Traffic congested location
Should be collect as early in the day
Sources at extremely large quantities
Serviced during the first part of the day
Scattered pickup points
the number & arrangement of the containers
distance between containers
number of block & arrangement
Layout of collection routesLayout of collection routes
The general steps involved in establishing route include:
Preparation of location maps
Data analysis
Preliminary layout of routes
Evaluation of the preliminary routes & the development of balanced route by successive trials
Collection routes Layout – Step1Collection routes Layout – Step1
Map of the commercial, industrial, or resident housing area to be serve.
Plot the solid waste pickup point:LocationCollection frequency
Number of containers
Enter on the map the estimate quantity of waste at each pickup location (if use mechanically loaded containers)
Con’t….Con’t….
For residential sources - assume that approximately the same average quantity number of homes per block will be shown
Use the tracing paper once the basic data have been entered on the work map
Transfer StationTransfer Station
The transfer of wastes from one location to another – more distant location
Contents small collection vehicles are transferred to large vehicles to transport the waste over extended distances
Transfer and transport operation also used in conjunction with MRFs to transport recover material to markets/residue material and waste-to-energy facilities.
The need for transfer operationThe need for transfer operation
Transfer and transport operations become necessity when haul distance to available disposal sites increase.
Also become necessity when disposal sites cannot be reach directly by highway (sites in remote control).
Transfer station isTransfer station is integral part of all types of MRFs and MR/TFs
The time require for transportation is the key factor especially in the traffic congested city.
Located between the disposal site & the centre of the city
The function are volume reduction & sorting of waste for recycling
Additional factor that tend to make the use of transfer station includes:
The occurrence of illegal dumping due to excessive haul distances
The location of disposal sites relatively far from collection routes
Classified into three type
Direct load
Storage load
combined direct load and storage load
Types of transfer stationTypes of transfer station
Direct load
Small capacity
Wastes discharge directly into the open-
top trailer to be use to transport to
compaction facilities.
large capacity
The wastes in collection emptied directly into transport vehicle, or
The wastes in the collection vehicles are emptied temporarily onto unloading platform
The wastes are then push into the transport trailers.
The new technology of direct-load transfer station, replace the use of open-top transfer vehicle with the compaction facilities.
The compaction facilities can be use to compact wastes into the transfer trailers.
Storage load
Wastes are emptied directly into a storage pit then they are loaded into transport vehicles
Various types of auxiliary equipment are used to load the wastes into the transport vehicles.
The different between direct-load and storage-load is the capacity to store wastes.
combined direct load and storage load
Multipurpose facilities that service a
broader range of users
It can be a materials recovery operation
Factors to be consider for location of Factors to be consider for location of transfer station. transfer station.
As near as possible to the collection area. easy access to highway minimal public and environmental
risk/objection economical aspects capacity of collection vehicle storage space require time require to unload the collection trucks
number of trucks that will use facilities transfer trailer capacity operation hours type of waste processes
Motor Vehicle transportMotor Vehicle transport
Collection
Compactors
commonly use for door to door collection
Equipped with compacter facilities
capacity 12m3
Use for the compactable waste
Roll on roll off (RORO)
Top-open truck used for commercial and residential areas
For bulky and uncompactable wastes
Side loader
Without compactor
Manually door to door collection
Open trucks
Used for transporting bulky & uncompactable wastes.
Used for door to door collection
Not recommended for garbage and refuse
Hand cartsCommonly use by the street sweepers
Transfer station
Open-top semitrailer
Capacity 40m
Enclose semitrailer
Equipped with satationary compactor
Drop-bottom open-top semitrailer
Unloaded with hydraulic tipping ramp
Waste Treatment and disposalWaste Treatment and disposal
ideally the disposal methods should meet the following condition:
environment friendly
cause no health hazard
economically less demanding
maximum recycling options
Should not be labour intensive
Waste TreatmentWaste Treatment
The treatment of solid waste prior to disposal includes:
recycling compaction pulverisation
Waste disposalWaste disposal
ideally the disposal methods should meet the following condition:
environment friendly
cause no health hazard
economically less demanding
maximum recycling options
Should not be labour intensive
Disposal without treatment: dumping in water dumping on land direct disposal (sanitary land field)
Disposal involve some treatment incineration biological treatment pyrolysis
Disposal On LandDisposal On Land
Landfill method
Define as the physical facilities use for the disposal of residual in the surface soils of the earth.
Sanitary landfill refer to engineered facilities for the disposal of SWM designed and operated to minimize the public health and environmental impacts
One of the primary technologies use to disposal of solid waste.
The most economically if suitable land is available at low cost, environmentally accepted method and simple.
The only method that can deal with all material in solid waste
Direct disposal without treatment and Also used for the final disposal of treated waste.
Sanitary Landfill
Define as:
Method of disposing refuse on land without creating nuisance or hazard to public health
or safety by utilizing the principle of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area
The goal for design and operation of modern landfill is to eliminate/ minimize the impacts to human and environment
and to reduce it to the smallest practical volume and cover it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each day’s or at such more frequent as many be necessary
also call as control tipping and involves the covering of the waste daily with soil or other modern material
consist depositing the wastes in 1 -2 m tick layer in low-laying lands or excavation
Landfill Planning, Design and operationLandfill Planning, Design and operation
The element s should be consider in the planning , design and operation of landfill are as below:
Landfill layout and design
Landfill operations and management
The reaction occurring in the landfill
The management of leachate
Environmental monitoring
Landfill closure
Landfill siting considerationLandfill siting consideration
Siting of new landfill is one of the difficult tasks faced by the most communities.
Several factors must be consider in evaluating potential site for-long term disposal of solid waste.
Final selection of a disposal site usually is best on the result of a detail site survey, engineering design, cost study and EIA.
The factors should be consider are ; Haul distanceLocation restrictionAvailable land areaSite accessSoil condition and topographyClimatological conditionsSurface water hydrologyGeologic and hydrogeologic conditionsLocal environmental conditionsPotential ultimate uses for the completed site
Preparation of the sitePreparation of the site
First Step
Existing site drainage must be modified to
route any runoff away from the landfill area.
Drainage of the landfill area itself must be modified to route water away from the initial fill area
Construction of access roads, weighing facilities and fences installation.
Second Step
The excavation and preparation of the landfill bottom and sub surface site
Modern landfills are constructed in sections – allows only the small part of the unprotected landfill surface to be expose to precipitation.
Excavations are carried out over time – not prepare the landfill bottom at once
Excavated material can be stockpiled on unexcavated soil to minimized the precipitation problem
If the bottom of the landfill is lined at once, the storm water runoff must be remove from the portion of the landfill that is not being used.
To minimized cost, it desirable to obtain the cover material from the landfill site whenever possible.
The excavated material stockpiled for later use.
Vadose zone and groundwater monitoring equipment is installed before the landfill liner is laid down.
Leachate collection and extraction faciliteis are place within or on top of the liner
Usually the liner extends up the excavated wall of landfill.
Installation of the horizontal gas recover trenches at the bottom of the landfill
To minimized the release of VOCs, vacuum is applied and air is drown through the completed portion of landfill
The gas that is remove must be burned under controlled condition to destroy the VOCs
A soil berm must be constructed at the downwind side of the planned fill area before the fill operation begin.
Foe the excavated landfill, the wall of the excavation usually served as the initial compaction face.
The placement of wasteThe placement of waste
The waste is placed in cell beginning along the compaction face
The waste deposited in each operating period usually one day from in an individual cell.
Wastes deposited are spread out in 45 – 60 cm layers and compacted
Typically the cell height vary from 2.8 – 4 metres
The length of the working face varies with the site condition the size of the operation
The width of the a cell varies from 300 -900 cm –depending on the design and capacity of of the landfill.
The exposed faces of the cell are covered with a thin layer of soil (15 to 30 cm) at the end of each operating period.
After or more lifts has be place, horizontal gas recovery trenches can be excavated in the completed space.
The excavated trenches are filled with gravel and perforated plastic pipes are installed in the trenches
Successive lifts are place on top of another until the final design grade is reached.
A cover layer is applied to the completed landfill section to
minimized infiltration of precipitation
to route drainage away from the active section of the landfill
The landscaping to control erosion
Reactions in landfillReactions in landfill
Biological reactions
The organic material in MSW lead to the production of landfill gas and liquids.
Decomposition process usually proceed aerobically for a short period.
During aerobic decomposition, CO2 is the gas produced
Once the available O2 has been consumed, the composition become anaerobic and the organic matter converted to CO2 and CH4 and ammonia and hydrogen Sulfide.
Chemical Reaction
Include dissolution and suspension of landfill materials and biological conversion products in the liquid percolating, evaporation and vaporization of chemical compound and water
The organic compounds can subsequently be released into the atmosphere – through the soil or from uncover leachate treatment facilitie.
Other chemical reactions include those between certain organic compound and clay liner.
Physical reactions
The important physical changes are:
the lateral diffusion of gases and emission of landfill gases to surrounding environment
Movement of leachate within the landfill and into underlying soil
Settlement caused by consolidation and decomposition of landfill material
Landfill gas movement and emission particularly important consideration in landfill management because;
Internal pressure could causing the landfill cover crack and leak
Escaping landfill gas may carry trace carcinogenic and teratogenic compounds into the environment
Because high CH4 contents, may be can cause burning or explosion
Leachate migration is another concern
Concerns with the landfillConcerns with the landfill
Uncontrolled release of landfill gas
The impact of uncontrolled discharge of landfill gas
Uncontrolled release of leachate
The breeding of disease vector
The health and the environmental impact
Landfill Type
aerobic landfill
anaerobic sanitary landfill with daily cover
improve anaerobic sanitary landfill with buried leachate collection facilities
landfill with forced aeration
Only the anaerobic and semi-aerobic landfill are desirable when leachate and gas quality to be considered
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Open dumping
potential source of disease fires are uncontrolled air pollution smell pollute nearby waterways & ground
water ugly scavenging
Sanitary landfill
destruction of habitats - (wetland) cause of urban land shortage hence transportation cost – (distant) lost of resources – cannot be replace leachate leakage - (groundwater
contamination) maintanance after completion require 10
to 15 yearsNon-available of suitable cover material
Level of Sanitary Landfill
Level 1: control tipping
Level 2: sanitary landfill with bound and daily soil cover
Level 3: sanitary landfill with leachate recirculation
Level 4: sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facilities.
Landfill Technology
The most common landfill technologies are
area method
trench method
ramp method
sandwich method
Area method/Depression
terrain is unsuitable for the excavation of trenches
Solid waste cells constructed in a large area
layers of cells are created until the permitted height reached
Each cell represents the waste received and compacted in place and covered each day.
Can accommodate very large volume operation
Earth dyke with height of one lift (2-3 m) is first constructed to gate the support for compacting.
The wastes are unloaded at the top of the earth dyke and spread and compacted on the slope of the dyke.
The layers dept is from 30 – 60 cm.
Depression method best for area where natural depression exist.
The installation liners and leachate collection system is relative easy.
The earth cover of this system is usually obtain from borrow-pit or brought from elsewhere.
Trench Method
Waste is spread and compacted in an excavated trench
The excavator tailings are used as cover material
Best for flat land where the excavation of trenches can be carryout easily.
The ground water level should be sufficiently low
The trench size varies in length and width:
dept: 1 – 2 metre width: 2 – 5 metre length: 30 – 120 metre
Wastes are spread into thin layers from 30 -60 cm and compacted before soil cover in introduced.
Ramp method
also call progressive slope. A combination of area method and
trench method Solid waste is spread and compacted
on a slope cover material is obtained directly from
the front of the working face. The excavation of cover material
provides a depression for the next day waste.
Ramp is about 15 metre wide and 30 metre length and suitable height.
Trucks come on the top of the ramp and discharge their contents inside the trench.
Sandwich method
Used when the solid waste is deposited horizontally into narrow valleys.
Cover soil layer is added over each layer of solid waste
Modern Sanitary LandfillModern Sanitary Landfill
incorporates
gas collection, storage and compressor system
leachate collection, storage and treatment facilities.
prevent leachate leakage into ground water
Design & operation SLF
Several important factors must be considered: land area cover material cell design and construction equipment requirement personnel requirement financedrainage
spread and compaction water supply fire prevention facilities fencing - gatehouse operation time land use after completion of landfill wheel cleaning notice board
Population protection site location rainfall temperatureSoil type windHydrological properties and water
table
compaction landfill
essential to reduce settlement
take about 2 years
prevent fire
eliminates odour, flies & vermin
for building structure – 10 – 12 years
ideally compacted fill should have density of 900 – 950 kg/m3
densities are measure by using backhoe method and auger method.
the values depend on:
Type of waste
Pretreatment
Composting of waste
Time of landfill
Moisture content
Type of landfill
Stage of compaction
Leachate
define as liquid that has percolated through solid waste and has extracted Dissolved or suspended material
average amount of leachate generated is 150L//tonne
contain organic matter, nitrogen (ammoniacal), suspended solid salts & colouring matter.
constration of eluted matters will be highest the first 3 – 8 years.
quantity of leachate produced depend on factors:
Soil type
Waste composition
Degree of composition
Rainfall
Evaporation
Landfill type and age
Leachate treatment facilities
include:
equalisation tank
biological treatment
physicochemical treatment
Biological treatment
To remove the organic matter and nitrogen
involve one or more of the following techniques:
activated sludge treatment contact aeration rotary disc
deep shaft oxidation ditch
trickling filter
aerated lagoon treatment
anaerobic biodegredation
an aerobic fixed film treatment
physicochemical treatment
to removes/reduce COD, metal, suspended solid and colour
the process used are:
sedimentation with coagulation
sand filtration
ozone oxidation
Activated carbon adsorption
Chelating resin adsorption
Landfill gas
the microbial degradation generate gaseous products.
methane production begins several month to one/two years after deposition
the rate of production depends on: size and composition of solid waste age of solid waste and landfill
moisture contain
temperature conditions in landfill
quantity and quality of nutrients
organic contain of refuse
pH and alkalinity of liquids
presence of toxic or hazardous material
Gas productionGas production
gas production ranges from 1.3 to 1.7 L/kg/yr
the main component of the gas is CH4
(55%), CO2 (45%),
Biodegradation of solid waste could be describe under four phases:
the aerobic phase
hydrolysis and fermentation anaerobic phase
decelerated methane production
Definition
Composting define as the biological degradation of the organic components of
waste under controlled condition to produce a stable end product call compost
composting of organic material generates CO2 and H2O.
Biogasification generates CH4 , CO2, and H2O.
The final products of biotreatment are stable & could be use as fertilizer.
Composting is an exothermic process & max. temperature 60 -700C
The aerobic phase
in the presence of O2,
oxygen & nitrogen are depleted while CO2 increases
The phase lasts only a few days
Hydrolysis and fermentation
biological polymers
Anaerobic phase
beginning of methane generation
bacteria (methanogens) responsible for degradation substances.
Gas monitoring
involve the monitoring of methane and other volatile organic compound.
Monitoring wells are installed within and around the landfill.
Two type of gas monitoring device can be use.
barhole probe
permanent probe
Barhole probe
performe near structure or along the parameter of a landfill.
only obtain one time measurement of gas concentration at shallow depts.
permanent probe
located along the parameter of the landfill at location identify during the hydrogeology investigation
Periodically gas samples collected from these wells are analysed for methane contain & and other gas.
INCINERATION
Define as:
Control process for burning solid, liquid and gaseous combustible wastes to gases and residue containing non-
combustible material.
is any facility used wholly or in part for the controlled combustion of municipal wastes and other waste.
waste materials are treated at incinerator plants through the controlled application of that converts waste feed by high temperature oxidation to gaseous material.
during combustion the moisture is vapourised while the combustible waste is also vapourised and oxidised.
Objectives of thermal treatment
volume reduction
reduces 90% MSW
reduces 70% of weight
life span of a landfill could be longer
Waste stabilisation
outputs from the incinerator are ash, flue gas and combustible residue.
the output generally inert and more stable when landfill.
Sanitisation of waste
high temperature (800 – 11000C)
outlet 210 -230oC
kill all the pathogen – important in the clinical/hospital waste.
categories of incinerator
Three categories:
mass burning
Selected burning
source separated materials
The Incineration Process
Four types of incinerator
Multiple chamber incinerator
Non-heat utilization incinerator
Fluidised bed incinerator
Rotary kiln combustor
Multiple chamber incinerator
the simplest incinerator
combustion proceeds in two sage
combustion in the ignition chamber
gaseous phase combustion in the secondary combustion chamber.
differences between two type are
direction of gas flow
presence of a common wall between the primary and secondary combusting stage in retort in the rotary type
have length to width ratio of 1:1 to 2.4:1 for retort type and 2:1 to 5:1 for in-line type
Non-heat utilisation incinerator
similar with multiple chamber incinerator except the waste to energy process is not included
accommodate up to 1,000 tonnes/day.
capacity of storage pit 16 to 36 hrs of refuse intake
Fluidised bed incinerator
uses a vertical furnace as alternate design
develop and commonly used in Japan
the combustion chamber contains a fluidised bed
advantage of this system is less mechanical problems
FBI has a maximum capacity 350 tonnes/day
more efficient in burning and flue gas volume is smaller.
start up time is much smaller – 5 min
Rotary kiln combustor
rotary kiln is circular, inclined, cylindrical
slow revolving combustion chamber
waste is rotated slowly
perforation along the kiln allow O2 be pumped – efficient burning
energy transfer by three method
radiation from the refractory inner space surface transfer energy to all surface in the kiln
by convection from the hot combustion gasses to the feed material
the hot refractory surface continuously comes into contact with the underside of the bed
Products of incineration
sifting
fine material include ash, metal fragments, glass, unburnt organic substances etc..
residue all solid material that are left after
incineration remove continuously or in batches
clinker and fly ash
10% is the fused ashes, etc.. is use as component of cement, concrete or road making.
the fly ash comes from the gas scrubbing unit
the quantity of fly ash usually 12 – 15 kg/tonne of refuse
also used in cement making, concrete, brick and road making
suspended particulates
flue gas
vented air emitted from a chimney after combustion in burner. It can include nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxides, water vapor, sulfur dioxides, particles and many chemical pollutants
(FSL)
the equipments used to remove are:
the fabric filter – almost 100% efficiency
electronic precipitations -96 – 100% efficiency
wet scrubbers – 94 – 97%
cyclones – 60 – 65%
settling chamber – 10 – 30%
wetted baffle spray – 10 – 53%
waste gas
removed via the stack
the high and diameter depends amount of climatic and lanscaping of the area
heavy metal
found in the stack gas, bottom ash, filter dust or in salt and sludges from dust cleaning
the heavy metal are:
Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, F, Pb, Hg, Ni, S and Zn.
Distribution of heavy metal in incinerator residueDistribution of heavy metal in incinerator residue
Fraction %
Stack gas %
Bottom ash %
Filter dust %
Salt and sludges from gas cleaning %
Cadmium 0.04 11 85 3.6
Chlorine 0.12 9 15 76
Chromium 0.01 94 5.8 0.27
Copper 0.01 95 4.9 0.53
Fluorine 1.5 69 3.0 26
Lead 0.01 75 24 0.9
Mercury 2.1 7 5.1 86
Nickel 0.04 87 13 0.61
Sulphur 0.47 50 10 40
Zinc 0.05 49 51 0.7
Acid Gas
SO2, HCL and HF can be remove by three methods
wet method Dry method semi dry method
Wet method
Pollutions are removed by large quantities of slaked lime or aqueous sodium hydroxide in Ventury scrubbing system
The limestone mixed by two ways:
with the waste before incineration
introduce separately into the furnace
Semi dry method
used a spray of lime (CaO) mixed with water into the flue gas flow
Dioxin controlDioxin control
Organic pollutant – high level of toxicity
Persistence in the environment
The emission of dioxin can be control with further treated of flue gas by;
adsorption onto activated carbon filters
catalyst uses:
mix metal oxide catalyst
destroy the dioxin by reaction with O2
NOx controlled by in fluidised bed incinerator by controlling the amount of air inlet to the cobustion process
Where NOx production cannot be prevented, it is remove by the injection of urea or ammonia into the flue gas.
Advantages of incineration
incineration is sanitary, odourless and dustless
residue only 20% of the original weight and can be used for making cement and other materials for construction industry
require very little space and very few personnel
can be located centrally even within the town and reducing transportation costs.
energy production and other by-product could generated revenue
ash and other residue are pathogen-free
pre sorting and recycle could be incorporated and this reduces the volume to be incinerated
Disadvantages of incineration
high capital cost and high operating cost
take time to plan, design construction
require skill personnel
disposal of ash require landfill
may cause air pollution and long term environmental effect
High moisture content in refuse make it more expensive to incinerate
dioxin is a component of the flue gas especially when the wastes contain a high proportion of plastic
require pre-sorting otherwise the slag volume would be higher
RECYCLERECYCLE
Recycle of solid waste is reduce the amount of waste introduce to the environment.
also reduce the use of primary commodities or raw material
Recycle paper would reduce 60% of water usage, save 70% of the energy and reduce the emission of the pollutants as much as 50 %
Recycle glass would reduce the usage of water by 50%, 79% of the mining waste could be avoided and air pollution could be reduce by 14%
Recycle plastic reduce 30% of energy to make polystyrene foam products compare with the energy used for paper cups made
Why it is important to recycleWhy it is important to recycle
Lack of space
Not wise to build one landfill after another
Pollution, hygiene and other issues must be consider
Water pollution
Most land areas are catchment area
Toxic leachate will pollute the water
Air pollution
Decomposition releases gas
Pollute air and contribute to global warming
Create unpleasant environment
Save energy
One aluminum can save enough energy to
keep a TV set on
One glass bottle can saves 100 watts
The benefits of recycleThe benefits of recycle
Cut down the need for disposal capacity
Lower emission from landfill, incinerators and litter
Reduce of energy usage and emission
Lessen impacts and conserve raw material
The energy recovery will increase due to;
Reduction in energy use and related emission and reduction in extraction and manufacturing process
Long term, value of conservation materials
The limitation in recycleThe limitation in recycle
The definition of waste is varies among the different nation
Lack of incentives among developing countries for technology development
There are no fix price for the recycle product and the erratic price fluctuations favour incineration or landfill
Usually curb side collection is preferred when recycle is higher. The “bring” system is not conducive to participants
There no incentive for recycle in many South East Asia countries
Frequent recycle causes contamination risk due to heavy metal accumulation.
Recycle in MalaysiaRecycle in Malaysia
Recycle was introduced in PJ in 1991. In 1996, yellow box recycling programme was launched
In KL plastic is the main material recycled followed by metals. However, less then 1% is recycle.
The awareness is high among Malaysian but very few actually practice
Only 30 to 40% of paper is recycle compare with US 50% and some European nation 60 to 70%
The important elements of integrated solid waste management are not officially and legally incorporated into the Malaysian waste management practice
Organized source reduction and recycle are lacking although a few NGOs do carry out recycle activities
Only 1 to 2% of the garbage is recycle and the target should be 25 to 30%
Recycle of paper is currently practiced in Malaysia especially KL, Penang and Ipoh
Among Asian countries, Australia, Japan and India have a high recover (60 to 80%)
Which increase commitment in certain sector, recycling of glass in Malaysia has increase
What we can recycle?What we can recycle?
Paper
The principal types of waste paper that
are recycled are old newspaper,
cardboard, high grade paper and mix
paper
Except tissue paper, carbon paper, aluminum foil/wax paper, plastic liminated paper and contaminated paper
Glass
Container glass (for food packing), flat
glass (window glass), pressed or amber
glass
Except crystal, mirror, window panes vehicle screen, porcelain, ceramic, bulb, laboratory apparatus and toxic container
Glass, to be reprocessed is often separated by color into categories of clear, green and amber
Aluminum
Aluminum recycle is made up of two
sector: aluminum cans and secondary
aluminum
Secondary aluminum includes window frame,sliding and gutter
Except paint container, toxic container and solvent container
The demand for recycled aluminum cans is high. It take 95% less energy to produce an aluminum cans from an existing cans than from ore
Plastic
Classified into two categories:
Clean commercial grade scrap
Post consumer scrap
Two type of post consumer plastic that most commonly recycle are:
polyethylene terephtalate (PETE/1)
High density polyethyelene (HDPE)
Ferrous metal (iron & steel)
Traditionally come from large item such as
cars and appliances
Many communities have large scrap metal piles at the local landfill or transfer station
In many cases, the pile are unorganized in different metal are mix together – making them unattractive to scrap buyer
Steel can use as food container (juice, soft drink and food) and easily separated from mixed recyclable or municipal waste.
Non-ferrous metals
Recyclable non-ferrous metal from household items:
Outdoor furniture, kitchen cookware and appliance, ladder, tool and hardware
From construction and demolition project:
Cooper wire, pipe, and plumbing supplies, light fixture, aluminum siding, gutters.
From large consumer, commercial and industrial products:
Appliance, automobiles, boats aircraft and machinery
Virtually all nonferrous metal can be recycled if they are sorted and free of foreign materials such as plastic, fabrics and rubber
Methods for the collection of recycle Methods for the collection of recycle materialsmaterials
The methods used for the collection of recycle materials includes curbside collection and delivery by homeowner to drop-off and buy-back centres
The future separation and processing of waste that have been source-separation is at Material Recover Facilities (MRFs) or Integrated Material Recover Facilities/transfer facilities (MRTFs)
Drop-off centreDrop-off centre
Required residents or businesses to separate recyclable materials at the source and bring to a specified drop-off or collection centre
Require residents to store the materials until sufficient and material is collected to the drop-off centre.
The storage of multiple material types is a problem in densely populated area.
To encourage participation, most successful programs have made drop-off centres has convenient as possible
Other incentives, such as donating portions of proceeds a local charity
Buy-Back Centres
Refers to a drop-off program that provides monetary incentive to participate
The residents are paid for their recyclable either directly or indirectly through reduction in monthly collection and disposal fees.
Options for the separation of waste materialsOptions for the separation of waste materials
Separation is a necessary operation in the recovery of reusable and recyclable materials from MSW
Separation can be accomplished either at the source of generation or at MRFs / MRTFs.
Integrated MRTFs
The function of a drop-off centre for
separation waste.
The facilities include:
Material separation facilities
A facility for the composting and bioconversion of waste
A facility for the production of refuse-derive fuel
Transfer facility
Chemical and biological processes are use to reduce the volume and weight and to recover conversion products and energy
The most common used chemical transformation process is combustion.
Used in conjunction with the recovery of energy.
The most commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting
If you do care, start recycle
RECYCLE FOR THE BETER FUTURE
……. OR WOULD YOU RATHER LIVE IN THE WASTE?.....
• Increasingly, municipalities additionally address urban environment issues related to solid waste management. Public concern and sensitivity to environmental issues is driving this expanded agenda. These include
• health and environmental impacts of accumulated uncollected waste and clandestine disposal sites
• health and environmental impacts of solid waste facilities, including transfer, composting and landfill facilities
• air emissions from waste collection and transfer vehicles• special handling and disposal of hazardous wastes,
including healthcare and industrial hazardous waste.
• health and environmental impacts (see papers Occupational and Environmental Health Issues of Solid Waste Management: Special Emphasis on Middle and Lower-Income Countries and Environmental Health at a glance) of accumulated uncollected waste and clandestine disposal sites
• health and environmental impacts of solid waste facilities, including transfer, composting and landfill facilities
• air emissions from waste collection and transfer vehicles• special handling and disposal of hazardous wastes,
including healthcare and industrial hazardous waste.
Disease and Injury Risks for Solid Waste Disease and Injury Risks for Solid Waste WorkersWorkers
(Based on data from various countries that is presented within this document)
6 times more relative risk of Infectious Disease (Denmark)\74\
2.6 times more relative risk for Allergic Pulmonary Disease and 1.4 for Non-Allergic Pulmonary Disease (Denmark)\74\
2.5 times fore relative risk for Chronic Bronchitis (Geneva in Switzerland)
1.2 increased risk of hepatitis (Genoa in Italy)\47\
3 times more relative risk for Parasites (India)\11\
10 times more relative risk for Acute Diarrhea (Romania)\21\
2 times more relative risk for Coronary Disease (USA)\17\
1.3 times more relative risk for Injury (Romania)\22\
5.6 times more relative risk for Accidents (Denmark)\74\
10 times more relative risk for Accidents (USA)\12,43,74\
1.9 times more relative risk for Musculoskeletal Problems (Denmark)\74\
Health Risk Factors for Solid Waste Health Risk Factors for Solid Waste WorkersWorkers
Waste contentfecal matter, blood, body fluids, animal
Flesh hazardous chemicals and heavy metalsvolatile organic and greenhouse gasespressurized gas containers, munitions
Heavy loads, lifting exertion and vibration Landfill slides, fires and vehicle accidents Noise
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