Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Synergies between Nuclear Safety and Security
DG Joint Research Centre (JRC)
Zdenka PalajovaA.8 Nuclear Safety and Security Coordination [email protected]
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Content
• Mission of the JRC
• Structure of the JRC
• JRC activities
• Nuclear activities at the JRC
• Synergies between Safety and Security
• Generation IV nuclear energy systems
• Emergency preparedness
• Measurement systems and particle analysis techniques
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Mission of the JRC
… is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies.
As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union.
Close to the policy-making process, it servesthe common interest of the Member States,while being independent of special interests,whether private or national.
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Structure of the JRCIET – Petten Netherlands- Institute for Energy and Transport
IRMM - Geel Belgium- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements
ITU - Karlsruhe Germany and Ispra Italy- Institute for Transuranium elements
IPSC - IES - IHCP - Ispra Italy - Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen- Institute for Environment and Sustainability - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection
IPTS - Seville Spain- Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
ttt
Staff: 3000 (about 25% nuclear)
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
JRC activities
• Helping to fix pollution emission standards• Harmonising measurements of GMOs• Validating new methods alternative to
animal testing• Preventing nuclear trafficking• Developing safe, secure and ecofriendly
building standards• Improving testing for safer food and feed• Testing the safety of nano-materials• Responding to crises and natural disasters• Ensuring the safety and security of the
nuclear fuel cycle • Providing econometric indicators• Monitoring business R&D spending• Supporting enlargement
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Nuclear activities at the JRCThe nuclear activities of the JRC aim at reflecting the R&D obligations of the Euratom Treaty and supporting both Commission and Member States in the fields of:
• safeguards and non-proliferation• safety of nuclear installations • safety of fuel cycle • radioactivity in the environment• waste management• radiation protection
The JRC has a role as a European reference for dissemination of information, training and education
http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Nuclear Safety: The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards.
Nuclear Security: The prevention and detection of, and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities.
Synergies between Safety and Security at technical level:- Technologies and design architecture (GIF)- Emergency preparedness - Measurement systems and particle analysis
Synergies between Safety and Security
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
New Design Concepts - GIF- Collaborative efforts to develop next generation of nuclear energy systems (NES)- Advanced and new reactor systems (2030 and beyond)- JRC coordinates EURATOM contribution to GIF
4 Goal areas for Generation IV NES:- Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection (PR&PP)- Safety and Reliability- Sustainability- Economics
Proliferation Resistance is that characteristic of an NES that impedes the diversion or undeclared production of nuclear material or misuse of technology by the Host State seeking to acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
Physical Protection (robustness) is that characteristic of an NES that impedes the theft of materials suitable for nuclear explosives or radiation dispersal devices (RDDs) and the sabotage of facilities and transportation by sub-national entities and other non-Host State adversaries.
New Design Concepts-GIF
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Safety and Reliability -1Generation IV nuclear energy systems operations will excel in safety and reliability.
Safety and Reliability -2Generation IV nuclear energy systems will have a very low likelihood and degree of reactor core damage.
Safety and Reliability -3Generation IV nuclear energy systems will eliminate the need for offsite emergency response.
PR&PPGeneration IV nuclear energy systems will increase the assurance that they are a very unattractive and the least desirable route for diversion or theft of weapons-usable materials, and provide increased physical protection against acts of terrorism.
GIF technology goals
New Design Concepts-GIF
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Coupling between PR&PP and safety goals:-Passive systems and structures -Protection of nuclear material-Human performance programs
Potential conflicts:-Emergency response (multiple access)-Dissemination of knowledge on protection system operation
Need for integrated consideration of safety, reliability, PR and PP
PR&PP and safety evaluation methodologies share a common paradigm.
PR&PP evaluation approach: THREATS SYSTEM RESPONSE OUTCOMES
The safety and reliability assessment paradigm can be defined in a similar way: ACCIDENT SYSTEM INITIATORS RESPONSE CONSEQUENCES
New Design Concepts-GIF
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Technical implementation of the Council Decision 87/600/Euratom on early notification and exchange of information in event of a radiological or nuclear emergency
MS promptly notify the EC and all the MS potentially affected when they intend to take counter measures in order to protect their population against the effects of a radiological or nuclear accident
ECURIE agreement - EU27 + HR and CH
Data-formats of WebECURIE and ENATOM (IAEA's notification system) harmonized and automatic exchange of relevant notifications
WebECURIE European Community Urgent Radiological Information Exchange
Information exchange for emergency purposes
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
-Internationally recognized standard format for radiological data
-Network (33 European countries with > 4400 stations participating)
-Daily and hourly transmissions/ routine and emergency operation
-Currently mostly γ-dose rates-Web-site to view and download data
-IAEA is implementing the EURDEP for its purposes at world-wide level (IRMIS)
http://eurdep.jrc.ec.europa.eu
EURDEPEuropean Radiological Data Exchange Platform
Information exchange for emergency purposes
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
JRC activities in data and information exchange for emergency purposes
WebECURIE, EURDEP- exchange of information to facilitate decision making process- originally designed and developed for major accidents- also for smaller scale events (accidental or malevolent) – depends on sensitivity of the device, sampling density
Atmospheric dispersion modelling tools JRC project for EU CBRN Action Plan -assessment and validation of existing modelling tools that are or can be used in decision support systems following RN incidents
Synergies between Safety and Security
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Measurement systems
ITRAP+10 (Illicit Trafficking Radiation Assessment Program+10)- JRC, US Department of Homeland Security (DHS –DNDO), IAEA- evaluation of available radiation detection equipment relevant to nuclear security - 8 different families of equipment tested (RPM, SRPM, PRD, SPRD, RID, GSD, NSD, PRS) – approx. 100 instruments in total- reference for regulatory and other MS authorities
Radiation Portal Monitors – for trucks, containers, wagons- operated by EU Customs in mega ports- security (to prevent import of radioactive material by terrorist) - safety (to detect contaminated containers from Japan after Fukushima event)
Synergies between Safety and Security
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Particle analysis techniques
Dounreay particles – radioactive particles about 1 mm in size - Al/U matrix fuel + K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Nd, Si, P, S, Cl (EDX)- Isotopic composition of U, Pu- Particles discharged 40-50 years ago SEM picture of the U/Al particle
•
Synergies between Safety and Security
All particles
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
80 85 90 95 100
235 atom %
236 a
tom
%
All particlesContaminated material- 2011 scrap metal contaminated with enriched U (the Netherlands)- SIMS of powdered material – mixture of particles of LEU and HEU (up to 96 mass%) (used e.g. TOPAZ) + 2 Russian fission chambers - results communicated to MS authority and IAEA
236U vs. 235U isotope abundances in single particles
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Conclusions
EU – highest standards of safety and security for peaceful use of nuclear energy•
JRC – R&D Euratom Program – safety, security, safeguards, and non-proliferation
Technical synergies between safety and security- Generation IV nuclear energy systems- Emergency preparedness- Measurement systems and particle analysis techniques
Synergies between Safety and Security
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power 12 June 2013, Preston
Thank you for your attention!
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