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GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS
Important Tips on Geography
1. As the path of the earth is elliptical the distance between thesun and the earth will be minimum (is 147 million km) on
January 3rd (perihelion) and will be maximum 152 million km
on July 4 (Aphelion)
2. Earths axis is tilted 23 from a line perpendicular to theplane of ecliptic. So, earth attains equinoxes and solstice.
3. a. Summer solstice (Longest day in Northern Hemisphere) June 21 Sunrays Vertically falls on Tropic of cancer.
b. Winter solstice (Longest day in southern Hemisphere)
Sunrays vertically falls
on Tropic of Capricorn (December 22)
c. Vernal Equinox (Equal day and night length) sun rays
vertically falls on
equator (March 21)
d. Autumnal Equinox (Equal day & night length) Sunrays
vertically falls on
Equator (September)
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4. During solar eclipse the moon is bound to come in between thesun and the earth and during lunar eclipse the earth is bound to
come between moon and the sun.
5. Latitudes (parallels) Horizontal Imaginarily lines on Earth.
6. Longitudes (meridians) Vertical Imaginarily lines on Earth
7. Equator 0 Latitudes passes through the center of Earth
8. Tropic of cancer 23 N Latitude
9. Tropic of Capricorn 23 S Latitude
10.Arctic Circle 66 N Latitude
11.Antarctic Circle 66 Latitude
12.Prime Meridian 0 Longitude passes through Greenwich
13.Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is based on the Prime Meridian
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14.Indian standard time (IST) is based on the 82.5 E longitudewhich passes through Allahabad
15.International Date line is the 180 longitude (just opposite toprime meridian)
16.Each 1 Longitude is equal to 111 km
17.Earth completes one rotation of 360 in 24 hours. So, a personcrossing Eastwards from prime meridian gains 4 minutes for
every 1 longitude.
18.IST, which is located on 82.5 E longitude, is 5 hours (330minutes) ahead of GMT.
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
Location
The Indian mainland extends in the tropical and subtropical
zones from latitude 84' north to 376 north and from longitude 687'
east to 9725' east. The southernmost point in Indian Territory, the
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Indira Point (formerly called Pygmallion Point) is situated at 630'
north in the Nicobar Islands.
Area and Boundaries
India stretches 3,214 km from north to south and 2,933 km from
east to west. The total length of the mainland coastline is nearly 6,100
km. Including that of the islands, is about 7,500 km. India is seventh
largest country in the world. Indias neighbours in the north are
China, Napal and Bhutan. To the north-west, India shares a
boundary mainly with Pakistan and to the east with Myanmar, while
Bangladesh forms and enclave within India.
The Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait separate India from Sri
Lanka.
Physiography
India can be divided into three units the mountains in the
north, the plains of northern India and the coast, and the plateau
region of the south.
Himalayas
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The total length of this chain is about 5,000 km. The Himalayas
comprise a number of almost parallel ranges. The westernmost and
the eastern most limits of this range are formed by the Indus Valley
and the Brahmaputra Valley, respectively. The Great or Inner or
Central Himalayas (Himgri) is the name given to the northernmost
range which is also the highest. The other important peaks of this
range are: Kanchenjunga (8,598), Makalu (8,481m) and Dhaulagiri
(8,172m).
South of the Central Himalayas lies the Lesser Himalayas or
Himachal or Middle Himalayas. The sub-Himalayas or the Siwaliks
are the third and the lowest range of the system. They are also known
as the Outer Himalayas. The newest range of the Himalayas, it
separates the plains from the alluvium filled basins called duns and
duars. North of the Great Himalayas lie the Trans Himalayas or Tibet
Himalayas. The hilly region to the east of the Brahamaputra Valley is
often called Purvachal.
The Plains of India
The vast plains of north are alluvial in nature and the
westernmost portion is occupied by the Thar Desert. The northern
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plain is known as the Ganga Brahmaputra Plain. The eastern coastal
plain also known as the Coromandel Coastal Plain. Delta regions of
rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. It is a broad fertile
coastal lowland. The western coastal plain.
Peninsular Plateau
Area spreading south of the Indo Gengetic plain and flanked by
seas on three sides. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats
constitute its eastern and western boundaries, respectively. The rivr
Narmada, divides the region into two parts: the Malwa Plateau in the
north and the Deccan Plateau in the south. The northern part of the
plateau is occupied by the Aravalli Ranges in west, Malwa region in
the center and the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in the east. The deccan
Plateau is divided into three major units the Western Ghats, the
Eastern Ghats and the Deccan Trap. They include the Vindhyas and
Satpuras in central India. The Western Ghats separate the Deccan
Trap region from the Western Coastal Plain while the Eastern Ghats
lie between the Eastern Coastal Plain and the Deccan Trap. The
Western Ghats are connected to the Eastern Ghats by the Nilgiri Hills
(Blue Mountains). South of these are the Annamalai Hills. Two
branches of the Annamalai Hills are known as the Palani Hills and
the Yelagiri (Cardamom) hills.
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Islands of India
The territorial limits of India include 247 islands, of which 204
lie in the Bay of Bengal and 43 lie in the Gulf of Mannar and the
Arabian Sea. All the islands in the Arabian Sea are coral islands are
surrounded by coral reefs.
Himalayan Rivers
The most important river system is the Indus network. The
River Indus rising beyond the Himalayas, dominates this system. It is
joined by the rivers Shyoke, Shigar and Gilgit in Jammu and
Kashmir. The important tributaries including the Jhelum, Chenab,
Ravi, Beas and Sutlej join it after entering Pakistan. The second major
system in the Ganga. The Ganga, the head stream, is constituted of
two major rivers Bhagirathi and Alaknanda, which combine at Dev
Prayag to form the Ganga. The Yamuna, which joins the Ganga at
Allahabad is the major tributary. Other tributaries of the Ganga
include Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi from the north and Damodar and
Son from the south. The important tributaries of the Yamuna include
the Chambal, Betwa and Ken (all from the south). The Brahmaputra
is the third major system in the north. The Brahmaputra, the head
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stream, rises in Tibet, where it is called Tsangpo, and enters the
Indian territory under the name Dihang. The Subansiri, Kameng,
Dhansiri, Manas and Teesta are the major rivers joining it from the
north and Burhi Dihing, Disang, and Kopoli join it from the south.
The Lohit is also and important tributary of the Brahmaputra.
Rivers of Peninsular India Flowing into the Bay of Bengal
These comprise five groups. The Mahanadi system of the main
river of the same name and its tributaries, the important ones being
the Seonath, Hasdeo, Mand, Jonk and Tel. The second is the
Brahmani and Subernarekha system. The third system the Godavari
is the largest in the peninsular region. The Manjira, Penganga,
Wardha, Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari are the main tributaries of
this river. The Krishna is the second largest east-flowing system of
the peninsular region. The Kaveri system is the southernmost. Its
principal tributaries are the Hemavati, Lokpawni, Shimsa, Akrawati,
Lakshmantirtha and Bhawani.
West-flowing Rivers of the Peninsular Region
There are three major rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea from
the peninsular region. These are Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati system.
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In addition to these, there are some small rivers flowing westwards
from the Western Ghats. The important ones among these are the
Mandovi, Zuari and Rachol in Goa, Kalinadi, Sharavati, Tadri and
Netravati in Karnataka and Baypore, Ponnar, Periyar and Pamba in
Kerala.
Climate
Even though India is termed a monsoon country, the climate is
far from uniform, with variations being spatial as well temporal.
The Seasons
In India, the cycle of monsoon divides the year into four
seasons. Beginning mid March, hot and dry weather. The weather is
followed by hot, wet weather from June to September. In May, south-
west monsoon. From mid-September to mid-December is the cool,
dry season. Latter part of December and in January by the arrival of
the westerly depressions which cause some rain in the northern parts
of India. This is known as the cool, wet season.
INDUSTRIES
1. Steel & Iron Industries (Place/State/Aided Country)
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a.Jamshedpur Bihar (Private Sector)b. Bokaro Jharkhand (Russia)c. Bhilai Madhya Pradesh (Russia)d. Rourkela Orissa (Germany)e. Durgapur West Bengal (U.K.)
2. Petroleum Industries
a. Ankaleshwar, Kaoli Gujaratb. Manali, Kaveri Delta T.N.c. Madhura (Uttar Pradesh), Digboi (Assam)
3. Cotton Industries
a. Ahmedabad Gujaratb. Surat Maharastrac. Bombay Maharastrad. Dhariwal (Woolen carpet)e. Kanpur
4. Fertilizer Industry
a. Sindri (Bihar), Nangal Punjab
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5. Railway Industries
a. Rail Engine - Chittaranjanb. Rail coach Factory - Perambalur
6. Paper Industry
a. Nepanagarb. Titanagar
7. Atomic Energy
a. Trombay Maharastrab. Ranapratap sagar Rajasthan (Rawabhatta)c. Narora Uttar Pradeshd. Kalpakkam Chennaie. Kagrapara Gujaratf. Kaiga Karnatakag. Kudamgulam Tamilnadu
8. Space Research Centres
a. Tumbha Rocket launching station
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b. Bangalore Indian Space Research Organizationc. Ahmedabad Space Application centerd. Sriharikota (A.P.) Rocket launching statione. Mahendragiri (T.N) Liquid propulsion centre
9. Defence Related Industries
a. Combat Vehicles Avadib. Aeronautic development Bangalorec. Nuclear Medicine & allied science Delhi
10 Electrical and Electronics Industries
a. BHEL - Ranipur (Hariduwar) (Uttaranchal)
- Ramachandrapuram (Hyderabad)
- Thiruverumbur (Trichy)
- Bharat Heavy Plate & Vessel (Visakapatnam)
b. HMT - Jalahali Bangalore
- Pinjur Punjab
- Kalamasethi Kerala
- Gukatpatti Andrapradesh
13. Medical Related Industries
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a. Pasteur Institute Mumbai, Kunnoorb. Hindustan antibiotics Pimpri (Poona), Rishikesh (U.P)c. Hoffkins Institute Mumbai
Training Institutes
1. National Defence Academy Khadak Vas la(Poona)
2. Indian Military Academy - Dehradun3. Defence Services Staff College - Willington (TN)4. Officers Training School - Chennai5. Air Force Academy - Hyderabad6. Air Force Administrative College - Coimbatore7. Indian Naval Academy - Coachin8. Indian Police Academy - Hyderabad9. Lal Bahadur Sastri Institute of Administration Mussouri
Cities on River Banks
Cities River Cities River
Allahabad Triveni
Sangamam
Hyderabad Musi
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Lucknow Gomti Culcutta Hoogly
Ludhiana Sutlej Madura Yamuna
Srinagar Jhelum Lahore Ravi
Surat Tapti Baghdad Tigris
Delhi Jamuna Paris Seon
Kanpur Ganga Washington Potomac
Jamshedpur Subamarekha Ayodhya Sarayu
Vijayawada Krishna Haridwar,
Varanasi, Patna
Ganga
Nasik Godavari Yangoon Irawati
Karachi Indus Cairo Nile
New York Hundson
Sanctuaries & National Parks
Bandipur Karanataka Chandraprabha Uttar Pradesh
Corbett Uttranchal Shivpuri
sanctuary
Madhya
Pradesh
Dachigam Jammu &
Kashmir
Ghana Bird
Sanctuary
Rajasthan
Gir National
Part
Gujarat Hazaripagh Jharkhan
Jaldapara Bangal Kanga National Madhya
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Park Pradesh
Kasiranga
National Park
Assam Maras
Sanctuary
Assam
Madumalai Tamilnadu Parambikulum
Sanctuary
Kerala
Mukambika Karnataka Periyar
Sanctuary
Kerala
Rajaji Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh Ratambhore
Tiger Resort
Rajasthan
Sariska
Sanctuary
Rajasthan Simillipal
Sanctuary
Orissa
Sunderbans West Bengal Nandankannan
Zoo
Orissa
Venad
Sanctuary
Kerala Alipore Zoo Calcutta
Hill Stations
1. Uttranchal - Almora, nainital, Mussorie
2. West Bengal - Darjeeling, Kalimpong
3. Himachal Pradesh - Dalhouise, Kulumanali, Simla
4. Kashmir - Srinagar, Gulmarg
5. Rajasthan - Mount Abu
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6. Jharkand - Ranchi
7. Madhya Pradesh - Panchmarhi
Famous Sites
Ajanta Aurangabad
(Maharastra)
Lingaraj Temple Orissa
Birla Planetarium Calcutta Gometeswar Statue Karnataka
Dal Lake Srinagar Amarnatha cave Kashmir
Silka Lake Orissa Bulandarwasa Fatepur Sikri
Sambhar Rajasthan Charminar Hyderabad
Dilwara Temple Rajasthan Gateway of India Bombay
Ellora Cave Maharashtra India Gate Delhi
Golgumbag Maharastra Jog Falls Karnataka
Hawa Mahal Jaipur Lal Bagh Bangalore
Kajuraho Madhya Pradesh Shalimar Bagh Kashmir
Konark Sun Temple Orissa Sanchi Stupa Madhya Pradesh
Sarnath Uttar Pradesh Howrah Bridge West Bengal
Jaganath Temple Orissa
Geographical Superlatives
Largest State (area) Rajasthan Largest State (Population) U.P
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Densest State (Population) West
Bengal
Largest forest Assam
Largest Coastal area Gujarat Largest Desert Thar
Largest Lake Ular lake
(Kashmir)
Largest rainfall Mausinram
Largest Delta Sunderban Largest Dam Hakra Nangal
(Sutlej)
Highest Dam Hirakud
(Maharadi_
Largest Zoo Alipore Zoo
Highest Tower Qutb Minar Largest Dome Golgumbaz
Largest Mosque Jumma Musjid Largest Corridor
Rameshwaram Temple
Largest Gopuram Srirangam Largest Road Grand Trunk
Fastest Train Satapti Highest falls Jog falls (Gersoppa
falls)
Largest Museum Calcutta
(Indian Museum)
Largest traveling train
Himsagar express
Agriculture
Tea - Assam
Paddy, Tobacco - Andhra Pradesh
Potato, Sugarcane, Wheat - Uttar Pradesh
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Raw silk, Sandalwood, Coffee - Karnataka
Cotton - Gujarat
Groundnut - Gujarat
Spices, Rubber - Kerala
Jute - West Bengal
Pulses - Madhya Pradesh
Apple, Saffron - Kashmir
Agriculture Crops
Rabi Crop (Winter) - Sown October, November
- Reap March, April Ex: Wheat, Barley, Gram,
Mustard,
linseed
Kharif crop (Summer) - Sown in June, July
- Reap in November, December Ex: Maize,
rice, cotton,
millets
Geographical Surnames
Blue Mountain Nilgris Assams Sorrow - Brahmaputra
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Japan of South India Sivakasi Bihars Sorrow Kosi
Scotland of Tamilnadu
Dindugul
Garden city Bangalore
Spa of South India Courtallam Spice garden of India Kerala
Oxford of South India
Palayamkottai
Land of 5 rivers Punjab
City of Palaces Calcutta Granary of T.N. Tanjore
Pink City Jaipur Sugar bowl of India Damodar
Manchester of South India
Coimbatore
Seven Sister of India
Northeastern states
Manchester of North India
Kanpur
Kalinga Orissa
Manchester of India Mumbai Kamarupam Assam
Commercial Capital of India
Mumbai
Venice of East Allappey
Gateway of India Mumbai Gateway of Tamil Nadu
Tuticorin
Bengals Sorrow Damodar
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ECONOMICS
1. Bank rate refers to the rate at which banks rediscount bills withRBI
2. Ensure social justice is not an objective of the monetary policyof RBI
3. Open market operation of RBI refers to trading in securities.4. The new definition of fiscal deficit was suggested by
Chakravarthy Committee
5. RBI does not transact the business of Nagaland government6. Total number of banks nationalized so far is 20.7. The first bank managed by Indians was Oudh Bank8. At present each bank branch serves on an average a population
of 15000
9. National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) deals withelectronic shares.
10.USA is accounts for the largest imports from India.11.India borrowed from IMF is 1991 under CCFF12.The Uruguay Round of GATT was its 8th round13.Indias external debt is today (Economic Survey 1997-98) 92.9
billion
14.Indias debt is 24% percentage of GDP15.The 9th Plan envisages a total investment of Rs.18000 crores.
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16.The legitimacy of East India Companys act of using permitsrested on a royal command issued to the Company by
Farrukhsiyar.
17.The book Poverty and Un-British rule in India was written byDadabhai Naoroji on Indian poverty and economy under
British rule.
18.16 per cent is the percentage of Indias population to the worldpopulation.
19.1921 is known as Year of the Great Divide with regard topopulation growth in India.
20.The birth rate measures the number of births during a year per1000 of population.
21.The only state in India having a sex ratio of above 1,000 isKerala.
22.The maximum number of people in India work in the primarysector.
23.Structural unemployment arises due to heavy industry bias.24.Disguised unemployment refers to more persons employed
for a job which a few can accomplish.
25.The nature of usual status unemployment is chronic26.The Planning Commission of India was established in 195027.The planning Commission of India is an advisory body
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28.The ex-officio chairman of the Planning Commission of India isthe Prime Minister.
29.According to World Development Report the low incomegroup of countries had together only 5 per cent of world GNP.
30.India has 2.4% or worlds geographical area and 16% of worldpopulation.
31.At the present rate of growth India is expected to overtakeChina by 2050.
32.The country which had the first official family planningprogramme was India.
33.The Cairo conference in population Development (1994)emphasized Target-free approach towards family welfare.
34.Usual status (US) unemployment of calculated with referenceto a period of one year.
35.Chronic unemployment is measured using US date.36.The backlog of unemployment estimated at the beginning of 8th
plan (April 1992) was 23 million.
37.Estimated new labour force that will be added during 8 th planperiod was 58 million.
38.The backlog of estimated unemployment at the beginning of 9thplan (April 1997) is 7.5 million
39.The net addition to labor force envisaged in the 9th Plan will be53 million
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40.The percentage of population below the age of 15 in India asper 91 census is 35
41.Employment in manufacturing sector in India grew between1972 and 1992 by 44%
42.Specific schemes for employment generation was evolved forthe first time in 6th Plan
43.The national income of a nation is the sum total of factorincomes.
44.The difference between the GNP and NNP is equal to thecapital depreciation
45.The national income in India is estimated by the CentralStatiscal Organization
46.The philosophy behind economic planning recognizes thatmarkets and price system alone cannot ensure human welfare
47.National Planning Committee (1938) was chaired by JawaharlalNehru
48.The Planning Commission was set up in accordance with thedirective principles in Article 39.
49.Structural Planning refers to changing existing institutions orcreating new ones
50.First Plan adopted Harrod Domar model51.The phenomenon known as green revolution began to manifest
during Annual Plans (1966-69)
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52.A substantial hike in family planning outlay was provided in4th Plan
53.Selective disinvestments of public sector as an objective wasincluded for the first time in 8th Plan.
54.The purpose of the tenancy reform legislation was to affordsecurity of tenure to tenants, enact fixation of air rent,
conferment of ownership right of tenants in some cases.
55.Central Cooperative Bank is operates at the district level.56.The percentage of people below poverty line as per the most
recent estimate (1994) using Lakdawala methodology is 37.3%.
57.National income is arrived at by adding to Net DomesticProduct, net inflow from abroad.
58.The product method of calculating National Income isotherwise known as Value-added method.
59.Relative poverty refers to a situation where a person fallsbehind others
60.Use of energy requirements (calorie) as a measure of poverty inIndia was made for the first time by Dandekar and Rath
61.The concept of P index as a measure of income shortfall wasproposed by Amartya Sen
62.The Squared Poverty Gap (SPG) has been used to estimate theseverity of poverty in 9th Plan
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63.Human Poverty Index (HPI) measures the deprivation as acomposite index of knowledge, basic need and standard of
living.
64.The state which has the lowest percentage of persons below thepoverty line is Punjab.
65.After the launch of the New Economic Policy, rural povertyincreased initially but declined in 1993-94.
66.The present base year for calculating whole sale price index is1993-94
67.Demand pull factors for inflation can be developmentalexpenditure
68.Agriculture in India today provides livelihood to 64%percentage of labor force directly
69.Agriculture contributes 28% percentage of GDP in India today70.Indias per capita net availability of food grains per day is 539
gm
71.The net production of total food grains in 1998 was 195 milliontones
72.The impact of Green Revolution was felt most in the case ofwheat
73.permanent settlement was a feature of Zamindari system74.In order to give constitutional protection state land reforms
laws have been put in the Constitutions 9th schedule.
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75.Under co-operative joint farming farmers poor their land butownership continues with the individual farmers.
76.As an economy develops the share of agriculture in the nationalproduct declines.
77.Command Area Development programme was launched toensure better utilization of irrigation potential.
78.In 1951-52 institutional credit accounted for 7%79.Commercial banks finance rural credit directly and through
Rural Banks
80.Import of Terminator seeds is banned by the Governmentbecause these seeds contain genetically engineered properties
to prevent further multiplication
81.There are at present 6836 regulated markets in the country.82.NAFED is an organization of marketing agency for inter-state
marketing of agricultural produces
83.The agency charged with the responsibility of buffer stocking isFood Corporation of India.
84.Land Development Banks form a part of the Cooperative creditstructure.
85.The latest information about agricultural markets is collectedand published by the National Council of Applied Economic
Research.
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86.Crop insurance is the monopoly of General InsuranceCorporation
87.The Greening of the East refers to spread of Green Revolutionto non-traditional areas of eastern India.
88.The maximum level of stocking indicated in buffer stock policyis 22 million tones.
89.The total subsidy under targeted PDS will be Rs.2400 crore90.The concept of joint sector was recognized by industrial Policy
Statement 1973
91.The Hazari Committee submitted its report in 1967. It pointedout the misuses of industrial licenses
92.The industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee whichsubmitted its report in 1969 is popularly known as Dutt
Committee
93.The concept of joint sector implised cooperation between publicsector and private sector industries
94.The number of central Government undertakings (excludingbanks, financial institutions and departmental undertakings) as
on March 31, 1996 was 243
95.Fiscal Policy is connected with public revenue and expenditure96.Excise is the largest single source of the Governments earning
from tax revenue
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97.Customs duty is not shared by the Central Government withthe states
98.Land revenue is not a Central Government tax99.Market forces deciding investment and consumption is not a
feature of mixed economy
100. The cause for a steep decline in population in India in1921 census was influenza
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