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Lecturer: Eng. Mahinsasa Rathnayake
Department of Chemical & Process EngineeringUniversity of Moratuwa
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Content Lecture Time
1. Introduction Energy Problem 2 Hours
2. Economics of energy saving schemes 4 Hours
3. Energy conversion 4 Hours
4. Energy Recovery 4 Hours
5. Energy in buildings 4 Hours
6. CHP 4 Hours
7. Energy management 4 Hours
Assessment : End Exam .70 % Continuous assessment 30%
End of the Semester Examination : 2 hrs
Continuous Assessment : Report on Energy analysis for a Sri Lankan family
: Report on Energy recovery for a given industrial application
: Tutorials
Practical : Energy Audit of steam generation and distribution system of unit operations lab
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1. The Energy
Problem
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ProcessRaw material Products
Energy
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How much energy is used to produce
Electricity, Gas, Petrol and Food?
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Diesel power generation
Chemical energy Mechanical energy Electrical energy
Efficiency ? < 30%
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Why? Restricted by Second Law of Thermodynamics
heat does not flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot body
heat cannot be transformed completely into mechanical work
it is impossible to construct an operational perpetual motion machine
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Energy
Non-Renewable Renewable
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear
Hydro-Electricity
Solar Radiation
Wind Energy
Wave Energy Tidal Energy
Biomass
Deplete at an alarmingly rapid rate
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Problems with
Non Renewable Energy Huge amounts of Carbon
Dioxide are given off into
the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide causes
Global Warming or the
Greenhouse Effect.
coal-burning power stations
also give off Sulphur
Dioxide gas which leads to
Acid Rain.
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What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Carbon Dioxide gas acts like
the glass in a greenhouse.
Infrared radiation from the
Sun is usually reflected
back into space.
Greenhouse gases like CO2
stop this, and heat is
reflected back to the Earth
again.
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What are the Problems with Global Warming ?
The average temperature
of the Earth will rise.
This can lead to droughts.
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Extremes of weather
will occur hurricanes
and storms
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The increase in
temperature willspeed up the melting
of the polar ice caps
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Global warming will
therefore lead to
floods
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So all this burning of
oil, coal and gas
leading to an Earth
that is suffering form
many environmental
problems.
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Other problems from the
Non Renewable Energy
Lead poisoning has been shown to affect the development and
progress of children living near motorways.
Dust and gases in the air can lead to smog above large industrialised
cities.
A hole is developing in the ozone layer which therefore will not filter
out harmful ultra-violet rays from the Sun.
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We need to conserve our
Non Renewable Energy Sources
The electricity we produce from burning oil, gas and
coal could also be made using renewable energy
resources.
It makes sense to save the oil we have left for making
fuel for transport and for making plastics.
We could try to save wasting energy from fossil fuelsduring domestic use in our homes and from waste
transport consumption of fuel.
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Problems with Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear power stations can produce largeamounts of energy from small amounts of
nuclear fuel. (Radioactive materials
naturally release heat)
Nuclear radiation is extremely dangerous.
So, High safety standards are needed.
Waste materials stay radioactive for
thousands of years.
There have been some disastrous
accidents at nuclear power stations which
have affected all living things in the area.
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The Carbon Question?
963
726
484
8 7 5 4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Coal Gas Wind Solar
ThermalOil Nuclear PV
Metric
tonspe
rGWhr
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Data Source: Marland et al, 1999. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.
Per capita emissions of carbon from
industrial sources, 1996
1.88
2.10
2.46
2.54
2.59
2.872.91
4.63
0.33
0.29
5.37
0.46
0.76
1.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
United States
India
Indonesia
Brazil
China
Mexico
South Africa
Ukraine
Korea, Rep.
Japan
United Kingdom
Germany
Russian Federation
Australia
Thousand tons of carbon
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Data Source: Marland et al, 1999. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.
Cumulative carbon emissions, 1950-1996
7,415
8,504
11,651
15,715
4,235
4,054
2,331
1,361
966
50,795
1,557
2,080
2,118
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
United States
Indonesia
Korea, Rep.
Brazil
Australia
Mexico
South Africa
Canada
India
United Kingdom
Japan
Germany
China
Million tons of carbon
ld G d CO2
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World GDP and CO2
$1
$10
$100
$1,000
$10,000
$100,000
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
WorldGDPBillionsUS$$
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
ATMOSPHERI
C
CO2
World GDPCO2 level
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Energy use
Under-developed nations
Developed world
0.5 kW
5 10 kW
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Why? Growth in China and India
Drought in Australia
Production of Bio fuels
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How to tackle to
Energy Problem ?Energy conservation
more renewable energy
more efficient
conversion methods
Reducing energy or demand
requirements without reducing
the end-use benefits.
If ydont need it, turn the durnthing off.
Fred Tuttle
Al i E S
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Alternative Energy Sources
Wind energy
Hydroelectric energy
Solar energy
Tidal energy
Nuclear energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass energy
Renewable
Energy
A i t
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Assignment
Some interesting websites on Sri Lanka energy context
http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.html
http://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asp http://www.slema.org.lk/
http://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asp
http://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LK
http://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062
http://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_us
Do an Energy study for your Monthly/Anuually family consumption and try to figure out the actual
expenses. Main Categories must be
(i) Electricity,
(ii) Gas or Bio mass,
(iii) Food,(iv) Petrol or Diesel
(v) Other Energy sources
Divide into as much as possible sub categories and finally calculate the percentage
consumption and percentage expenses for each category. Present them in suitable graphs and
comment on possibilities for saving energy in the family consumption.
Prepare all these findings in to a Report.
Submission date: 30th July 2013 at 12.00 am
http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asphttp://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asphttp://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LKhttp://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062http://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_ushttp://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_ushttp://www.bioenergysrilanka.org/www/?q=about_ushttp://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062http://www.lbo.lk/fullstory.php?nid=1791634062http://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LKhttp://www.iea.org/Textbase/country/n_country.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=LKhttp://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asphttp://www.builddeskonline.com/sw56207.asphttp://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.slema.org.lk/http://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asphttp://www.energy.gov.lk/virtual_energy/energy_form1.asphttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.htmlhttp://earthtrends.wri.org/text/energy-resources/country-profile-167.html7/28/2019 energy efficiency and conservation - Week 01
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Thank You
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