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GENERAL FEATURES
Endocrine organs: Hypophysis
Thyroid glands
Adrenal (suprarenal glands) Hypothalamus
Pineal Body
Island of endocrine tissue:
Islets of Langerhans Isolated endocrine cells:
DNES
A .Component of the System
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Ductless
Invagination of epithelial surfaces pinch out
losing contact with parent epithelium
B .Origin
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C .Microscopic Structure
Numerous secretory cells:
cords, clumps, hollow
Contact with abundant
capillaries
Adrenal Cortex:Zona Fasciculata
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D .Secretion
Merocrine bloodstream
Product:Hormon
Peptide hormones
Steroid hormones
Others: enzymes, serum albumin
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E .Neuroendocrine System
Overlapping system that control cells, tissue and
organs
Master glands: Pituitary/ hypophysis
Controlled by Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic activity: controlled by
Neural connections with other parts of the nervous
systemNegative feedback from the hormones product by
pituitarys target
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THE COMPONENT PARTS OF THE PITUITARY AND
THEIR RELATION TO HYPOTHALAMUS
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HYPOPHYSIS/ PITUITARYSuspended by stalk from hypothalamus
In the sphenoid bone called sella turcicaBased on differences of embryonic origin, structure,
and function:
-Adenohypophysis (anterior)
-Neurohypophysis (posterior)
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE PITUITARY
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Adenohypophysis
Composed of cords glandular
epithelial cells separated by
the numerous sinusoidal
capillaries of the secondarycapillary plexus
Subdivision:
Pars distalis (pars anterior)
Pars tuberalis (superior)
Pars intermedia
Anterior Pituitary
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Pars Distalis, 2 type of cells:
Chromophobes (50%) Chromophils
Acidophils
Basophils
Pars Tuberalis Similar with pars distalis
Pars Intermedia
Rudimentary in human
Rathkes cysts
Melanotropes
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SUBDIVISIONS, BLOOD SUPPLY, AND
INNERVATION OF THE PITUITARY GLANDS
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Neurohypophysis
Contains abundant axons
whose cell bodies are
located mainly in thesupraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of
the hypothalamus
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Subdivision:
Infundibulum
Infundibular stem (neural stalk)
Median eminence
Pars nervosa
COMPONENTS: Fenestrated capillary plexus
Surrounding axon terminals in pars nervosa
Pituicytes
Highly branched glial cells whose processes surround
and support the unmyelinated axons
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ADRENAL / SUPRARENAL
GLANDS
Divided by embryonic origin, structure, andfunction into:
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
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Adrenal Glands Blood Supply of The Adrenal
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A .Adrenal Cortex
Embryonic origin: From coelomic intermediate
mesoderm
Structure:
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculataZona reticularis
Function:
Mineralocorticoids
GlucocorticoidsAdrenal androgens
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B .Adrenal Medulla
Embryonic origin: From neural crest
Structure:
Chromaffin cells/ pheochromocytes
Ganglion cells
Function:Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
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ISLET OF LANGERHANS
They appear as rounded clusters of cellsembedded within exocrine pancreatic tissue
Contain 4 major peptide hormone-secretingendocrine cell types:
A Cells (Alpha Cells) : glucagon
B Cells (Beta Cells) : insulin
D Cells (Delta Cells) : somatostatinF Cells (PP Cells) : pancreatic polypeptide
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Islet of Langerhans
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THYROID GLAND
Arises as an outpocketing of the endoderm liningthe floor of the embryonic pharynx
Store secretory product (thyroglobulin)
extracellularly in colloidThyroid follicular cells:
Inactive: squamous
During stimulation: columnar
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Function:
a. Synthesis and storage thyroglobulin
b. Uptake and oxidation of iodine
c. Iodination of thyroglobulin and formation of
thyroid hormone
d. Thyroid hormone secretion
e. Target and effects of thyroid hormones
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Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid Glands
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Thyroid Glands
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PARATHYROID GLANDS
Chief cells- Structure : polygonal
- Function : Parathyroid hormon
increasing of blood calcium
Oxyphyl cells
- Larger and less numerous than chief cells
- Function is not clearly
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PINEAL BODY
Brain sand ( corpora arenacea)
There are 2 types of cells :
Pinealocytes : melatonin
Astroglial cells (Interstitial cells)
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Pineal Gland
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