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101_Introduction © elsaddik
Multimedia Communications
Multimedia Technologies & Applications
Prof. Dr. Abdulmotaleb El SaddikMultimedia Communications Research LaboratorySchool of Information Technology and Engineering
University of OttawaOttawa, Ontario, Canada
elsaddik @ site.uottawa.caabed @ mcrlab.uottawa.ca
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201_Introduction © elsaddik
Content
1. Today’s Trends2. Levels of Mobility3. Wireless Networking Revolution4. Bluetooth5. IEEE 802.156. HomeRF7. IEEE 802.11
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301_Introduction © elsaddik
The Dream
Dream Networking One network - No configuration Nomadic networking Always-on networking secure networks that scale
The Connected HomeNo Pain NetworkingThe Home as a platformRedefining Entertainment
Weaving the User to User webClick to communicate Multimedia Collaboration Presence
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401_Introduction © elsaddik
Trends in Computing
Moore’s Law still going strongSmaller, more computing devices every 18 months
Miniaturization continues100Gb per square inch hard disk density128MB memory on a single chip
Dramatic innovation towards longer battery time Low power CPUs from Intel, AMD, etc…Long Live Cell battery
Smaller, lighter PC, PDA, phone designs enabling new networking scenarios
TVs on Cell phones (Vision), Wearable computers, digital cash, eBooks
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501_Introduction © elsaddik
Trends in Applications
SUN J2EE, W3C-XML, MS-.Netrevolution leading to web services
“Presence” a paradigm shift in Real Time Communications and CollaborationNet attached Consumer Electronics and Gaming appliances emergingApplications assuming always on connectivity
anytime, anywhere, anyhow accessibilityTerminal, Personal & Session mobility
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601_Introduction © elsaddik
Levels of MobilityTerminal mobility
end-device has a unique identifier communication independent from location realized by radio networks mechanisms: handover, location managementenables the user to utilize services from both stationary end-devices or from mobile end-devices
Individual mobility Concept realized by UPT (Universal Personal Telecommunication)
participant has a number identifying him uniquelycommunication independent from location and end-device participant can use any end-device to receive and to issue calls
Session mobilityparticipant can interrupt his session and later on continue at a different location
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701_Introduction © elsaddik
Wireless & Mobile CommunicationTerminology
wireless communication, radio communications networkmobility / mobile communication
Note Wireless Communication # mobile Communication
Access MediaConnectionto net
mobile telephonye.g. laptop in the car PDA at customer site
mobile IPe.g. laptop in the hotel
Mobile
WirelessWired
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801_Introduction © elsaddik
Wireless Networking Revolution
FixedData
MobileVoice
Mobility with
NetworkConnectivity
(Data + Voice)
Past Paradigms
Present Demand
“3G” WWANLicensed Bands
WLANUnlicensed Bands
• Personal mobility• High data rate• Incremental infrastructure• Start 1998
• Full mobility• Modest data rate• All new infrastructure• Start 2001
Local Area- On campus- At home
Wide Area- On the road
Future Solutions
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901_Introduction © elsaddik
Wireless Technology
PAN Bluetoothinfrared systems (IR-LAN)Digital European Cordless Telecommunication (DECT)
LANHomeRFWiFi - wireless fidelity - (802.11b)
WANGSMGPRSWCDMA / UMTSMobile IP
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1001_Introduction © elsaddik
Bluetooth Primer
Low-power, short-range “cable replacement” 721 Kbps10 metersvoice and data support
Perfect for mobile devices small, low power, and low cost (Goal: $5
parts cost), but good performanceInterconnecting a computer and peripherals
Clear the snake’s nest behind the desk!Interconnecting various handheld devices
Laptop computer, cell phone, palmtopPreplanning of network is impractical
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1101_Introduction © elsaddik
Bluetooth Primer
Likely defacto standard for low cost wirelessNine Promoters: IntelIntel, IBM, IBM, EricssonEricsson, NokiaNokia, Toshiba, Toshiba, LucentLucent, , MotorolaMotorola, , 3COM3COM, , MicrosoftMicrosoft>1,900 Bluetooth SIG members>1,900 Bluetooth SIG members: Compaq, Dell, Motorola, Qualcomm, Psion, Xircom, Philips, Texas Instruments, Sony, Sprint PCS, Seiko-Epson, Conexant, BMW, Puma, NEC, Saab, Starfish, Casio, NTT DoCoMo, Boeing, Bang & Olafsen...
Intended to be embedded in other devicesWide array of applications
Wireless peripheralsWireless personal area network (PAN)Light access to LAN and WAN
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1201_Introduction © elsaddik
What does Bluetooth do for you & me?
Personal AdPersonal Ad--hoc hoc
ConnectivityConnectivity
Cable Cable ReplacementReplacement
Landline
Data/Voice Access PointsData/Voice Access Points
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1301_Introduction © elsaddik
Bluetooth Penetration by Device Type
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
BluetoothPenetration
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
NotebookPalmCellphone
Sources: IDC, Strategis, Ericsson and 3Com
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1401_Introduction © elsaddik
Usage scenarios: Headset
Wireless Freedom…
User benefitsMultiple device access Cordless phone benefitsHand’s free operation
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1501_Introduction © elsaddik
Usage scenarios: Synchronization
Sharing Common Data…
User benefitsProximity synchronizationEasily maintained databaseCommon information database
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1601_Introduction © elsaddik
Usage scenarios: Data access points
PSTN, ISDN,PSTN, ISDN,LAN, WAN, xDSLLAN, WAN, xDSL
Remote Connections...
User benefitsNo more connectors Easy internet accessCommon connection experience
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1701_Introduction © elsaddik
Wireless Positioning
Bluetooth
Person Space: Office, Room, Briefcase, Pocket,
Car
Short Range/Low Power
Voice AND Data
Low-cost
Small form factor
Many Co-located Nets
Universal Bridge
CellularOff-Campus Global
Coverage
On-campus: Office, School, Airport,
Hotel, Home
PAN
WLANWLAN
InternetInternet
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1801_Introduction © elsaddik
Deja Vu: Remember Infra-Red?A short-range wireless technology: a couple of meters Low-cost, reasonable data rate: 4 MBit/s (IRDA 2.0)Pushed by Hewlett-PackardMost laptops adopted itLots of cellphones and most palmtops have itBut no software for general connectivityEven HP printers don’t have IR ports!MORAL: a very nonlinear process
Value is low until most devices have it (cf. adoption of fax)People won’t bother with it until probability of benefit is high
+ cheap technology+ no license required - low transmission range (a couple of meters)
(large transmission range possible only with laser in point-to-point mode)
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1901_Introduction © elsaddik
Where Did the Name Come From?Harald Blaatand II or Bluetooth
King of Denmark 940-981Son of Gorm the Old (King of Denmark) and Thyra Danebod(daughter of King Ethelred of England)
Noted for unifying Denmark and Sweden
Don’t ask:would the methods that the Vikings used to achieve consensus be admissible in the standards process today?
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2001_Introduction © elsaddik
A little bit of historyThe Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) was formed in February 1998 by 5 promoter companies
Ericsson,IBM, Intel, Nokia, ToshibaThe Bluetooth SIG went “public” in May 1998The Bluetooth SIG work (the spec: 1,600+ pages) became public on July 26, 1999 (ver. 1.0A)
ver. 1.0B was released on December 6, 1999ver. 1.1 was released on March 1, 2001
The promoter group increased in December 1999 to nine
added: 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, MotorolaThere are 2,164 adopters (as of 3/15/2001)
adopters enjoy royalty free use of the Bluetooth technology
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2101_Introduction © elsaddik
What Does Bluetooth Do?
Topology Supports up to 7 simultaneous links Each link requires another cable
Flexibility Goes through walls, bodies, cloths... Line of sight or modified environment Data rate 720 Kbps Varies with use and cost Power 0.1 watts active power 0.05 watts active power or higher
Size/Weight 25 mm x 13 mm x 2 mm, several grams
Size is equal to range. Typically 1-2 meters. Weight varies with length (ounces to pounds)
Cost Long-term $5 per endpoint ~ $3-$100/meter (end user cost)
Range 10 meters or less Up to 100 meters with PA
Range equal to size. Typically 1-2 meters
Universal Intended to work anywhere in the world
Cables vary with local customs
Security Very, link layer security, SS radio Secure (its a cable)
Cable Replacement
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2201_Introduction © elsaddik
Characteristics
Operates in the 2.4 GHz band at a data rate of 720Kb/s.Uses Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the frequency band into a number of channels
2.402 - 2.480 GHz yielding 79 channels Radio transceivers hop from one channel to another in a pseudo-random fashion, determined by the master. Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (1 master and 7 slaves). Piconets can combine to form scatternets.
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2301_Introduction © elsaddik
What is a Piconet?A collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion. One unit will act as a master and the others as slaves for the duration of the piconet connection.Master sets the clock and hopping pattern.Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern/ID Each master can connect to 7 simultaneous or 200+ inactive (parked) slaves per piconet
M
SS
S
SB
P
P
M=MasterS=Slave
P=ParkedSB=Standby
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2401_Introduction © elsaddik
What is a Scatternet?A Scatternet is the linking of multiple co-located piconets through the sharing of common master or slave devices. A device can be both a master and a slaveRadios are symmetric (same radio can be master or slave)High capacity system, each piconet has maximum capacity (720 Kbps)
M
M
SS
S
S
P
SB
SB
P
P
M=MasterS=Slave
P=ParkedSB=Standby
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2501_Introduction © elsaddik
Cordless Connections for the Consumerw
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2601_Introduction © elsaddik
Home RF
To enable the existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices, by establishing an open industry specification for unlicensed RF digital communications for PCs and consumer devices anywhere, in and around the home.
It is Targeted at home usersIntegration of voice and dataMultimedia supportBased on RFUnnecessary
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2701_Introduction © elsaddik
Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) Technology
802.11Uses CSMA/CAGood for Data
DECT*Uses TDMA
Good for Voice
CSMA/CA+TDMA Good for Voice & Data
Optimized for small networks
SWAP FrameSWAP Frame
+
Baseband PHY
FH Spread SpectrumCost effective
Consumer friendly
OpenAir
*DECT:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
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2801_Introduction © elsaddik
The Architecture
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2901_Introduction © elsaddik
HomeRF: RF Network ComparisonHome RF (SWAP 1.2)
2.4 GHz Frequency Hopping50 Hops per second radioOptimized for Voice & Data~1 Mbps real data rate (1.6 Mbps raw)Distance: 50m (House & Yard)4 near line quality voice linksUnlimited device links per basePeer-to-Peer networking"Native" TCP/IP supportLow power paging modeLower transmit power possibleBased on 802.11FH, OpenAir& DECTwww.homerf.org> 100 members (open IP but $4,800 fee)
Bluetooth (1.0A)2.4 GHz Frequency Hopping1600 Hops per second radioOptimized for Cell Phone, Mobile300-400 Kbps real data rateDistance: 10m (in-room Wire Replacement)3 near line quality voice links7 device links per baseMulti point-to-point connectionsPoint-to-point TCP/IP supportLow power standby modeHigher transmit power possibleBased on non-IP prototypewww.bluetooth.com> 1,000 members (It’s FREE !!!)
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3001_Introduction © elsaddik
HomeRF: RF Network ComparisonScope for the Future:
HomeRF NOBluetooth Yes
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3101_Introduction © elsaddik
IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN
History1990 foundation of IEEE 802.11 Committee1991 first IEEE workshop "Wireless LAN"
1997 - 802.11 up to 2 Mbits (900 MHz)1999 - 802.11b 2.4GHz and up to 11 Mbits1999 - 802.11a 5 GHz and up to 54 Mbits200x - 802.11g 2.4GHz and up to 54 Mbits200x - 802.11x New Security
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3201_Introduction © elsaddik
IEEE 802.11
802.11WLANradio
Bridge control
802.11WLANradio
EthernetOtherLAN
interfaceEthernet Ethernet
Applications ApplicationApplication Level Data
TCP/IPstack IP routing
TCP/IP
Network addressing, routing
Seamless support
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3301_Introduction © elsaddik
EHF(milli-wave)
SHF(micro-wave)
VHFUHF UHF
Wired
LAN
Middle Speed 2.4GHz Range LAN
High Speed5GHz Range LAN
Very High Speed60 GHz Range LAN
4Mbps/16MbpsToken RingIEEE 802.5
10MbpsEthernet
IEEE 802.3
25/52/100MbpsATM-LAN
(ATM Forum)
100MbpsFast EthernetIEEE 802.3u
156/622 MbpsATM-LAN
(ATM Forum)
1000MbpsGigabit Ethernet
IEEE 802.3z, 802.3ab
Bandwidth
Frequency
IEEE802.111Mbps/2Mbps
IEEE802.11b5.5Mbps/11Mbps
(1) IEEE 802.11a 6/12/24Mbps
(2) HIPERLAN (ETSI BRAN)Type ½: 23.5/25Mbps
(3) WATM (ATM Forum) 25Mbps
19GHz range LAN10Mbps (ARIB)
(1) 156MbpsMMAC(Japan)
(2) 156MbpsMEDIAN (German)
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3401_Introduction © elsaddik
Wireless Technical TermEHF: Extremely High FrequencySHF: Super High FrequencyUHF: Ultra High FrequencyVHF: Very High FrequencyWLAN : Wireless LANIEEE: Institute of Electrical EngineeringARIB: Association of Radio Industries and BusinessCCK: Complementary Code KeyingOFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingHIPERLAN: High Performance Radio LANETSI: Europe Telecommunications Standards InstituteBRAN: Broadband Radio Access NetworkWATM: Wireless ATMMMAC: Multimedia Mobile Access Communication SystemsMEDIAN: Wireless Broadband CPN (Computer Premises Network)/ LAN for Professional and Residential Multimedia ApplicationsFWA: Fixed Wireless Access
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3501_Introduction © elsaddik
Major opportunities and convergence scenario
802.11
HIPERLAN/1 802.11b
HIPERLAN/2 802.11a
ANSIBLE
80x
4 years
Application space
Video data rate
HSCD
GPRS
EDGE
3GPP
VoiceVoice
Text MessagingText Messaging
Still ImagingStill Imaging
Audio StreamingAudio Streaming
Video StreamingVideo Streaming
Ubiquitous TVInfotainment
Virtual Homes
High Speed Internet
PAN/LAN Convergence
Bluetooth
HomeRF
HIPERPAN2.4GHz
5GHz
60GHz
0.9-1.8GHz
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
1000
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010product date
Max
dat
a ra
te (M
bps)
Local Area WLAN Nomadic Wide Area Cellular Vehicular PAN
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3601_Introduction © elsaddik
Mobile IP
mobile IP adds mobility to the Internetdeveloped by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)published as proposed standard in 1996 (RFC 2002), currently refined as RFC2002-bis
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3701_Introduction © elsaddik
Mobile IP: Components
Mobile Node (MN):modifies access point in the Internet and currently running communicationsuses permanent IP address
Home Agent (HA):router in the home network of the mobile hostknows the mobile hosts, witch are not "at home" at the momentknows the current location of the mobile hosttunnels IP packets for and re-routes them to the mobile host’s location
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3801_Introduction © elsaddik
Mobile IP: Components
Foreign Agent (FA): router in the foreign networkmobile hosts log on to the foreign agentsunpacks tunneled IP packets and re-routes them to their respective mobile hostassigns addresses (CoA) to the visiting Mobile Node
Correspondent Node (CN): Communication partner
Care of Address (CoA): Tunnel endpoint of the Mobile Node while abroad
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3901_Introduction © elsaddik
Mobile IPStudy the interactive lesson on the net
http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~elsaddik/abedweb/applets/Applets/Mobile_IP/mobile_ip.html
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4001_Introduction © elsaddik
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