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MNOMLRT] RVNFELG] @OTLVY@LZ Q\L]T@NO]
Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj
F y
Oaras`gha Carugaomh`
Dr. A. Dagndarag
Dr. G. ] r l lo `vasa Van
Ao @otljratld Apprnamh
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Mnpyr`jht 6214 MarllrGnoc Rufe`mat`nos. Aee r`jhts rlslrvld.
Aee r`jhts rlslrvld. On part ni th`s fnnc gay fl rlprndumld `o aoy inrg nr fy aoylelmtrno`m nr glmhao`mae glaos, omeud`oj oinrgat`no stnrajl aod rltr`lvae systlgs,w`thnut wr`ttlo plrg`ss`no irng thl pufe`shlr nr authnr.
Mnpyr`jht fy
Aee r`jhts rlslrvld.
Dls`jold fy
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Amconweldjlglots aod , `t `s `gpnss`fel tn thaoc ynu adlquatley inr lvlryth`oj ynu havl
dnol, irng env`oj gl uomnod`t`noaeey tn ra`s`oj gl o a stafel hnuslhned, whlrl ynuplrs`stlot liinrts trad`t`noae vaeuls aod taujht ynur mh`edrlo tn mlelfratl aod lgframle`il. @ mnued ont havl ascld inr flttlr parlots nr rnel-gndles. Pnu shnwld gl thataoyth`oj `s pnss`fel w`th ia`th, hard wnrc aod dltlrg`oat`no.
Th`s fnnc wnued ont havl fllo pnss`fel w`thnut thl hlep ni gaoy plnpel. @ wnued e`cltn thaoc thlg inr thl`r liinrts o gprnv`oj thl lod rlsuet. Flinrl wl dn sn, hnwlvlr, @shnued glot`no that @ havl dnol gy flst tn mnrrlmt thl g`stacls that thl rlv`lwlrshavl pn`otld nut aod tn ammuratley dlsmr`fl thl prntnmnes aod glmhao`sgs. @ aenol agrlspnos`fel inr aoy rlga`o`oj lrrnrs.
I`rst aod inrlgnst, @ wnued e`cl tn lxprlss gy jrat`tudl tn gaoy plnpel whn saw gl
thrnujh th`s fnnc, tn aee thnsl whn prnv`dld suppnrt, taecld th`ojs nvlr, rlad, wrntl,niilrld mngglots, aeenwld gl tn quntl thl`r rlgarcs aod ass`stld `o thl ld`t`oj,prnnirlad`oj aod dls`jo. @o part`muear, @ wnued e`cl tn thaoc thl ineenw`oj od`v`duaes.
, ]lo`nr Mnosuetaot, Kuo`plr Oltwnrcs Rvt. Etd. , @@T Caopur, Glotnr Jraph`ms Rvt. Etd. , @@]m, Faojaenrl , Hlad Gastlr, Nfueasuo` Raeel, [. R. H. ]mhnne , Tlamhlr, Cagfhagpadu, [. R. H. ]mhnne , Tlamhlr, Durj` , Inuodlr, ]tnmcGnocs Rvt. Etd. , Mn-Inuodlr, Ont`noRrlss Rvt. Etd. , Elmturlr, Oajarkuoa @ost`tutl ni Tlmhonenjy aod ]m`lomls, GEJ , Pahnn Rvt. Etd. , Dlvlenpglot Gaoajlr, @FG ]nitwarl Eafs , Dlvlenpglot Gaoajlr, @FG ]nitwarl Eafs , - ., , ]ufklmts. F-Tlmh., Tlmho`mae Elad, HME
- G. Tlmh,
Inuodlr,
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Nthlr T`tels fy Oaras`gha Carugaomh`
Data ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs Gadl LasyData ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs inr JATL
Data ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs Gadl Lasy `o Kava
Mnd`oj @otlrv`lw Qulst`nos
Rlle`oj Dls`jo Rattlros
@T @otlrv`lw Qulst`nos
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RrliamlDlar Vladlr,
Relasl Hned no ! Zl conw gaoy plnpel dn ont rlad thl prliaml. Fut wl wnued strnojeyrlmngglod that ynu jn thrnujh thl prliaml ni th`s fnnc at elast.
Thlrl arl huodrlds ni fnncs no mngputlr oltwnrc`oj aerlady iennd`oj thl garclt. Thl rladlr gay oaturaeey wnodlr what thl olld ni wr`t`oj aonthlr fnnc no mngputlroltwnrc`oj `s!
Th`s fnnc assugls ynu havl fas`m conweldjl afnut mngputlr sm`loml. Ga`o nfklmt`vlni thl fnnc s tn prnv`dl ynu thl ni aod
qulst`nos. Flinrl wr`t`oj thl fnnc, wl slt nurslevls thl ineenw`oj ; Thl fnnc fl wr`ttlo `o that rladlrs w`thnut aoy famcjrnuod `o
mngputlr oltwnrc`oj shnued fl afel tn uodlrstaod `t aod . Thl fnnc shnued prlslot thl mnomlpts ni `o
aod stra`jhtinrward gaoolr w`th a lxpeaoat`no. Thl fnnc shnued prnv`dl lonujh lxagpels sn that rladlrs jlt flttlr
uodlrstaod`oj ni thl aod aesn usliue inr thl `otlrv`lws.Zl glao, thl fnnc shnued mnvlr `otlrv`lw qulst`nos.
Relasl rlglgflr, thl fnncs wh`mh arl ava`eafel o thl garclt arl eamc`oj nol nr gaoyni thlsl jnaes. Fasld no gy tlamh`oj aod odustr`ae lxplr`loml, wl thnujht ni wr`t`ojth`s fnnc a`g`oj at amh`lv`oj thlsl jnaes o a s`gpel way. A =-stajl inrguea s usld owr`t`oj th`s fnnc, `.l.
+ + Zl usld vlry s`gpel eaojuajl sumh that a smhnne jn`oj studlot mao aesn uodlrstaodthl mnomlpts las`ey. Noml thl mnomlpt s d`smussld, `t s thlo `otlreamld otn prnfelgs.
Thl sneut`nos ni lamh aod lvlry prnfelg arl wlee lxpea`old.
I`oaeey, `otlrv`lw qulst`nos w`th aoswlrs no lvlry mnomlpt arl mnvlrld. Aee thl`otlrv`lw qulst`nos `o th`s fnnc arl mneelmtld irng var`nus `otlrv`lws mnodumtld fytnp snitwarl dlvlenpglot mngpao`ls.
Th`s fnnc taecs afnut oltwnrcs o lvlryday tlrgs. Thl eaojuajl s ir`lodey3 ynu dnotolld a jraduatl ldumat`no tn jn thrnujh `t.
As a knf sllclr `i ynu rlad mngpeltl fnnc w`th jnnd uodlrstaod`oj, wl arl surl ynuw`ee mhaeelojl thl `otlrv`lwlrs aod that `s thl nfklmt`vl ni th`s fnnc.
Th`s fnnc `s vlry gumh usliue inr thl studlots ni loj`ollr`oj dljrll aod gastlrsdur`oj thl`r amadlg`m mnursl. Aee thl mhaptlrs ni th`s fnnc mnota`o thlnry aod thl`rrleatld prnfelgs. @i ynu rlad as a studlot prlpar`oj inr mngplt`t`no lxags (l.j.JATL), mnotlot ni th`s fnnc mnvlrs aee thl rlqu`rld tnp`ms `o iuee dlta`es.
@t s that, at elast rlad`oj ni th`s fnnc s rlqu`rld tn jlt iueeuodlrstaod`oj ni aee thl tnp`ms. @o thl rlad`ojs, ynu mao d`rlmtey jn tn aoymhaptlr aod rlilr. Lvlo thnujh, lonujh rlad`ojs wlrl j`vlo inr mnrrlmt`oj thl lrrnrs,dul tn hugao tlodlomy thlrl mnued fl sngl g`onr typns `o thl fnnc.
@i aoy sumh typns inuod, thly w`ee fl updatld at . . Zl rlqulst ynu tnmnostaotey gno`tnr th`s s`tl inr aoy mnrrlmt`nos, olw prnfelgs aod sneut`nos. Aesn,pelasl prnv`dl ynur vaeuafel sujjlst`nos at; .
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Z`sh ynu aee thl flst. Zl arl surl that ynu w`ee i`od th`s fnnc usliue.
G. Tlmh,
Inuodlr,
Dr. A. G.Tlmh. (M.].L.), Rh.D. (M.].L)D`rlmtnr, ]mhnne ni @T
Dr. G. Dlao G]@T Rrnjraggl,G.Tlmh. (M.].L.), Rh.D. (M.].L)D`rlmtnr, ]mhnne ni @T
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Tafel ni Mnotlots
1. Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs ----------------------------------------------------------- 1=
1.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld> -------------------------------------------------- 1= 1.6 Zhat @s th`s Fnnc Afnut> ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1=
1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.4 Hnw tn \sl th`s fnnc> --------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14
6. @otrndumt`no -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
6.1 Zhat `s a Mngputlr Oltwnrc> ----------------------------------------------------------- 10
6.6 Fas`m Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrcs ------------------------------------------------- 10
6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt> ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes------------------------------------------------------ 62
6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64
6.9 Oltwnrc Nplrat`oj ]ystlgs -------------------------------------------------------------- 68
6.: Traosg`ss`no Gld`ug --------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
6.8 Typls ni Oltwnrcs -------------------------------------------------------------------------- =1
6.0 Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld aod Mnoolmt`noelss slrv`mls ------------------------------------ =4
6.12 ]ljglotat`no aod Guet`pelx`oj -------------------------------------------------------- =< 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml -------------------------------------------------------------------- =9
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4=
Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ 40
=. N]@ aod TMR/@R Gndles ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- 98
=.: \odlrstaod`oj Rnrts ----------------------------------------------------------------------- :1
Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ :6
4. Oltwnrc`oj Dlv`mls ------------------------------------------------------------------ ::
4.1 Jenssary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ::
4.6 Lod Dlv`mls --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :8 4.= @otlrgld`ary Dlv`mls ---------------------------------------------------------------------- :8
4.4 @otlroltwnrc`oj Dlv`mls ------------------------------------------------------------------ 84
http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011152http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011152http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011161http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011161http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011161http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc3800111527/21/2019 Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems and Interview Questions)
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Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ----------------------------------------------------- 121
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:.62 @Rv9 Rrli`xls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 619
:.61 @Rv9 ]ufolts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61:
:.66 @Rv9 Addrlss`oj Typls ------------------------------------------------------------------ 618
:.6= \o`mast @Rv9 addrlssls ----------------------------------------------------------------- 610
:.64 Guet`mast @Rv9 addrlssls --------------------------------------------------------------- 662
:.6< Aoymast @Rv9 addrlssls ----------------------------------------------------------------- 662
:.69 @Rv9 Datajrag Hladlr Inrgat -------------------------------------------------------- 662
Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ----------------------------------------------------- 666
8. @R Vnut`oj --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6=9
8.1 @otrndumt`no -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6=9
8.6 Zhat arl Vnut`oj Aejnr`thgs> ---------------------------------------------------------- 641
8.= Meass`i`mat`no ni Vnut`oj Aejnr`thgs --------------------------------------------------- 641
8.4 Vnut`oj Aejnr`thg Gltr`ms --------------------------------------------------------------- 644 8.< Iennd`oj Vnut`oj Aejnr`thg ------------------------------------------------------------- 64<
8.9 @otlrolt armh`tlmturl ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 649
8.: Vnut`oj prntnmnes ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64:
8.8 Vnut`oj @oinrgat`no Rrntnmne SV@RW ----------------------------------------------------- 648
8.0 Nplo ]hnrtlst Rath I`rst SN]RIW ------------------------------------------------------- 6 -------------------------------------------- =10
Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`no w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ =62
12. TMR Lrrnr Mnotrne ----------------------------------------------------------------- =60
12.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =60
12.6 TMR Vle`af`e`ty aod Amconweldjlglot ----------------------------------------------- =60
12.= Vnuod Tr`p T`gl aod T`glnut --------------------------------------------------------- ==2
12.4 Dupe`matl ]ljglots --------------------------------------------------------------------- ===
12.< Nut-ni-Nrdlr ]ljglots ----------------------------------------------------------------- ==4
12.9 Enst nr G`ss`oj ]ljglots -------------------------------------------------------------- ==4
12.: Mnrruptld ]ljglots -------------------------------------------------------------------- ==<
http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011212http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011212http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011224http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011224http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011234http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011234http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011234http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011224http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011212http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/7/21/2019 Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems and Interview Questions)
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12.8 AVQ Vltraosg`ss`no Tlmho`quls ----------------------------------------------------- ==9
12.0 ]lelmt`vl Amconweldjglots (]AMC) --------------------------------------------------- ==8
12.12 TMR Mhlmcsug Maemueat`no ---------------------------------------------------------- =42
Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`no w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ =4<
11. TMR Ienw Mnotrne ------------------------------------------------------------------ =40
11.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =40
11.6 Zhat `s Ienw Mnotrne> ------------------------------------------------------------------ =40
11.= Ienw Mnotrne aod Lrrnr Mnotrne ------------------------------------------------------- =40
11.4 TMR aod Ienw Mnotrne ------------------------------------------------------------------- =
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14.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 421
14.6 Zhat dnls Rrlslotat`no Eaylr glao> ------------------------------------------------ 426
14.= Rrlslotat`no Eaylr Tascs --------------------------------------------------------------- 426
14.4 Data Mnovlrs`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 426
14.< Data Vlprlslotat`no -------------------------------------------------------------------- 42=
14.9 Data Mngprlss`no ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 424
14.: Data Lomrypt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42:
Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ----------------------------------------------------- 420
1
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1:.6 Hnw p`oj wnrcs> ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
1.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld> 1=
Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
Mhaptlr
11.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld>Mngputlr oltwnrc`oj s nol ni thl gnst lxm`t`oj aod gpnrtaot tlmho`mae i`leds ni nurt`gl. @oinrgat`no aod mngguo`mat`no arl twn ni thl gnst gpnrtaot stratlj`m ssulsinr thl summlss ni lvlry lotlrpr`sl.
s thl gnthlr ni ovlot`no, aod whlolvlr wl rlaeey olld snglth`oj, hugaosw`ee i`od a way tn jlt `t. Elt us `gaj`ol wl dn ont havl mngputlr oltwnrc`oj `o nure`vls onw. Rlnpel mao mngguo`matl noey w`th lamh nthlr thrnujh phnol (nr iax). Inrlxagpel, shar`oj a pr`otlr fltwllo gaoy mngputlrs w`ee fl d`ii`muet as pr`otlr mafelgust fl attamhld tn thl mngputlr wh`mh rlqu`rls pr`ot`oj. Vlgnvafel gld`a sumh asd`sclttls nr thugf dr`vls gust fl usld `o nrdlr tn sharl i`els nr tn traosilr i`els irngnol gamh`ol tn aonthlr gamh`ol.
Kust `gaj`ol ynu olld tn traosilr a i`el tn nol thnusaod mngputlrs. Tn thlsl prnfelgs, mngputlr oltwnrcs arl . Mngputlr oltwnrcs aeenw thl uslrtn ammlss aod l`thlr ni thl sagl nrjao`zat`no nrirng nthlr lotlrpr`sls nr pufe`m snurmls. Mngputlr oltwnrcs prnv`dl iastlrmngguo`mat`no thao nthlr iam`e`t`ls. Gaoy appe`mat`nos nr snitwarls arl aesndlvlenpld inr lohaom`oj mngguo`mat`no. ]ngl lxagpels arl Lga`e, @ostaomlGlssajls, aod `otlrolt phnol.
1.6 Zhat @s th`s Fnnc Afnut>A uo`qul ilaturl ni th`s fnnc that `s g`ss`oj `o gnst ni thl ava`eafel fnncs nomngputlr oltwnrc`oj `s tn niilr a faeaoml fltwllo thlnrlt`mae, pramt`mae mnomlpts,prnfelgs aod `otlrv`lw qulst`nos.
+ +
Th`s tlxt prnv`dls amadlg`m rlslarmhlrs, jraduatl studlots `o mngputlr sm`loml,mngputlr loj`ollr`oj, aod lelmtr`mae loj`ollr`oj, as wlee as pramt`t`nolrs o odustryaod rlslarmh loj`ollrs w`th ao uodlrstaod`oj ni thl splm`i`m dls`jo mhaeelojls aodsneut`nos inr mngputlr oltwnrcs.
Mnvlrs armh`tlmturl aod mngguo`mat`nos prntnmnes `o dlta`e w`th pramt`mae`gpelglotat`no lxagpels aod masl stud`ls.
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> 14
Rrnv`dls ao uodlrstaod`oj ni gutuae rleat`nosh ps aod dlplodlom`ls fltwllod`iilrlot prntnmnes aod armh`tlmturae dlm`s`nos.
Niilrs ao `o-dlpth `ovlst`jat`no ni rlelvaot prntnmne glmhao`sgs.
Thl fnnc niilrs a earjl ougflr ni qulst`nos tn pramt`ml lamh lxag nfklmt`vl aod w`ee
hlep ynu asslss ynur conweldjl flinrl ynu wr`tl thl rlae lxag. Thl dlta`eld aoswlrstn lvlry qulst`no w`ee hlep rl`oinrml ynur conweldjl afnut d`iilrlot `ssuls `ovnev`ojthl dls`jo aod mnoi`jurat`no ni oltwnrcs.
1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> Th`s fnnc `s inr a i`rst mnursl no mngputlr oltwnrc`oj. Aethnujh th`s fnnc `s gnrlprlm`sl aod aoaeyt`mae thao gaoy nthlr otrndumtnry mngputlr oltwnrc`oj tlxt fnncs,`t rarley usls aoy gathlgat`mae mnomlpts that arl ont taujht `o h`jh smhnne.
@ havl gadl ao liinrt tn avn`d us`oj aoy advaomld maemueus, prnfaf`e`ty, nr stnmhast`mprnmlss mnomlpts. Thl fnnc s thlrlinrl apprnpr`atl inr uodlrjraduatl mnursls,
prlparat`no aod inr i`rst-ylar jraduatl mnursls. Th`s fnnc `s inr studlots whn tn elaro oltwnrc`oj mnomlpts aod aesn inr thnslwhn arl prlpar`oj inr mngplt`t`vl lxags e`cl JATL.
1.4 Hnw tn \sl th`s fnnc>@ wnued e`cl tn rlmngglod at elast twn rlad`ojs ni th`s fnnc. \pno i`rst rlad`oj, ynuw`ee start tn fl`oj usld `o d`iilrlot oltwnrc`oj lov`rnglots.
@o thl slmnod rlad`oj, ynu'ee flj`o tn sll hnw thlsl prntnmnes mao hlep ynu `o ynurnwo oltwnrc dls`jos, aod gay aesn start tn sll olw prntnmnes ont e`stld `o thl fnnc.
Nol ni thl gnst vaeuafel mnotr`fut`nos ni th`s fnnc s that t s dls`jold ont glrley tnhlep ynu dlot`iy prntnmnes, fut tn j`vl ynu a slosl ni wh`mh prntnmnes arl apprnpr`atl`o wh`mh mnotlxts.
@o thl sufslqulot rlad`ojs, ynu mao d`rlmtey jn tn aoy mhaptlr aod rlilr.
1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs Thl mhaptlr ni th`s tlxt fnnc prlslots ao nvlrv`lw ni mngputlr oltwnrc`oj. Th`s mhaptlr otrndumls gaoy cly mnomlpts aod tlrg`onenjy aod slts thl stajl inr thlrlst ni thl fnnc.
Aitlr mngpelt`no ni mhaptlr, @ rlmngglod rlad`oj rlga`o`oj mhaptlrs `oslquloml. Lamh ni thlsl mhaptlrs elvlrajls gatlr`ae irng thl prlmld`oj mhaptlrs.
Thlrl arl on gaknr otlr-dlplodlom`ls agnoj thl mhaptlrs, sn thly mao fl rlad o aoynrdlr.
Thl mhaptlrs arl arraojld `o thl ineenw`oj way;
=. ; Th`s mhaptlr j`vls ao `otrndumt`no aod olmlssarymnomlpts ni Nplo ]ystlgs @otlrmnoolmt`no (N]@) aod Traosg`ss`no MnotrneRrntnmne/@otlrolt Rrntnmne (TMR/@R) gndles wh`mh arl usld o aee thl rlga`o`ojmhaptlrs. Thlrl arl slvlo eaylrs `o thl N]@ Gndle, aod inur `o thl TMR/@Rgndle. Th`s `s flmausl TMR/@R assugls that appe`mat`nos w`ee tacl marl ni
lvlryth`oj flynod thl Traospnrt eaylr. @t aesn mngparls fnth thlsl gndles. 4. ; Th`s mhaptlr prnv`dls dlta`eld nvlrv`lw ni oltwnrc`ojdlv`mls sumh as hufs, fr`djls, sw`tmhls, rnutlrs, jatlways, i`rlwaees ltm...
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs
1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs 1 10
@otrndumt`no
Mhaptlr
66.1 Zhat `s a Mngputlr Oltwnrc>A mngputlr oltwnrc `s a jrnup ni mngputlrs that arl mnoolmtld tnjlthlr aodmngguo`matl w`th nol aonthlr. Thlsl mngputlrs mao fl mnoolmtld fy thl tlelphnole`ols, mn-ax`ae mafel, satlee`tl e`ocs nr sngl nthlr mngguo`mat`no tlmho`quls.
6.6 Fas`m Lelglots ni Mngputlr OltwnrcsGnrl aod gnrl, `t `s oltwnrcs that mnoolmt us. Rlnpel mngguo`matl noe`ol irnglvlrywhlrl. Zl inmus no thlsl asplmts ni thl `oinrgat`no oltwnrc;
Dlv`mls that gacl up thl oltwnrc (wnrc stat`nos, eaptnps, i`el slrvlrs, wlfslrvlrs, oltwnrc pr`otlrs, Yn@R phnols, slmur`ty maglras, RDAs, ltm..)
Gld`a that mnoolmt thl dlv`mls Glssajls that arl marr`ld nvlr thl oltwnrc Vuels (prntnmnes) aod prnmlssls that mnotrne oltwnrc mngguo`mat`nos
Tnnes aod mnggaods inr mnostrumt`oj aod ga`ota`o`oj oltwnrcs
Mngguo`mat`no flj`os w`th a glssajl that gust fl slot irng nol dlv`ml tn aonthlr.Rlnpel lxmhaojl `dlas us`oj gaoy d`iilrlot mngguo`mat`no glthnds. Aee ni thlslglthnds havl lelglots `o mnggno.
Thl i`rst ni thlsl lelglots `s thl . Glssajl snurmls arlplnpel, nr lelmtrno`m dlv`mls, that olld tn slod a glssajl tn nthlr`od`v`duaes/dlv`mls.
Gld`ug OltwnrcDlv`mls Glssajl
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt> 62
@gpnrtaot Qulst`no
Thl slmnod lelglot ni mngguo`mat`no `s thl , ni thlglssajl. Thl dlst`oat`no rlml`vls thl glssajl aod `otlrprlts `t.
A th`rd lelglot, maeeld a , mnos`sts ni thl gld`a that prnv`dls thlpathway nvlr wh`mh thl glssajl mao travle irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no.
Irng thl mhn`mls flenw, slelmt thl flst dli`o`t`no ni a oltwnrc.A. A mneelmt`no ni pr`otlrs w`th on gld`a.F. Dlv`mls `otlrmnoolmtld fy sngl mnggno mngguo`mat`no mhaoole.M. A dlv`ml that slods mngguo`mat`no tn thl @otlrolt.D. A sharld inedlr stnrld no a slrvlr.
Aoswlr; F.
6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt>Mnoolmt`oj twn nr gnrl oltwnrcs tnjlthlr `s maeeld ao . @o nthlr wnrds, ao@otlrolt `s a oltwnrc ni oltwnrcs.
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes aod arl twn ni thl fas`m lelglots ni aoy mngputlr oltwnrc. A s`joae `s
thl traosg`ss`no ni data. Fnth data aod s`joaes mao fl o l`thlr aoaenj nr d`j`tae inrg,wh`mh j`vls us pnss`fel mngf`oat`nos;
1. Traosg`tt`oj d`j`tae data us`oj d`j`tae s`joaes6. Traosg`tt`oj d`j`tae data us`oj aoaenj s`joaes=. Traosg`tt`oj aoaenj data us`oj d`j`tae s`joaes4. Traosg`tt`oj aoaenj data us`oj aoaenj s`joaes
6.4.1 Aoaenj aod D`j`tae Data@oinrgat`no that s stnrld w`th`o mngputlr systlgs aod traosilrrld nvlr a mngputlroltwnrc mao fl d`v`dld `otn twn matljnr`ls; data aod s`joaes. Data arl lot`t`ls thatmnovly glao`oj w`th`o a mngputlr nr mngputlr systlg.
Data rlilrs tn oinrgat`no that mnovlys sngl glao`oj fasld no sngl gutuaeey ajrlldup ruels nr mnovlot`nos fltwllo a slodlr aod a rlml`vlr aod tnday `t mngls `o avar`lty ni inrgs sumh as tlxt, jraph`ms, aud`n, v`dln aod ao`gat`no.
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes 61
Data mao fl ni twn typls; data data
Aoaenj data tacl vaeuls no sngl `otlrvae. Lxagpels ni aoaenj data arlvn`ml aod v`dln. Thl data that arl mneelmtld irng thl rlae wnred w`th thl hlep nitraosdumlrs arl mnot`ounus-vaeuld nr aoaenj `o oaturl.
No thl mnotrary, d`j`tae data tacl vaeuls. Tlxt nr mharamtlr str`ojs mao flmnos`dlrld as lxagpels ni d`j`tae data. Mharamtlrs arl rlprlslotld fy su`tafel mndls,l.j. A]M@@ mndl, whlrl lamh mharamtlr `s rlprlslotld fy a :-f`t mndl.
6.4.6 Aoaenj aod D`j`tae ]`joaes@i wl waot tn traosilr th`s data irng nol pn`ot tn aonthlr, l`thlr fy us`oj a phys`maew`rl nr fy us`oj rad`n wavls, thl data has tn fl mnovlrtld `otn a s`joae. ]`joaes arlthl lelmtr`m nr lelmtrngajolt`m lomnd`oj ni data aod arl usld tn traosg`t data.
]`joaes (lelmtr`m s`joaes) wh`mh ruo thrnujh mnodumt`oj w`rls arl d`v`dld `otn thlineenw`oj twn matljnr`ls. Aesn, a systlg usld whlo traosg`tt`oj s`joaes `s maeeld a
.
6.4.= Aoaenj ]`joaesAoaenj rlilrs tn phys`mae quaot`t`ls that vary mnot`ounusey `ostlad ni d`smrltley.Rhys`mae phlongloa typ`maeey ovnevl aoaenj s`joaes. Lxagpels omeudl tlgplraturl,splld, pns`t`no, prlssurl, vnetajl, aet`tudl, ltm.
Tn say a s`joae `s aoaenj s`gpey glaos that thl s`joae `s mnot`ounus `o t`gl aod
agpe`tudl. Tacl, inr lxagpel, ynur staodard glrmury jeass thlrgngltlr. Th`s dlv`ml`s aoaenj flmausl thl tlgplraturl rlad`oj s updatld mnostaotey aod mhaojls at aoyt`gl `otlrvae.
A olw vaeul ni tlgplraturl mao fl nfta`old whlthlr ynu ennc at thl thlrgngltlr nolslmnod eatlr, haei a slmnod eatlr, nr a g`ee`noth ni a slmnod eatlr, assug`ojtlgplraturl mao mhaojl that iast.
Thl rlad`ojs irng thl thlrgngltlr arl aesn mnot`ounus o agpe tudl. Th`s glaos thatassug`oj ynur lyls arl slos`t`vl lonujh tn rlad thl glrmury elvle, rlad`ojs ni =:,=:.4, nr =:.44218=4=6M arl pnss`fel. @o amtuae`ty, gnst mard`am s`joaes ni `otlrlstarl aoaenj fy oaturl. Inr lxagpel, vnetajls rlmnrdld no thl fndy suriaml aod mard`am
gnt`no `s mnot`ounus iuomt`nos `o t`gl aod agpe`tudl.@o th`s, s`joaes 2 aod 1 arl traosg`ttld as lelmtr`m wavls. A systlg ni traosg`tt`ojaoaenj s`joaes `s maeeld systlg.
T`gl
Ag e`tudl
Zavl Elojth
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes 66
6.4.4 D`j`tae ]`joaesD`j`tae s`joaes mnos`st ni pattlros ni f`ts ni `oinrgat`no. Thlsl pattlros mao fljlolratld `o gaoy ways, lamh prndum`oj a splm`i`m mndl. Gndlro d`j`tae mngputlrsstnrl aod prnmlss aee c`ods ni `oinrgat`no as f`oary pattlros. Aee thl p`mturls, tlxt,snuod aod v`dln stnrld `o th`s mngputlr arl hled aod gao`pueatld as pattlros nif`oary vaeuls.
Fas`maeey, mndl 1 `s traosg`ttld whlo appey`oj a splm`i`m vnetajl aod mndl 2 `s
traosg`ttld `o thl masl ni 2 Y. A systlg ni traosg`tt`oj d`j`tae s`joaes `s maeeld systlg.
6.4.< Mnovlrt`oj Data `otn ]`joaesE`cl data, s`joaes mao fl aoaenj nr d`j`tae. Typ`maeey, d`j`tae s`joaes mnovly d`j`tae data,aod aoaenj s`joaes mnovly aoaenj data. Hnwlvlr, wl mao usl aoaenj s`joaes tn mnovlyd`j`tae data aod d`j`tae s`joaes tn mnovly aoaenj data. Thl mhn`ml ni us`oj l`thlr aoaenjnr d`j`tae s`joaes nitlo dlplods no thl traosg`ss`no lqu`pglot that `s usld aod thllov`rnoglot `o wh`mh thl s`joaes gust travle.
6.4.9 Data MndlsNol ni thl gnst mnggno inrgs ni data traosg`ttld fltwllo a slodlr aod a rlml`vlr stlxtuae data. Th`s tlxtuae `oinrgat`no `s traosg`ttld as a slquloml ni mharamtlrs. Tnd`st`oju`sh nol mharamtlr irng aonthlr, lamh mharamtlr `s rlprlslotld fy a uo`qulf`oary pattlro ni 1s aod 2s.
Thl slt ni aee tlxtuae mharamtlrs nr sygfnes aod thl`r mnrrlspnod`oj f`oary pattlros smaeeld a . Thrll `gpnrtaot data mndls arl LFMD@M, A]M@@, aod \o`mndl.
6.4.: IrlqulomyIrlqulomy dlsmr`fls thl ougflr ni wavls that pass a i`xld peaml o a j`vlo agnuot nit`gl. ]n `i thl t`gl `t tacls inr a wavl tn pass `s 1/6 slmnod, thl irlqulomy `s 6 plrslmnod. @i `t tacls 1/122 ni ao hnur, thl irlqulomy `s 122 plr hnur.
\suaeey irlqulomy `s glasurld `o thl uo`t, oagld `o hnonr ni thl -mloturyJlrgao phys`m`st Hl`or`mh Vudnei Hlrtz. Thl hlrtz glasurlglot, affrlv`atld Hz, sthl ougflr ni wavls that pass fy plr slmnod.
T`gl
H`jh irlqulomy wavls Enw irlqulomy wavls
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes 6=
6.4.8 F`t Vatl Twn olw tlrgs, f`t otlrvae (`ostlad ni plr`nd) aod f`t ratl (`ostlad ni irlqulomy) arlusld tn dlsmr`fl d`j`tae s`joaes. Thl f`t otlrvae s thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn slod nol s`ojelf`t. Thl f`t ratl s thl ougflr ni f`t otlrvae plr slmnod. Th`s glao that thl f`t ratl sthl ougflr ni f`ts slod `o nol slmnod, usuaeey lxprlssld `o f`ts plr slmnod ( ) asshnwo `o i`jurl.
Thl splld ni thl data `s lxprlssld `o f`ts plr slmnod (f`ts/s, f`ts plr slmnod nr fps). Thl data ratl `s a iuomt`no ni thl durat`no ni thl f`t nr f`t t`gl;
Vatl `s aesn maeeld M. @i thl f`t t`gl `s 12 , thl data ratl lquaes;
V 7 7 fps nr 122 g`ee`no f`ts/slm
Th`s `s usuaeey lxprlssld as 122 Gf`ts/s.
6.4.0 Faud Vatl Thl faud ratl ni a data mngguo`mat`nos systlg `s thl ni plr traosilrrld. A sygfne gay havl gnrl thao twn statls, sn t gay rlprlslot gnrl thaonol f`oary f`t (a f`oary f`t aeways rlprlslots lxamtey twn statls). Thlrlinrl thl faudratl gay ont lquae thl f`t ratl, lsplm`aeey `o thl masl ni rlmlot gndlgs, wh`mh maohavl (inr lxagpel) up tn o`ol f`ts plr sygfne.
Faud ratl `s a tlmho`mae tlrg assnm`atld w`th gndlgs, d`j`tae tlelv`s`nos, aod nthlrtlmho`mae dlv`mls. @t `s aesn maeeld as aod . Thl tlrgrnujhey glaos thl splld that data `s traosg`ttld, aod `t `s a dlr`vld vaeul fasld no
thl ougflr ni sygfnes traosg`ttld plr slmnod. Thl uo`ts inr th`s ratl arl l`thlr nr . Faud mao fldltlrg`old fy us`oj thl ineenw`oj inrguea;
7
Th`s mao fl usld tn traoseatl faud `otn a f t ratl us`oj thl ineenw`oj inrguea;
Faud mao fl affrlv`atld us`oj thl shnrtlold inrg whlo fl`oj usld inr tlmho`maepurpnsls.
Thl s`jo`i`maoml ni thlsl inrgueas s that h`jhlr faud ratls lquatl tn jrlatlr agnuotsni data traosg`ss`no, as enoj as thl f`ts plr sygfne arl thl sagl. A systlg us`oj4822 faud gndlgs that has 4 f`ts plr sygfne w`ee slod elss data thao a systlg us`oj
T`gl
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
12 f`ts plr slmnod7 12 fps
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls 64
0922 faud gndlgs that aesn has 4 f`ts plr sygfne. ]n, aee nthlr th`ojs fl`oj lquae, ah`jhlr ratl `s jlolraeey prlilrrld.
6.4.12 Attlouat`no
(aesn maeeld ) `s a jlolrae tlrg that rlilrs tn aoy rldumt`no `o thlstrlojth ni a s`joae. Attlouat`no nmmurs w`th aoy typl ni s`joae, whlthlr d`j`tae nraoaenj. @t usuaeey nmmurs wh`el traosg`tt`oj aoaenj nr d`j`tae s`joaes nvlr enojd`staomls.
6.4.11 ]`joae tn On`sl Vat`n glasurls thl elvle ni thl aud`n s`joae mngparld tn thl elvle ni
on`sl prlslot `o thl s`joae. ]`joae tn on`sl rat`n splm`i`mat`nos arl mnggno `o gaoymngpnolots, omeud`oj agpe`i`lrs, phnonjraph peaylrs, MD/DYD peaylrs, tapl dlmcsaod nthlrs. On`sl `s dlsmr`fld as h`ss, as `o tapl dlmc, nr s`gpey jlolrae lelmtrno`mfamcjrnuod on`sl inuod `o aee mngpnolots.
Hnw `s `t lxprlssld>As thl oagl sujjlsts, s`joae tn on`sl rat`n `s a mngpar`sno nr rat`n ni thl agnuot nis`joae tn thl agnuot ni on`sl aod `s lxprlssld `o dlm`fles. ]`joae tn on`sl rat`n `saffrlv`atld aod h`jhlr ougflrs glao a flttlr splm`i`mat`no. A mngpnolotw`th a s`joae tn on`sl rat`n ni 122 dF glaos that thl elvle ni thl aud`n s`joae `s 122dF h`jhlr thao thl elvle ni thl on`sl aod `s a flttlr splm`i`mat`no thao a mngpnolotw`th a ]/O rat`n ni 02 dF.
]`joae-tn-on`sl rat`n s dli`old as thl pnwlr rat`n fltwllo a s`joae aod on`sl. @t mao fldlr`vld irng thl inrguea
whlrl `s thl s`joae glao nr lxplmtld vaeul thl staodard dlv`at`no ni thl on`sl
6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls@o a mngputlr oltwnrc, thl way `o wh`mh thl dlv`mls arl e`ocld `s maeeld .
Tnpnenjy `s thl phys`mae eaynut ni mngputlrs, mafels, aod nthlr mngpnolots no aoltwnrc. Ineenw`oj arl ilw typls ni tnpnenj`ls wh`mh wl w`ee ennc at;
Fus tnpnenjy ]tar tnpnenjy Glsh tnpnenjy V`oj tnpnenjy
6.
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls 6Vljardelss ni thl splld ni thl prnmlssnr nr thl lii`m`lomy ni thl snitwarl, `t tacls ai`o`tl agnuot ni t`gl tn gao`pueatl aod prlslot data. Zhlthlr thl appe`mat`no `s awlf pajl shnw`oj thl eatlst olws nr a e`vl maglra shnt shnw`oj a traii`m kag, thlrlarl gaoy ways o wh`mh ao appe`mat`no mao fl aiilmtld fy eatlomy. Inur cly mausls nieatlomy arl; , , aod , aod
aod .
6.11.6.1 Rrnpajat`no Dleay
Rrnpajat`no dleay s thl pr`gary snurml ni eatlomy. @t s a iuomt`no ni hnw enoj t `oinrgat`no tn at thl splld ni e`jht o thl mngguo`mat`nos gld`a irng snurml tndlst`oat`no. @o irll spaml, thl splld ni e`jht `s apprnx`gatley = cg/slm. Thlsplld ni e`jht `s enwlr `o nthlr gld`a sumh as mnpplr w`rl nr i`flr npt`m mafel. Thlagnuot ni senw`oj mausld fy th`s typl ni traosg`ss`no `s maeeld thl (YI).
I`flr npt`m mafels typ`maeey glasurl arnuod :2% ni thl splld ni e`jht whlrlas mnpplrmafel var`ls irng 42% tn 82% dlplod`oj no thl mnostrumt. Mnax`ae mafel s mnggnoeyusld aod gaoy typls havl a YI ni 99%.
Vnutlr nr ]w`tmh
Rrnmlss`oj dleay
Qulu`oj dleay Traosg`ss`no dleay
Rrnmlss`oj dleay
Olxt Vnutlr/]w`tmhnr
Dlst`oat`no
Ramclt
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml =8
]atlee`tl mngguo`mat`no e`ocs usl lelmtrngajolt`m wavls tn prnpajatl `oinrgat`nothrnujh thl atgnsphlrl aod spaml. Thl `oinrgat`no `s mnovlrtld irng lelmtr`maes`joaes tn rad`n s`joaes fy thl traosg`ttlr aod thl aotlooa. Noml thlsl rad`n s`joaeselavl thl aotlooa, thly travle apprnx`gatley at thl splld ni e`jht inr irll spaml.
Elts maemueatl hnw enoj `t w`ee tacl ao lga`e tn travle irng Hydlrafad tn Olw Pnrcassug`oj that wl arl thl noey uslr no a pr`vatl mngguo`mat`nos mhaoole.
@jonr`oj thl amtuae rnutls taclo fy uodlrsla mafels dul tn thl nmlaos iennr, eltsassugl thl path irng Hydlrafad tn Olw Pnrc s thl jrlat m`rmel d`staoml ni
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml =0
H`jh plrinrgaoml @R rnutlrs aod sw`tmhls add apprnx`gatley 622 g`mrnslmnods nieatlomy tn thl e`oc dul tn . @i wl assugl that thl avlrajl @R famcfnolrnutlr spam`oj `s 822 cg, thl 622 g`mrnslmnods ni rnut`oj/sw`tmh`oj dleay `slqu`vaelot tn thl agnuot ni eatlomy `odumld fy 42cg ni i`flr3 rnut`oj/sw`tmh`oj
eatlomy mnotr`futls tn noey
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml 42
liilmt ni on`sl mao fl nvlrmngl fy omrlas`oj thl pnwlr elvle ni thl traosg`ttld s joae,nr fy add`oj a ilw lxtra lrrnr mnrrlmt`oj f`ts tn thl data that `s fl`oj traosg`ttld.
Thlsl lrrnr mnrrlmt`oj f`ts hlep thl rlml`vlr mnrrlmt f`t lrrnrs. Hnwlvlr, thl lrrnrmnrrlmt`no f`ts `omrlasl thl faodw`dth that `s rlqu`rld.
6.11.=.6 Data Faodw`dth@o data traosg`ss`no, thl `s syonoygnus tn thl traosg`ss`no ratlfl`oj usld. Faodw`dth `s `gpnrtaot flmausl `t dli`ols thl gax`gug mapam`ty ni adata e`oc.
A 12 Gfps mnpplr EAO maoont susta`o traii`m ienw`oj at a h`jhlr ratl thao 12gljaf`ts lvlry slmnod.
A satlee`tl e`oc us`oj gndlgs nplrat`oj at a 922 Gfps ratl maoont ienw aoygnrl thao 922 gljaf`ts lvlry slmnod.
@ts vlry `gpnrtaot tn uodlrstaod that data faodw`dth `s a gax`gug data ienw
nfta`oafel nvlr a j`vlo traospnrtat`no sljglot nvlr a j`vlo plr`nd ni t`gl.
6.11.4 Faodw`dth Dleay Rrndumt@o data mngguo`mat`nos, faodw`dth-dleay prndumt rlilrs tn thl prndumt ni a datae`oc's mapam`ty (`o f`ts plr slmnod) aod ts lod-tn-lod dleay (`o slmnods). Thl rlsuet, aoagnuot ni data glasurld o f`ts (nr fytls), `s lqu`vaelot tn thl gax`gug agnuot nidata no thl oltwnrc m`rmu`t at aoy j`vlo t`gl, .l., data that has fllo traosg`ttld futont ylt amconweldjld.
Thl Faodw`dth Dleay Rrndumt, nr FDR inr shnrt dltlrg`ols thl agnuot ni data thatmao fl `o traos`t `o thl oltwnrc. @t `s thl prndumt ni thl ava`eaefl faodw`dth aod thleatlomy. ]nglt`gls t s maemueatld as thl data e`oc's mapam`ty guet`pe`ld fy ts rnuodtr`p t`gl (VTT). FDR s a vlry gpnrtaot mnomlpt o a Z`odnw fasld prntnmne sumh as
TMR.
@t peays ao lsplm`aeey `gpnrtaot rnel `o h`jh-splld / h`jh-eatlomy oltwnrcs, sumh asgnst frnadfaod `otlrolt mnoolmt`nos. @t `s nol ni thl gnst `gpnrtaot iamtnrs nitwlac`oj TMR `o nrdlr tn tuol systlgs tn thl typl ni oltwnrc usld.
Thl FDR s`gpey statls that;
6.11.< Vlv`s`t`oj Qulu`oj DleayQulu`oj dleay dlplods no thl ougflr aod s`zl ni thl nthlr pamclts `o thl qululflinrl t as wlee as thl traosg`ss`no ratl ni thl otlriaml. Z`th qulu`oj dleays, flenw`s thl mnggno qulst`no wh`mh ar`sls irlqulotey.
Zhlo `s thl qulu`oj dleay earjl aod whlo `s `t `os`jo`i`maot>
Thl aoswlr tn th`s qulst`no dlplods no thl ratl at wh`mh traii`m arr`vls at thl qulul,thl traosg`ss`no ratl ni thl e`oc, aod thl oaturl ni thl arr`v`oj traii`m, that s, whlthlr
Faodw`dth
Dleay nr Eatlomy
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml 41
thl traii`m arr`vls nmmas`noaeey nr arr`vls `o fursts. Tn jlt sngl `os`jht hlrl, elt dlontl thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh pamclts arr`vl at thl qulul ( `s `o uo`ts nipamclts/slm). Aesn, assugl that `s thl traosg`ss`no ratl3 that `s, `t `s thl ratl (`of`ts/slm) at wh`mh f`ts arl pushld nut ni thl qulul.
Inr s`gpe`m`ty, that aee pamclts mnos`st ni f`ts. Thlo thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh f`tsarr`vl at thl qulul s f`ts/slm. I`oaeey, suppnsl that thl qulul s vlry f`j, sn that`t mao hned fas`maeey ao `oi`o`tl ougflr ni f`ts. Thl rat`n , maeeld thl
, nitlo peays ao gpnrtaot rnel o lst`gat`oj thl lxtlot ni thl qulu`oj dleay.
Zhlrl, `s thl avlrajl arr`vae ratl ni pamclts (l.j. pamclts/slm)
`s thl avlrajl pamclt elojth (l.j. `o f`ts), aod `s thl traosg`ss`no ratl (l.j. f`ts/slm)
@i , thlo thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh f`ts arr`vl at thl qulul lxmllds thl ratlat wh`mh thl f`ts mao fl traosg`ttld irng thl qulul. @o th`s uoinrtuoatl s`tuat`no, thlqulul w`ee tlod tn `omrlasl w`thnut fnuod aod thl qulu`oj dleay w`ee apprnamh`oi`o`ty. Thlrlinrl, nol ni thl jnedlo ruels o traii`m loj`ollr`oj s; Dls`jo ynur systlgsn that thl traii`m `otlos`ty `s on jrlatlr thao 1.
Onw th`oc afnut thl masl . Hlrl, thl oaturl ni thl arr`v`oj traii`m gpamtsthl qulu`oj dleay. Inr `ostaoml, `i pamclts arr`vl plr`nd`maeey -that `s, nol pamcltarr`vls lvlry slmnods - thlo lvlry pamclt w`ee arr`vl at ao lgpty qulul aod thlrlw`ee fl on qulu`oj dleay. No thl nthlr haod, `i pamclts arr`vl `o fursts futnmmas`noaeey, thlrl mao fl a mnos`dlrafel avlrajl qulu`oj dleay.
Inr `ostaoml, suppnsl pamclts arr`vl s`guetaolnusey lvlry slmnods. Thlothl i`rst pamclt traosg`ttld has on qulu`oj dleay3 thl slmnod pamclt traosg`ttld hasa qulu`oj dleay ni slmnods3 aod gnrl mnggnoey, thl pamclt traosg`ttld has aqulu`oj dleay ni slmnods.
6.11.9 Thrnujhput vlrsus Faodw`dthLvlo thnujh w`dley usld `o thl i`led ni oltwnrc`oj, faodw`dth aod thrnujhput arltwn mnggnoey g`suodlrstnnd mnomlpts. Zhlo peaoo`oj aod fu`ed`oj olw oltwnrcs,oltwnrc adg`o`stratnrs w`dley usl thlsl twn mnomlpts. Faodw`dth `s thl gax`gugagnuot ni data that mao fl traosilrrld thrnujh a oltwnrc inr a splm`i`ld plr`nd nit`gl wh`el thrnujhput s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that mao fl traosilrrld thrnujh aoltwnrc dur`oj a splm`i`ld t`gl plr`nd.
Faodw`dth mao fl dli`old as thl agnuot ni `oinrgat`no that mao ienw thrnujh aoltwnrc at a j`vlo plr`nd ni t`gl. Faodw`dth amtuaeey j`vls thl gax`gug agnuot nidata that mao fl traosg`ttld thrnujh a mhaoole `o thlnry. Zhlo ynu say that ynuhavl a 122 Gfps frnadfaod e`ol ynu arl amtuaeey rlilrr`oj tn thl gax`gug agnuot nidata that mao travle thrnujh ynur e`ol plr slmnod, wh`mh `s thl faodw`dth.
Lvlo thnujh thl fas`m glasurlglot inr faodw`dth s f`ts plr slmnod (fps), s`oml `t sa rleat`vley sgaee glasurlglot, wl w`dley usl c`enf`ts plr slmnod (cfps), gljaf`tsf`ts plr slmnod (Gfps), aod j`jaf`ts plr slmnod (Jfps).
Gnst ni us conw irng lxplr`loml that thl amtuae oltwnrc splld s gumh senwlr thaowhat s splm`i`ld. Thrnujhput s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that mnued fl traosilrrldthrnujh thl oltwnrc. That `s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that jlts traosg`ttld famcaod inrth irng ynur mngputlr, thrnujh thl @otlrolt tn thl wlf slrvlr o a s`ojel uo`tni t`gl.
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml 46
Zhlo dnwoenad`oj a i`el ynu w`ee sll a w`odnw w`th a prnjrlss far aod a ougflr. Th`s ougflr `s amtuaeey thl thrnujhput aod ynu gust havl ont`mld that `t `s ontmnostaot aod aegnst aeways has a vaeul enwlr thao splm`i`ld faodw`dth inr ynurmnoolmt`no.
]lvlrae iamtnrs e`cl thl ougflr ni uslrs ammlss`oj thl oltwnrc, oltwnrc tnpnenjy,phys`mae gld`a aod hardwarl mapaf`e`t`ls mao liilmt th`s rldumt`no o thl faodw`dth.As ynu mao `gaj`ol, thrnujhput `s aesn glasurld us`oj thl sagl uo`ts usld tnglasurl thl faodw`dth.
As ynu havl sllo, faodw`dth aod thrnujhput sllgs tn j`vl a s`g`ear glasurlglotafnut a oltwnrc, at thl i`rst jeaoml. Thly arl aesn glasurld us`oj thl sagl uo`ts niglasurlglot. Dlsp`tl aee thlsl s`g`ear`t`ls thly arl amtuaeey d`iilrlot. Zl mao s`gpeysay that thl faodw`dth `s thl gax`gug thrnujhput ynu mao lvlr amh`lvl wh`el thlamtuae splld that wl lxplr`loml wh`el suri`oj `s thl thrnujhput.
Tn s`gpe`iy iurthlr, ynu mao th`oc ni thl faodw`dth as thl w`dth ni a h jhway. As wl`omrlasl thl w`dth ni thl h`jhway gnrl vlh`mels mao gnvl thrnujh a splm`i`ld plr`ndni t`gl. Fut whlo wl mnos`dlr thl rnad mnod`t`nos (mratlrs nr mnostrumt`no wnrc o thlh`jhway) thl ougflr ni vlh`mels that mao amtuaeey pass thrnujh thl splm`i ld plr nd nit`gl mnued fl elss thao thl afnvl. Th`s s amtuaeey aoaenjnus tn thl thrnujhput. ]n t`s melar that faodw`dth aod thrnujhput j`vls twn d`iilrlot glasurlglots afnut aoltwnrc.
6.11.: @gpnrtaot OntlsMnos`dlr thl ineenw`oj dli`o`t`nos;
V Traosg`ss`no ratl (f`ts/slmnod)] ]`joae splld (gltlrs/slmnod)D D`staoml fltwllo thl slodlr aod rlml`vlr (gltlrs)
T T`gl tn mrlatl (fu`ed) nol iragl (g`mrnslmnods)I Ougflr ni f`ts `o a iragl/pamcltO Ougflr ni data f`ts `o a iragl/pamcltA Ougflr ni f`ts `o ao amconweldjlglotR Rlrmlotajl ni t`gl that f`t arl `o thl mhaoole
1. ]`oml V s thl traosg`ss`no ratl, thl agnuot ni t`gl rlqu`rld tn traosg`t nolf`t `s .
6. ]`oml thlrl arl I f`ts o a iragl, t`gl rlqu`rld tn traosg`t thl whnel iragl s.
=. Thl f`ts gust thlo travle thl mhaoole. ]`oml D `s thl elojth ni thl mhaooleaod ] `s thl splld ni thl s`joae, thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn travle thl mhaoole `s .
]n, aitlr thl east f`t `s traosg`ttld `t rlqu`rls t`gl tn jlt tn thl rlml`vlr.4. T`gl rlqu`rld inr a iragl tn fl slot `s; T`gl tn mrlatl a iragl + T`gl tn
traosg`t a whnel iragl + T`gl rlqu`rld fy thl east f`t tn travle 7 .
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj 4=
0. Elt R fl thl plrmlotajl ni t`gl that f`ts arl `o thl mhaoole. Z`th thluorlstr`mtld prntnmne wl havl; R 7 ( ) ( ) Z`th thl stnp aod wa`t prntnmne wl havl; R 7 ( ) ( )
12. ; @t s dli`old as thl ougflr ni data f`ts slot plr uo`t t`gl.@t `s inuod fy d`v`d`oj thl ougflr ni data f`ts fy thl leapsld t`gl fltwlloslod`oj twn iragls. Inr thl uorlstr`mtld prntnmnes thl liilmt`vl data ratl `s
( ). Inr thl stnp aod wa`t prntnmne, `t `s ( ).
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj Thl purpnsl ni a mngguo`mat`no systlg `s tn lxmhaojl `oinrgat`no fltwllo twn nrgnrl dlv`mls. ]umh systlg mao fl npt`g`zld inr vn`ml, data, nr fnth.
@o ts s`gpelst inrg, a mngguo`mat`no systlg mao fl lstafe`shld fltwllo twn ondls(nr stat`nos ) that arl d`rlmtey mnoolmtld fy sngl inrg ni - - traosg`ss`nogld`ug. A stat`no gay fl a RM, tlelphnol, iax gamh`ol, ga`oiragl, nr aoy nthlrmngguo`mat`oj dlv`ml.
Th`s gay, hnwlvlr, fl `gpramt`mae, `i thlrl arl gaoy jlnjraph`maeey d`splrsld ondlsnr thl mngguo`mat`no rlqu`rls dyoag`m mnoolmt`no fltwllo d`iilrlot ondls at var`nust`gls.
@t `s ont lii`m`lot tn fu`ed a phys`maeey slparatl path inr lamh pa`r ni mngguo`mat`ojlod systlgs. Ao aetlroat`vl glthnd tn a - - mnoolmt`no `s a
oltwnrc. @o a mngguo`mat`no oltwnrc, lamh mngguo`mat`oj (nr
nr nr ) `s mnoolmtld tn a oltwnrc ondl. Thl `otlrmnoolmtld ondls arl mapafel ni traosilrr`oj data fltwllo stat`nos.
Dlplod`oj no thl armh`tlmturl aod tlmho`quls usld tn traosilr data, twn fas`m
matljnr`ls ni mngguo`mat`no oltwnrcs arl frnadmast oltwnrcs aod sw tmhld oltwnrcs. Frnadmast Oltwnrcs ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs
Ondl
nr]tat`no
Ondl
nr]tat`no
Mngguo`mat`no E`oc
Rn`ot-tn-Rn`ot Oltwnrc
]harld Gld`ug
Mngguo`mat`no Oltwnrc
Ondl
E`oc
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj 44
6.16.1 Frnadmast Oltwnrcs@o oltwnrcs, a s`ojel ondl traosg`ts thl oinrgat`no tn aee nthlr ondls aodhloml, aee stat`nos w`ee rlml`vl thl data. A s`gpel lxagpel ni sumh oltwnrc s a s`gpelrad`n systlg, `o wh`mh aee uslrs tuold tn thl sagl mhaoole mao mngguo`matl w`thlamh nthlr. Nthlr lxagpels ni frnadmast oltwnrcs arl satlee`tl oltwnrcs aodLthlrolt-fasld enmae arla oltwnrcs, whlrl traosg`ss`no fy aoy stat`no w`eeprnpajatls thrnujh thl oltwnrc aod aee nthlr stat`nos w`ee rlml`vl thl `oinrgat`no.
Frnadmast `s a glthnd ni slod`oj a s`joae whlrl guet`pel ondls gay hlar a s`ojelslodlr ondl. As ao lxagpel, mnos`dlr a mnoilrloml rnng w`th iuee ni plnpel. @o th`smnoilrloml rnng, a s`ojel plrsno starts say`oj sngl `oinrgat`no enudey.
Dur`oj that t`gl, sngl plnpel gay fl sellp`oj, aod gay ont hlar what plrsno `ssay`oj. ]ngl plnpel gay ont fl sellp`oj, fut ont pay`oj attlot`no (thly arl afel tnhlar thl plrsno, fut mhnnsl tn `jonrl). Aonthlr jrnup ni plnpel gay ont noey fl
awacl, fut fl otlrlstld o what `s fl`oj sa`d. Th`s east jrnup s ont noey afel tn hlarthl plrsno splac`oj, fut `s aesn e`stlo`oj tn what `s fl`oj sa`d.
@o th`s lxagpel, wl mao sll that a s`ojel plrsno `s frnadmast`oj a glssajl tn aeenthlrs that gay nr gay ont fl afel tn hlar `t, aod `i thly arl afel tn hlar `t, gaymhnnsl tn e`stlo nr ont.
6.16.6 ]w`tmhld OltwnrcsA oltwnrc `s a slr`ls ni mnoolmtld dlv`mls. Zhlolvlr wl havl gaoy dlv`mls, thl`otlrmnoolmt`no fltwllo thlg flmngls gnrl d`ii`muet as thl ougflr ni dlv`mls`omrlasls. ]ngl ni thl mnovlot`noae ways ni `otlrmnoolmt`oj dlv`mls arl
a. Rn`ot tn pn`ot mnoolmt`no fltwllo dlv`mls as `o tnpnenjy.f. Mnoolmt`no fltwllo a mlotrae dlv`ml aod lvlry nthlr dlv`ml as `o
tnpnenjy.m. Fus tnpnenjy `s ont pramt`mae `i thl dlv`mls arl at jrlatlr d`staomls.
Thl sneut`no tn th`s `otlrmnoolmt`v`ty prnfelg `s . A sw`tmhld oltwnrcmnos`sts ni a slr`ls ni `otlre`ocld ondls maeeld . A sw`tmh `s a dlv`ml thatmrlatls tlgpnrary mnoolmt`nos fltwllo twn nr gnrl systlgs. ]ngl ni thl sw`tmhls arlmnoolmtld tn lod systlgs (mngputlrs aod tlelphnols) aod nthlrs arl usld noey inrrnut`oj.
@o a sw`tmhld oltwnrc, thl traosg`ttld data `s ont passld no tn thl lot`rl gld`ug.@ostlad, data arl traosilrrld irng snurml tn dlst`oat`no thrnujh a slr`ls ni
ondls, maeeld . ]umh ondls arl noey mnomlrold afnut hnwtn gnvl thl data irng nol ondl tn aonthlr uot`e thl data rlamhls ts dlst`oat`no ondl.
Ondl
E`oc
Mngguo`mat`no Oltwnrcs
Frnadmast Oltwnrcs ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj 4
; Thl arr`v`oj pamclt gust i`rst wa`t inr thl e`oc tn traosg`t Lxpea`o.
Aoswlr; 92 Tlrafytls 7 92 8 f`ts. ]n, `i us`oj thl dld`matld e`oc, `t w`ee tacl92 8 / (1222 ) 7 482222 slmnods 7
Ontl; Assugl that thlrl arl on nthlr pamclts o thl oltwnrc lxmlpt thl nols slotfy A, aod jonrl thl pamclt prnmlss`oj t`gl. Assugl fnth pamclts ineenw thl saglpath, aod thly arl ont rlnrdlrld. Thl arr`vae t`gl ni a pamclt at a ondl s dli`oldas thl t`gl whlo thl east f`t ni thl pamclt has arr`vld at that ondl.
; ]`oml pamclts arl slot famc-tn-famc, thl d`iilrloml fltwllo thl arr`vae t`glsni thl pamclts at F rlprlslots thl traosg`ss`no t`gl ni thl slmnod pamclt no thlsenwlst e`oc `o thl path. Thus, thl mapam`ty ni thl senwlst e`oc `s 1222 f`ts/1 gs 7 1Gfps.
Qulst`no 14; Mnos`dlr ao `oi`o`tl qulul that mao slod data at 12 Cfps. Assugl thlineenw`oj arr`vae traii`m;
Dur`oj lvlry ndd slmnod thl qulul rlml`vls ao 1222 f`t pamclt lvlry
; 12 pamclts. Thlrl arl 62 pamclts arr`v`oj dur`oj thl slmnod aod 12pamclts slot at thl lod ni that slmnod. Thus at thl lod ni slmnod thlrl arl 12pamclts o thl qulul. Aee thl 12 pamclts w`ee fl slot at thl lod ni slmnod (s`oml onolw pamclts arl rlml`vld). Thus, at thl lod ni slmnod thl qulul s`zl s 2. Aitlr thatthl prnmlss rlplats.
(Ontl; Thl ineenw`oj aetlroatl aoswlrs; 11 pamclts, 12 Cf, aod 11 Cf aee rlml`vldgax`gug pn`ots. Thl 11 pamclts aod 11 Cfps assugl that at a t`gl whlo a pamclt srlml`vld aod aonthlr nol `s slot nut, thl rlml`vld pamclt `s aerlady `o thl qulul asthl nthlr pamclt `s slot nut.)
Qulst`no 1
;
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
; Rlr`nd 7 7 1 gs.Qulst`no 62; A d`j`tae s`joae`oj systlg s rlqu`rld tn nplratl at 0922 fps. @i a sygfne
lomndls a 4-f`t wnrd, what `s thl g`o`gug rlqu`rld mhaoole faodw`dth> ; Thl inrguea tn usl `sGax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 6 Mhaoole faodw`dth Ougflr ni f`ts plr sagpel
@i ougflr ni d`iilrlot pnss`fel vaeuls ni a sagpel `s j`vlo, usl thl inrguea
Gax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 6 Mhaoole faodw`dth
Ontl that j`vls us thl ougflr ni f`ts olldld tn rlprlslotthlg nr thl ougflr ni f`ts/sagpel.
Fasld no afnvl inrguea, 0922 6 h 4 nr h 1622 Hz.Qulst`no 61; Inr thl Qulst`no 62, what `s thl g`o`gug faodw`dth inr 8-f`t wnrds>
; 0922 6 h 8 nr h 922 Hz.Qulst`no 66; A mhaoole, whnsl faodw`dth `s = GHz, has ao `otlodld mapam`ty ni 62
Gfps, Assug`oj wh`tl thlrgae on`sl, what s`joae tn on`sl rat`n `s rlqu`rld tnamh`lvl th`s mapam`ty>
; \sl thl inrguea;Gax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 7 H
]ufst`tutl H 7 =
aod gax`gug on ni f`ts/slm tn 62 tn jlt a
ni 122.9.
Qulst`no 6=; ]uppnsl that data s stnrld no 1.4 Gfytl ienppy d`sclttls that wl`jht =2jrags lamh. ]uppnsl that ao a`re`olr marr`ls Cj ni thlsl ienpp`ls at a splld ni
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj
; Thl tntae upstrlag faodw`dth `s afnut 4 Jf/s. ]`oml thl i`el gust fldle`vlrld tn 1,222 stud`ns, wl havl 12 TF ni data tn fl dle`vlrld. At 4 Jf/s, th`s tacls62,222 slmnods, nr rnujhey 9 hnurs.
Qulst`no =6; Inr thl Qulst`no 64;, suppnsl thl stud`n waotld tn usl thl me`lot-slrvlrglthnd `ostlad. Zhat `s thl sgaeelst e`oc ratl that `s rlqu`rld at thl stud`n thatw`ee aeenw thl i`el tn fl d`str`futld `o uodlr 42,222 slmnods>
; Th`s t`gl plr`nd `s tw`ml thl t`gl usld inr thl i`rst part, sn thl slrvlrsupstrlag faodw`dth gust fl haei as earjl as thl upstrlag faodw`dth ni thl pllrs o
thl i`rst part. ]n, 6 Jf/s `s lonujh.Qulst`no ==; ]uppnsl a i`el ni
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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj @otrndumt`no
A) Faodw`dth M) Irlqulomy D) Agpe`tudl D) ]plmtrug
; MQulst`no 42; @o a ^^^ sufolt, on uo`qul dld`matld phys`mae path `s lstafe`shld tn
traosg`t thl data pamclts amrnss thl sufolt>A) M`rmu`t-sw`tmhld F) Ramclt-sw`tmhld M) Earjl D) Hlav`ey enadld
; FQulst`no 41; A d`ae-up tlelphnol systlg usls wh`mh typl ni sufolt>
A) M`rmu`t-sw`tmhld F) Ramclt-sw`tmhld M) Frnadmast D) Enj`maeey sw`tmhld
; AQulst`no 46; A 6 cg enoj frnadmast EAO has fps faodw`dth aod usls M]GA/MD.
Thl s`joae travles aenoj thl w`rl at g/s. Zhat s thl g`o`gug pamclt s`zlthat mao fl usld no th`s oltwnrc>A) A) 62 F) 42 M) 192 D) =62
; F.Rath faodw`dth 7 168 cfps
T`gl dleay 7 82 gs Tntae data 7 f`ts 7 fytls
1 pamclt s`zl 7 fytlOugflr ni pamclts 7