Electric Energy Storage an Essential Asset in the Smart Grid
Silicon Valley Photovoltaics Society
August 12, 2009
Dan Rastler, Program ManagerElectric Power Research Institute
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Discussion Topics
• Dimensions of the Smart Grid• Market Drivers, Industry Pain Points• Roles for Energy Storage• Update on Energy Storage Options and Advances• PV / Energy Storage• Summary and Q&A
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Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
• Founded by and for the electricity industry in 1973 as Independent, nonprofit center for public interest energy and environmental research
• Collaborative resource for the electricity sector
– $315M annual R&D funding, ~17% international members
– 450 engineers and scientist, participants in more than 40 countries
• Four major R&D portfolio: Nuclear, Generation, Environment, and Power Delivery & Utilization
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EPRI’s Energy Storage Program Scope
Market Analysis Strategic Intelligence
Technology Watch and Strategic Intelligence
On-line Assessment Guide Evaluation Tools
Technology Development & Innovation
Testing, Validation and Demonstration
Technology Assessment & Evaluation
Short-Term Long-Term
Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries
Li-ion Battery NaS Battery ZnBr Battery Mobile Storage Systems Large CAES
ES & PV in Smart Grid
Novel Energy Storage Systems
Nano materials for energy storage
5-10 yr. Technology Strategic R&D Plan
Li-ion Batteries Micro-generation Compressed Air Cycles
Cost and Value Ranges for Storage Technologies in System Applications
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Compressed Air - Below Ground
Pumped Hydro
Compressed Air - Above Ground
Lead Acid Battery
NaS Battery
ZnBr Flow Cell
VRB Flow Cell
Lithium Ion Battery
$/kWh
CostValue
Thermal Storage Systems
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Dimensions of the Smart GridSensors…. Communications….Intelligence
* Report to NIST on the Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap, Page 21, June 17, 2009
Acting on this Information Will:Enable active participation by consumers – Linking Wholesale Conditions to Consumers (Supply & Demand)
Anticipate & respond to system disturbances (self-heal) Accommodate all generation and storage options
Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster Enable new products, services and markets
Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently Provide power quality for the digital economy
Acting on this Information Will:
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Dimensions of a Smart Grid
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Dimensions of a Smart Grid
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U.S. Wind Power Capacity Up >50% in 2008
Record year for new U.S. wind capacity:• 8,558 MW of wind added in 2008, bringing total to 25,369 MW• Roughly $16.4 billion in 2008 project investment
Source: U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Wind PowerLarge Power Fluctuations
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Capacity Projections (‘visions’) for PV Growth by 2030source: Robert Margolis, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Note: The Clean Edge projection is for 2025.
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Utility-Scale PV Generation
210-kV grid support at substation
Power Tower and Dish Stirling Engine
Hybrid Gas-Solar Thermal Troughs
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1400000 1450000 1500000 1550000
Seconds since 00:00:00 Jan 1, 2007kW
0
1000
2000
3000
250 750 1250
kW
(b)
Cloud Effects on Large Scale Solar Plant
Minutes
kW
Source: Jay Apt & XX, CMU 4.6 MW TEP Solar Array (Arizona)
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Percentage of Year
Load
Fac
tor (
%)
5%
5% = ~400 hrs/yr
75%
90%
(8,760 hrs)
distribution
generation
Industry Investments in T&D Infrastructure:$ 200 B for T and $ 400 B for D over next 15 YearsReducing Peak Demand Will Result in Optimal Utilization of Grid Assets
25% of distribution & 10% of generation assets (transmission is similar), worth of 100s of billions of dollars, are needed less than 400 hrs/year!
Hourly Loads as Fraction of Peak, Sorted from Highest to Lowest
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Need for More System Balancing Opportunities for Fast Storage Systems
Current method to balance constantly shifting load fluctuation is to vary the frequency and periodically adjust generation in response to an ISO signal.
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Market Drivers for Electric Energy Storage in the Electric Enterprise
• Managing Increased Wind Penetration • Ancillary Services – Avoiding the cycling of thermal power plants• Managing Grid Peaks and Outage Mitigation • Increasing the value of Distributed Photovoltaic systems• Enhancing the value of a Smart Grid
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Roles for Electric Energy StorageLocational Opportunities for Energy Storage in the Electric Enterprise
Central Plant
Step-Up Transformer
DistributionSubstation
CommercialIndustrial
Residential-Energy Storage
Transportable Storage
DistributedEnergyStorage
Bulk Energy Storage
Smoothing of Wind
Electric Vehicles Distributed Storage
Ancillary
Services
Pad MountedTransformerStorage
PV Smoothing
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Markets and Applications for Energy Storage Systems
Utility Side of the Meter– Wind Integration: Smoothing / Bulk Storage– Substation Grid Support– Ancillary Services: Frequency Regulation– Large-scale PV ramping support – Neighborhood Storage Systems – (at pad-mounted transformers)– Truck Transportable Power – urban load pockets
Customer ( End-User Side of the Meter)– PV – Distributed and Residential home– Dispatchable Back-up Generators– Dispatchable telecom backup – Dispatachable UPS : Commercial / residential– Peak shaving / Demand Response– PHEV / V2G?
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Positioning of Energy Storage Options
Flow Batteries: Zn/Cl Zn-Air
ZrBr VRB PSB Novel Systems
NaS Battery
Li-Ion Battery
NiCdNiMH
High Power Fly Wheels
SMESHigh Power Super Caps
1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1 GW
Lead Acid Battery
High Energy Super Caps ZEBRA Battery
System Power Ratings
Dis
char
ge T
ime
at R
ated
Pow
erSe
cond
s
Min
utes
H
ours
UPS Grid Support Energy Management
Power Quality Load Shifting Bridging Power Bulk Power Mgt
Pumped
Hydro
CAES
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Advanced Lead Acid Battery
Metal-Air Batteries
Nano-cap hybrids?
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Review of Current and Emerging Energy Storage Solution Options
400 MW / 10 hr CAES
0.5 MW / 4 hr ZnBr
1 MW / 7 hr NaS
1 MW / 15 min Li-ion
20 kWh Li-ion System
U.S. Patent Numbers 7389644 and 4872307,invented by Dr. Michael Nakhamkin, Chief Technology Officer, Energy Storage and Power LLC. Use of this technology may require a license.
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Sodium Sulfur Batteries - NaSGrid Support and End-user Peak Shaving Applications
6MW / 48MWh at TEPCO’s Ohito Substation
1 MW /7.2 MWh NYPA – End-User Peak Shaving
1 MW / 7.2 MWh NAS
AEP Substation
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TransFlow 2000 LayoutTransFlow 2000 Layout
Flow Batteries – Zn / BrGaining Utility Consideration for Grid Support Applications
0.5 MW / 2 MWhDesign by Premium Power Corporation
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Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications
• Several VRB batteries have already been installed– 250 kW, 2 MWh unit at
Castle Valley, Utah (PacifiCorp)
– 200 kW, 800 kWh unit at King Island, Tasmania (HydroTasmania)
– 4MW, 6MWh unit at Tomamae, Hokkaido (JPower)
– Smaller units 5kW-50 kW modules possible for PV integration.
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Advanced Solid State “ Dry Cell” Systems
• 1.5 MW / 1 MWh unit to be deployed for Wind Application
• 1 MW / 4 MWH units for utility applications
• “Dry Cell” - advanced lead acid –”type”
1 kWh @ 3 Hour Rate– 25 kW Instant. Power– 5” x 5” x 30”– 57 Lbs (25.9 kg)– 12V Cell– Improved ability to deep
cycle
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Lithium-ion batteries – High Energy in a Small Space.
* Currently, the maximum energy density for Li-ion cells 630 Wh/l and specific energy is 230 Wh/kg ( based on the Panasonic 2.85 Ah 18650 cell).
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There are mainly two types of liquid Li-ion cells, cylindrical and prismatic.
Schematic of Cylindrical Cell Schematic of Prismatic Cell
Cathode leadSafety vent and CID
(PTC)Separator
Anode lead
AnodeCathode
Insulator
Anode can
Insulator
Gasket
Top coverCathode pin
Top cover
Insulator case
Spring plate
Anode can
Anode
Cathode
Separator
Cathode lead
Safety vent
Gasket
InsulatorTerminal plate
CID
Li-ion Cell Structures
Another approach, prismatic polymer lithium-ion technology, is generally only used for small portable applications such as phones and MP3 players.
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Li-ion
NiMH
$/kWh Cost Trend in Japan - Small Rechargeable Cells Averaged Across Sizes
NiCd
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Jan-9
9May-9
9Sep-9
9Ja
n-00
May-00
Sep-00
Jan-
01May-0
1Sep
-01
Jan-
02May-0
2Sep
-02
Jan-
03May-0
3Sep-0
3Ja
n-04
May-04
Sep-04
Jan-0
5May-0
5Sep
-05
Jan-
06May-0
6Sep
-06
$/kW
h
Sealed Ni/Cd Ni/MH Li ion Source: Created by TIAX based on METI data
Li-ion OEM Historical Cost Trends
Historical OEM costs are based on an average of a range of cell sizes (e.g., phone and laptop cells).Module / battery pack cost claims vary significantly by vendor and by chemistry type
2009 Li-ion module / battery pack estimates with BMS
*
*
*
*
2009 module est.
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The balance of the battery pack includes power electronics, the battery management unit, thermal management, and the system housing.
Conceptual 12 kWh Li-ion system for PV integration
System Housing
Thermal Management
Battery Management
Unit
Inverter
Short Circuit/Surge Protection
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On a kWh basis, the modeled manufactured cost of the Residential DES System ranges between $230/kWh and $380/kwh.
Summary of Li-ion Modeled System Costs ( Costs/kWh) *
Modeled Li-ion Residential DES System Manufacture Costs ($/kWh at 12 kWh, usable)*
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
$400
NCM LiFePO4 NCA LiMn2O4
$/kW
h
* To establish a range, BOP power electronics costs ($1,360 nominal) were varied +/- 30%. The cost range for all other components for each of the chemistries is based on the sensitivity analysis.12 kWh fully integrated system; Actual price estimates could be 2-3 times higher.
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2 MW Lithium Ion System for Frequency Regulation at AES Power Plant
Early Field Trials by
• Altair Nano
• A123
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Emerging Distributed Energy Storage Systems
Zn / Br photo from RedFlow Technologies Ltd.
Li-ion System photo from GreenSmith Energy Mgt.
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Potential Applications Potential Applications Neighborhood Energy Storage Neighborhood Energy Storage
Source: American Electric Power ( AEP )
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32
Typical Summer Daily Demand for CA-ISO Region
Demand Curve after Implementation of 3,000 MW solar
0 6 12 18 2424
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
Hour of Day
CA
Gen
erat
ion
(GW
)
Peak - Shaving Impact of 13 GWh storage
Equivalent to 5 kWh Storage for each kW Installed Solar
Source: EPRI
Aggregation Distributed Storage can be Utility‐Scale
Small distributed systems can have a grid‐scale impact
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Energy Storage to Improve PV Support for Grid Integration
PV generation does not align fully with residential demand –leaving excess PV early in the day and unmet demand late in the day.
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Research underway to assess costs & benefits of energy storage by use and application
$-
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800
w/ Reg w/o Reg w/ Reg w/o Reg
Avg High
$/kW
h
Energy ArbitrageRegulationSystem CapacityLocal CapacityVAR SupportIncreased Reliability
Preliminary results based on specific assumptions
Energy Storage Value from Societal Perspectives
Other Potential Value from PV not considered yet
Regulation values – may or may not be able to be monetized
Preliminary Example
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Short-term Support for Large-Scale Solar PV
• Solar photovoltaics exhibit short-term variable power output from cloud cover and other sources
• Forms an integration issue • Short-duration storage
(seconds to minutes) can help mitigate these fluctuations by reducing ramp rates
• Requires storage with high-cycle life and power density, without requiring large durations
Jay
Apt
and
Aim
ee C
urtri
ght“T
he S
pect
rum
of P
ower
from
Util
ity-S
cale
Win
d Fa
rms
and
Sol
ar
Pho
tovo
ltaic
Arr
ays”
, Car
negi
e M
ello
n E
lect
ricity
Indu
stry
Cen
ter W
orki
ng P
aper
, CE
IC-0
8-04
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Plug-In Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Are Coming!Opportunities to Leverage and Use Storage System in Stationary Markets
PHEV or EREV EV
Production Saturn VUE2-Mode BlendedIntro: 2011 CY
Chevrolet VoltExtended Range EV
40-mile EV range16kWh Li-Ion
Intro: 2010 CY
Nissan2010 CY Daimler Smart ForTwo
2010 CY
Mitsubishi iMIEV2010 CY, 100 mile range, PG&E, SCE demo
Demo
Ford Escape PHEV2008 CY, 21 car fleetwith SCE/EPRI/Utilities
VW Golf TwinDrive30 mile EV range20-car fleet, 2009
Dodge ZEO150-200 mile range
Subaru R1e50 Mile AER
10-car fleet 2008 CY
Ford/Eaton Trouble Truck10 truck fleet w/ utilities
Toyota Prius PHEV500-car fleet
2009 CY
BMW Mini E150 mile range500 car fleet
2009 CY
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Night Time Over Generation
Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Hour, Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009
Perc
ent W
ind
ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
48 Hour Period Beginning 12:00am, March 18, 2009Pr
ice
North
South
West
Houston
Where to Dispose Energy During Night Time When We Have 20% Wind and 64GW of New Nuclear?
Wind Generation in ERCOT (Percent of Total Generation), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
ERCOT Market Clearing Price ($ per MWh), Mar. 18 and 19, 2009
Get Paid to Charge your PHEV
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38
Storage is a key component of the smart grid
TransmissionOperator
DistributionOperator
Load ServingEntity
Substation
OtherSubstations
ResidentialCustomer Multi-
Dwelling Unit
IndustrialCustomer
CommercialCustomer
DistributedResources
Microgrid / sustainable communities
EnergyStorage
Diagram courtesy of PG&E
Substation
Microgrid
Commercial & Industrial
Large-Scale Renewables
Residential
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Smart Grid Pilots underwayHigh-Penetration PV thru Grid Automation and Demand Response
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EPRI Smart Grid Demonstrations
• Deploying the Virtual Power Plant
• Demonstrate Integration and Interoperability
• Leverage information & Communication Technologies
• Integration of Multiple Types of Distributed Energy Resources (DER):
• Storage• Demand Response
• Renewable Generation• Distributed Generation
• Multiple Levels of Integration - Interoperability
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Energy Storage Program Road MapEnabling Mgt of Peak-loads and Intermittent Renewables via Smart Grids
Advanced 350 MW CAES Below Ground Demonstration
Utility Scale Storage for Grid Support
NaS, ZnBr
Aggregated Storage Systems in Smart Grid
Advanced 15 MW CAES Above Ground Demonstration
Customer & Utility Side of Meter Storage in Smart Grids: Li-ion , Advanced flow batteries; advanced batteries
End-GameCommercially Available Bulk
& Distributed Storage Solutions
Adiabatic –CAES Evaluation Go/No Go
vs. Bulk Flow Batteries or other options
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SummaryBarriers and Opportunities
• No energy technology is superior in all functional categories – and a portfolio of storage options will be needed to address needs in a Smart Grid
• Successful deployment of energy storage will depend on:– Technology readiness & validation, safety and durability– Improved cost economics and understanding of benefits – currently limited cost
effective solutions– Demonstrations of emerging technologies – need for more real world experience
of large scale storage– Need to study integration issues and development of wide area controls– R&D funding for basic science and long lead-time technologies– Both bulk and distributed storage will be needed– Regulatory Policy
• Market rules and policy recognition of storage• Difficult to aggregate all value streams from storage• Tariff design to maximize societal values and win-win for all stakeholders
Distributed energy storage can be utility scale via aggregation and Use of Smart Grid
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Thanks for your Attention!
Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity
Dan RastlerProgram Manager, Energy Storage [email protected]
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