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“ An entry with 0,0000 means that the concentration is to low, to be indicated
+Project no.:
679692
Project acronym:
Eco-Solar
Project full title:
Eco-Solar Factory: 40%plus eco-efficiency gains in the
photovoltaic value chain with minimised resource and
energy consumption by closed loop systems
Research and Innovation Actions (RIA)
FOF-13-2015
Start date of project: 2015-10-01 Duration: 3 years
D 5.4 Collection of stakeholder test results and feedback
on second round of test samples
Due delivery date: 2018-06-30
Actual delivery date: 2018-06-30
Organization name of lead contractor for this deliverable: bifa
Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme Horizon 2020 (2014-2020)
Dissemination Level
PU Public
CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) x
EU-RES Classified Information: RESTREINT UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC)
EU-CON Classified Information: CONFIDENTIEL UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC)
EU-SEC Classified Information: SECRET UE (Commission Decision 2005/444/EC)
Ref. Ares(2018)3488546 - 02/07/2018
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“ An entry with 0,0000 means that the concentration is to low, to be indicated
Deliverable number: D22/D5.4
Deliverable name: Deliverable 5.4 Collection of stakeholder test results and feedback
on second round of test samples
Work package: WP5 Environmental impact and repurposing of waste products
Lead contractor: bifa Umweltinstitut GmbH
Author(s)
Name Organisation E-mail
Karsten Wambach bifa [email protected]
Boris Mertvoy bifa [email protected]
Abstract
This deliverable summarizes the latest tests results and/or feedback received about the recycling and reuse of the selected waste and by-products as e.g. silica/quartz crucibles, hot zone graphite, Si-kerf and components of (NICE)-modules such as solar cells, metals, polymers or glass. Samples of the wastes were prepared, characterized and their recycling and reuse potential was discussed with stakeholders from the value chain. All wastes under examination were classified according to their potential hazardous properties. The feasibility of the recycling and reuse processes was investigated for material quantity, quality, and commercial value/demand. Potential customers/users in existing industries were identified in accordance with the quality of the output materials of the recycling processes.
Public introduction1
Europe wants to reduce its needs for raw materials and raise the level of recycling of resources in the solar power industry. After the successful completion of this project the greenhouse gas emissions from solar panel manufacturing will be reduced by 25 to 30 % and the waste generated will be decreased by 10% minimum. Therefore, the re-use and recycling of PV module components are targeted including the PV industry as well as other industrial sectors. The tests results and/or feedback received about the recycling and reuse of the selected waste and by-products as e.g. silica/quartz crucibles, hot zone graphite, diamond wire and components of (NICE)-modules such as solar cells, copper ribbon or glass are presented. Samples of the wastes were prepared, characterized and their recycling and reuse potential was discussed with stakeholders from the value chain. All wastes under examination were classified according to their potential hazardous properties. The feasibility of the recycling and reuse processes was investigated for material quantity, quality, and commercial value/demand. Potential customers/users in existing industries were identified in accordance with the quality of the output materials of the recycling processes.
1 All deliverables which are not public will contain an introduction that will be made public through the
project website
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“ An entry with 0,0000 means that the concentration is to low, to be indicated
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4
2 SURVEY OF MATERIAL REUTILIZATION ...................................................................... 4
2.1 Si-Kerf .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Quartz ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Graphite ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.4 Solar Cells ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 Polymers ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Glass ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.7 Metals ......................................................................................................................... 10
3 WASTE ASSESSMENT OF USED MODULES AND WASTE STREAMS
AFTER DISASSEMBLING ................................................................................................. 11 3.1 Waste Framework Directive and European List of Waste ......................................... 12
3.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Discussion of Results .................................................................................................. 14
4 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WASTE ......................................................................... 14 4.1 Assessment according to the guidelines of POP regulation ....................................... 20
4.2 Assessment according to the Waste Framework Directive ........................................ 20
5 END OF WASTE CRITERIA ............................................................................................... 20 5.1 Waste or product? ....................................................................................................... 21
5.2 Legal framework: end-of-waste-status ....................................................................... 22 5.2.1 Recovery or recycling operation ..................................................................... 22
5.2.2 Fulfilment of cumulative end-of-waste criteria .............................................. 22
6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 24
7 LITERATURE ...................................................................................................................... 25
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1 INTRODUCTION
ECO-Solar aims overall resource efficiency in the photovoltaic cell industry by implementing
a closed recycling economy by reuse of cell components. If the utilization within the
photovoltaic cell industry is not feasible, other industries will be taken into account. As the
global photovoltaic module production is going to grow in the next years and with the
production being highly energy and natural resources consumptive, there is need for a
recycling concept.
Within the framework of the ECO-Solar project a workshop on “How to create value from PV
waste” has been conducted. Possible buyers of the selected waste-streams, potential sellers of
the selected waste-streams, potential technology providers that can turn the waste stream into
economically viable products and recyclers of PV modules have discussed how to turn waste
streams from the solar value chain into valuable products. The following waste streams have
been identified to be most promising and valuable ones:
Kerff-recycling
Quartz re-use / recycling
Graphite re-use
Defect / broken cells
Polymer materials for PV
Glass recycling
Metal recycling
During the workshop several ideas for the utilization of every kind of waste stream have been
collected. Moreover some groups have agreed on further cooperation in order to market the
wastes.
Furthermore the procedure on the assessment of the NICE modules and the waste streams
after disassembling are described. The assessment is based on several legal frameworks. The
Waste Framework Directory, data from project partners, laboratory results, and databases like
C&L- Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency will be taken into account. Additionally,
the European List of Waste provides information as well as the POP regulation and the Waste
Framework Directive are guidelines for the classification of the waste. Criteria for a waste to
lose its status of waste are discussed. Several technical and environmental issues are
exemplified. The process will be described by means of quartz as well.
2 SURVEY OF MATERIAL REUTILIZATION
2.1 Si-Kerf
During wafer production a considerable amount of Si is lost in form of fine particles in
consequence of the sawing of the Si-ingot. Up to 50 % of the Si-ingot accumulates as kerf
after the sawing process. Being a high grade material and due to a high energy consumption
during the ingot production, the recycling of the kerf is highly desirable.
In order to recycle kerf and utilize it for the solar ingot production, removal of the
contaminations is necessary. During the sawing process the Si particles are contaminated with
water, glycol, oil, SiC, diamonds, Fe, Ni, glass or other oxidation product. Therefore Garbo
has developed and implemented a silicon recycling process which removes contaminations
and reaches purity values of 99,9999 % (6N). In a further step the purified silicon can be
pressed to briquettes. This enables a mechanically stable and manageable form for further
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utilization as feedstock blended with other solar grade silicon. Being a high grade material
and with the possibility of contamination removal the reached material quality can be very
high. The unique selling point of the kerf is its price. The production of pure silicon is more
expensive compared to the recycling process. And with the recycling process being less
energy consuming, the carbon footprint can be reduced. Moreover the kerf is highly available
as the byproduct of the wafer production. However, the amount of kerf produced in the EU is
fairly small, as the wafer production predominantly takes place in Asia. Furthermore the
utilization of the Si-kerf strongly depends on the price of the raw material. If the prices are
comparable, the manufacturers do not tend to use the recycled material because they fear the
quality loss in the wafer production. As the source of kerf mainly lies in Asia, the transport
and logistics of the kerf is subject to strict import/export regulations in terms of the dangerous
good aspects and REACH. Therefore, inclusion of Asian partners seems to be advantageous.
Attempts to manufacture ingots from Si-kerf have been made by project partners. The
recycled and cleaned powder has been used to produce ingots by directional solidification. An
additional thermal treatment was performed beforehand in order to remove oxygen through
thermal degassing. The results show that the Si powder can be used to produce ingots which
mostly exhibit a polycrystalline structure. The resistivity range of the ingots shows that they
can be used for the production of n-type mc Si cells without additional doping. However, the
thermal treatment of the Si-kerf should be improved in order to reduce the oxygen
contamination and improve the melt ability as well as electrical properties, as the
requirements on the purity are high [1].
Other potential use for the Si-kerf is the production of silicon nitride (Si4N3). Project partners
tried to manufacture silicon nitride (Si4N3) crucibles by using recycled and cleaned Si-kerf. It
was observed that crucibles with good mechanical and physical properties can be produced by
replacing constituent 1 by up to 20 % Si-kerf. Replacing component 2 does not result in
acceptable “greenware” crucibles. However, the results with up to 10-15 % Si-kerf are
promising and require further improvement of the recipe.
Lower grade kerf can find application in the metallurgy as alloying element. Furthermore the
Si-kerf can be used for production of hydrogen fuels by oxidation of the Si particles in water
by addition of other chemicals. Nonetheless, the kerf needs to be purified from other
contaminations such as the coolant. The reaction of Si with sodium hydroxide produces
hydrogen and sodium silicate. Sodium silicate is an intermediate product which can be used in
different fields for example as additive in cement production, adhesives or detergents and has
a wide sales market [2]. The hydrogen can be sold to hydrogen users. This approach would
represent a true circular economy for kerf waste. The unique selling point of these products is
their positive eco-balance. However these products have to compete with commodities
relating to their price. With the kerf being mainly produced in Asia, the transport of kerf is
critical regarding the possible reaction with water resulting in production of hydrogen and
would require de-watering. Additional reaction inhibitors would be necessary which lower the
purity of the kerf. Furthermore, the briquetting of the Si-kerf is challenging. Therefore it is
preferable to have the conversion process implemented at the same location where the wafer
cutting is performed.
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Si-kerf Description
Unique Selling Point Cost, quality, carbon footprint, availability
Target Markets PV recycling, Si3N4 production, reaction bonded
silicon nitride, alloying element
Early Adopters/ Customers EcoSolar and Cabriss partners, Si producers, H2
producers
Product Market Size EU low, Asia high
Foreseen Price ~ 16 EUR/kg
Market Opportunities PV industry mainly in Asia, metallurgical industry,
ceramic industry
Possible Obstacles Transport, logistics, import/export regulations,
dangerous goods aspects, REACH
Table 1: Collected ideas on recycling of Si-kerf.
2.2 Quartz
Crucibles made from quartz are used during Si ingot crystallization. Generally, the crucibles
are landfilled after the first application. This results from the fact that the crucibles crack
during the cooling process of the ingot production due to different coefficient of expansion
and phase transformations. Bifa has contacted crucibles manufacturers, but they show no
interest in using the crucibles as a secondary raw material. For the utilization in the cement or
in the ceramic industry the incidental amount is too low to certify them as input material.
As the interest of the manufacturers in taking back the material is low, new possibilities for
utilization need to be taken into account. As silicon at high temperatures is highly reactive, the
crucible material is subject to high purity requirements. Therefore the quartz is a high grade
material which may exhibit some residues like Silicon, SiC, Si3N4 or SiOx on the surface.
A promising route for the utilization of the quartz is the horticulture. The bigger quartz pieces
can e.g. be used as filling material for gabions as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Gabion filled with broken bits of quartz crucibles.
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The unique selling point is that the quartz is relatively cheap in price and with 180 t/a at one
cooperating user in Germany highly available. Another advantage is that the gabion can
include electric lightning to create an additional unique selling point. A drawback is that the
quartz needs to be treated in order to remove the sharp edges to eliminate the risk of an injury
prior to use.
Another idea from horticulture is to use the quartz to create terrazzo like tiles as the market
area is on the rise for this kind of products. The unique selling point is also the relatively
cheap price and the possibility of including electric lightning. The tiles can be used in new
housing e.g. stairways, bathrooms or outdoor e.g. for tile columns, light guides. Therefore
cement-producers as well as companies which produce terrazzo can be involved. The first
products can be presented to (landscape-) architectures or in garden centers, tile retailers and
expos. In order to achieve these goals a production process needs to be investigated.
Certification will be needed in the end of the development phase. Structural properties of the
material have to be determined. Moreover, the recycling of the tiles after end of life should be
taken into consideration too.
Furthermore, the quartz can be used as additive for different applications. A leading German
glass recycler has agreed to test the material for different use. A sample of around 100 kg was
sent for testing. The quartz is crushed to a desirable size and the sharp edges are removed via
attrition in a special process line designed for the production of decorative glass cullet. The
quartz obtained can be used beside the gabion as gravel in footway construction e.g. in
gardens or parks or as decoration for aquariums etc. The glass recycler is interested to
establish cooperation with the quartz supplier to market the material via existing business
channels. Before the quartz can be brought to the market it has to be taken out of the waste
regime and converted to a product approved by the local authority. This process shall be
initiated once the bigger sample will be processed successfully and passing the acceptance
tests of the glass recycler’s customers.
Quartz Description
Unique Selling Point Relatively cheap, decorative aspect
Target Markets Horticulture, construction industry
Early Adopters/ Customers Architects, garden centres, tile retailers, expos
Product Market Size Need to be researched
Foreseen Price To be determined
Market Opportunities Products like tiles with terrazzo design show positive
trend
Possible Obstacles Second round of recycling after end of life, production
process needs to be investigated, discoloration
Table 2: Collected ideas on recycling of quartz.
2.3 Graphite
Graphite is used as insulator for the hot zone of the crystallization furnace during the
production of solar grade silicon. The graphite is used for several numbers of cycles and once
it reaches end of life, it is landfilled since it is not repairable. The purity of the graphite is very
high, but it may react with Si and SiOx to SiC and CO during the ingot manufacturing. Si and
SiOx may also be deposited on the surface and in the pores of the graphite.
There are several possible recovery routs depending on the purity of the graphite. The
graphite can be used as recarburizer in the steel industry as the purity requirements are not
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very high. However, a large amount of graphite is required in order to be accepted. The
graphite can also be used for production of electrodes. Utilization in low value market is
feasible as well. The graphite can be used as filler material or for production of expandable
graphite like insulation foams, soft foams or textiles. Further research is necessary for
application in carbon fiber composites or metal carbides.
Major drawback is that for the utilization the graphite needs to be processed to match the
requirements of the customer’s facility. Overall there is minor interest for the utilization of the
graphite from the industry thus hindering high grade recycling.
Graphite Description
Unique Selling Point High purity material
Target Markets Low weight composites, industrial felts,
refractory metal carbides, low value markets
like fillers
Early Adopters/ Customers SiC producer, filler producer
Product Market Size Several thousand tons
Foreseen Price Depends on product quality
Market Opportunities Existing graphite markets with good prices
Possible Obstacles Purity and other specifications, cost vs.
performance
Table 3: Collected ideas on recycling of graphite.
2.4 Solar Cells
Broken solar cells contain several valuable components like aluminium, copper, silver,
thallium, lead and silicon. The recovery of these components requires the complete
disassembly of the PV module. The solar cells need to be removed for further treatment.
If the solar cell is still functional, it may be cut into smaller pieces and used in solar powered
gadgets. If the solar cell is not functional, it needs to be separated in the individual
components. The metal layers, the antireflective coatings, as well as the dopant layers can be
removed by selective etching. The etched metals can be retrieved and used for example as
silver and aluminium compounds. The silicon can be utilized as solar grade silicon again. If
the quality of the silicon is not high enough, it can be used in metallurgical applications. From
the overall 10,000 t of photovoltaic waste per year about 350 t of silicon and 5 t of silver can
be gained. The first adopters of these materials may be sputter target producers, refiners and
silicon smelters. All recovered materials do not require new utilization routes and can be
brought in already available recycling applications.
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Solar Cells Description
Unique Selling Point Include elements like Si, Tl, Sn, Ag
Target Markets Si- targets for sputtering, solar grade
materials
Early Adopters/ Customers Target producers, refiner, Si-smelter
Product Market Size 10,000 t/a, 350 t Si, 5 t Ag
Foreseen Price Depends on product quality
Market Opportunities Circular economy
Possible Obstacles Unlikely elements, state of the art as whole,
REACH
Table 4: Collected ideas on recycling of solar cells.
2.5 Polymers
Different polymers are used as sealing materials for the PV module. After the end of life of
the PV module most of the polymers are used for energy recovery. About 6-7 Mio. t of
polymer waste are estimated to be produced by 2050. In order to create a circular solution and
to improve the carbon footprint of the PV module alternative routes are under investigation.
Thermoplastics in principle can be melted and brought into the market. Chemical recycling
methods are under investigation as well. Therefore cooperation with polymer film recyclers is
favourable and the converters are chosen as targeted market. PV module producers are
expected to be the early adopters of these products. However, the realization of a recycling
process is difficult with the polymers consisting of several toxic components. Moreover, the
value creation seems to be small compared to the effort to be put in.
Polymers Description
Unique Selling Point Improvement of carbon footprint for PV
modules, circular solution
Target Markets Converting companies
Early Adopters/ Customers PV modules producers
Product Market Size 6-7 Mio. t polymers from PV panels by 2050
Foreseen Price Market price for commodities
Market Opportunities PET/Polymer market, high demand for polymers
Possible Obstacles Toxic materials used in the polymers, production
involved in the PV module, no changes in the PV
module design
Table 5: Collected ideas on recycling of polymers.
2.6 Glass
The glass is used to protect the solar cell from environmental effects. However, it is a high
grade material which needs to fit several criteria in order to be used in the PV module.
Although the glass recycling is well established, the value of the PV glass cannot be fully
exploited. The glass contains several contaminations and is mainly used for fibre glass or
foam glass production. The contamination is mainly caused by the polymers which are used
for the sealing of the PV module. Different methods for the removal of the polymers are under
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investigation. In order to remove these contaminations several solvents are tested including an
environmentally friendly approach using customized micro emulsions. The recovered and
cleaned glass can be used again in the PV industry. However it was noticed that most of the
time the glass is broken due to damage by environmental influences, transportation or
disassembly of the PV module. The reuse of the glass in the flat glass and container glass
industry is desired but require high purity of the cullet. Table 6 shows the limit of acceptable
contaminations for container glass industry [3].
Ceramics,
stone,
porcelain
NF
metals
Fe
metals
Glass-
ceramics
> 10 mm
Glass-
ceramics
< 10 mm
Organics Moisture Heavy
metals:
Pb, Cd,
Cr, Hg
50 [g/t] 5 [g/t] 5 [g/t] 5 [g/t] 30 [g/t] 500 [g/t] 5 % 200 ppm
Table 6: Limit of acceptable contaminations for container glass industry [3].
The optimization of the glass recycling process will allow the use of the glass in the container
glass industry. Sufficient purity can be reached by removal of the polymer fraction by mono-
incineration. However, cost of the implementation could be a possible obstacle. As the
photovoltaic module production is going to grow in the next years, the market size for the
glass is going to grow rapidly too. The product size is expected to grow up to 250,000 t by the
year 2025. The foreseen price for the glass is approximately 50 €/t. However, the product has
to compete with glass from other branches of industry. First adopters can be selected
container glass manufacturers. In order to achieve the needed specifications glass recyclers
should be involved.
Glass Description
Unique Selling Point High Purity
Target Markets Container glass industry, metallurgy
Early Adopters/ Customers Container glass manufacturer
Product Market Size Growing market, 250,000 t by 2025
Foreseen Price 50 €/t
Market Opportunities Integration in existing markets
Possible Obstacles Costs of implementation, specifications
Table 7: Collected ideas on recycling of glass.
2.7 Metals
The PV module consists of several metals which require their own recovery routes. During
the recycling process the metals are segregated by metal separators after crushing or milling
of the module. The aluminum from the frames can be reused or remelted. Copper with
coatings of tin and lead can be recycled at copper smelters. The silver from the solar cell can
be removed by etching or melting. The cables can be utilized by cable recycler. There are no
new utilization routes necessary since the metals are commodity and do not have a unique
selling point. The first adopters and targeted markets are smelters and recyclers and therefore
should be involved in the recovery process in order to comply with necessary quality of the
materials. More than 1 million tons of metals are produced. The metals have to compete with
metals from other industrial branches. The foreseen price for aluminum lies at approximately
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1 EUR/kg and the prices of silver and copper are based on London Metal Exchange (LME).
The value can be increased by increasing the purity of the metals.
Metals Description
Unique Selling Point Established recycling routes
Target Markets Smelter, recycler
Early Adopters/ Customers Smelter, recycler
Product Market Size > 1 Mio. t
Foreseen Price Al: ~ 1 EUR/kg, Ag/Cu: LME-based
Market Opportunities Classical recycling loop, separation
classification
Possible Obstacles Purity requirements
Table 8: Collected ideas on recycling of metals.
3 WASTE ASSESSMENT OF USED MODULES AND WASTE
STREAMS AFTER DISASSEMBLING
This chapter describes the procedure of waste assessment of the NICE modules and the waste
streams after disassembling. The assessment will be done after the requirements of the Waste
Framework Directive if necessary and possible, by considering data of the project partners,
results of the laboratory analysis and available information from databases like the C&L-
Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).
The European List of Waste (LoW) [4] gives further provisions for the assessment of
hazardous properties and the classification of waste. Considering the origin of the waste and
the used materials suitable waste identification codes are assigned to the identified waste
streams in Table 9.
No. waste stream suitable waste identification code
1 NICE Module respectively reference module
160214
160213*
2 Frame 160215*
160216
3 Glass 160215*
160216
4 solar cell 160215*
160216
5 junction material 160215*
160216
6 junction box 160215*
160216
7 wire and other electrics 160215*
160216
Table 9: Assigning suitable waste identification codes to identified waste streams.
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If the materials are faultless, it is possible to decide that the wastes are non-hazardous. The
classification of waste as hazardous or non-hazardous is a grave decision in the whole chain
of waste management from origin to final treatment. The decision triggers legal consequences
and the available compliant treatment and transport.
3.1 Waste Framework Directive and European List of Waste
The waste assessment according to the procedure given by the waste framework directive [5]
is based on the Commission Decision 2000/532/EC, which establishes the European List of
Waste [4]. The European List of Waste is the key document for classification of waste. It
gives further provisions for the assessment of hazardous properties and the classification of
waste. The list of wastes is categorised into chapters, sub-chapters and entries. These entries
are divided up into
absolute hazardous entries,
absolute non-hazardous entries and
mirror entries.
Classification according to the LoW firstly means that each waste is classified by a six digit
number. The first two digits are for the chapter describing the origin of the waste. The next
four describe detail materials and/ or processes and if the waste contains hazardous substances
or not. To find a suitable entry, the origin of the waste, the used materials and the process
facts have to be considered.
Chapter 16 02 contains waste codes from electrical and electronic equipment. According to
the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive [6] PV-modules are defined as
electrical equipment. This is the reason following waste identification codes would be suitable
for the modules: 160214 or 160213*
for the other waste streams: 160215 or 160214*
For the decision which one of the mirror entries has to be used a waste assessment according
the requirements of the waste framework directive [5] can be done. The properties of waste
which render a waste hazardous or non-hazardous are laid down in Annex III to this directive.
CLP Regulation
The CLP Regulation [7] sets out criteria for the hazard classification of substances and
mixtures. Waste is not considered as a substance, mixture or article under the
CLP Regulation [7]. However, the hazardous properties applicable for waste are related to
CLP criteria. Further, classification of substances under CLP may also be relevant for waste
classification. In this context, it sets out detailed criteria for assessing substances and
determining their hazard classification. Although Annex III to the waste framework
directive [5] is based on the CLP regulation [7], it does not contain a full ‘one to one’
transposition of the criteria as laid down there. Instead, in terms of the classification of waste,
it should be noted that some of the HP criteria of Annex III to the waste framework
directive [5] directly make reference to hazard classes and categories and to hazard statements
and associated criteria for classification. Many mirror entries specifically refer to ‘hazardous
substances’. Further, Table 3 of Part 3 of Annex VI to the CLP Regulation [7] gives a set of
official harmonised classifications of substances. Where such harmonised classification is
available, it has to be used in the classification of waste.
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POP Regulation
The aim of the POP Regulation [8] is to protect environment and human health from
persistent organic pollutants. Waste containing certain POPs, as indicated in the Annex to the
LoW (2015) above the relevant threshold listed in the Annex of POP Regulation [8]
absolutely has to be classified as hazardous.
In summary the waste assessment of the nice modules and the waste streams after
disassembling will be influenced by aspects of waste framework directive [5], CLP
Regulation [7], POP Regulation [8] and by knowing the composition (processing) and the
used substances in the waste. The classification of waste as hazardous or non-hazardous is a
serious decision in the total chain of waste management from origin to final treatment. Legal
consequences as well as a compliant treatment and transport are to be expected according to
the classification. Furthermore additional costs may incur.
3.2 Procedure
The waste assessment will concern the nice modules and the waste streams after
disassembling. For knowing the composition and the used substances, the material safety
datasheets, the results of analysis reports and the information given by the project partners
will be checked.
Only the parameters which were detectable by the analysis methods applied will be assessed,
e.g for more information about the presence of potentially hazardous or toxic compounds.
Information on the hazardousness of the possible substances and possible hazardous
compounds will be taken from the C&L-inventory or the database “registered substances”,
European Chemical Substances Agency (ECHA) or the Appendix VI Table 3 of CLP
Regulation [7].
The information about the components of the module received from the project partners and
the sample suppliers will be checked on plausibility. Knowing the composition and the used
substances in it, the contents will be calculated in the following steps. The comprehensive
waste assessment, if necessary and possible, will be done in accordance with the guidelines to
the waste framework directive 2008/98/EG [9]. The necessary information for fulfilling the
waste assessment will be researched in the material safety datasheets of the used components
(processing aids) and in databases like the C&L-inventory of the ECHA.
For the initial assessment several samples will be evaluated. The samples will comply with
the compositions: used module, aluminium frame (considering the reference module), glass,
junction box and cable, composite material and electrical connections. Influencing factors on
the assessment of the materials as hazardous or non-hazardous wastes are:
classification of the used chemicals like polyisobutylene (PIB) and silicones,
concentration of these chemicals in the PV module,
possible chemical alteration of the dangerous substances caused by previous or
following processes and their possible content in the waste stream
If the PV module has hazardous properties, these are mainly caused by components of the
silicones and electrical components or other pollutants. The type of the chemicals and its
substances are often the reason for the content of hydrocarbons and so for a hazard potential.
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3.3 Discussion of Results
In accordance to the guidelines of the LoW (2015) [4] considering the temporary results of the
waste assessment of the waste streams, the samples with non-hazardous components should
be assigned to the entry
16 02 14: discarded equipment other than those mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 02 13 or
16 02 16: components removed from discarded equipment other than those mentioned in
16 02 15
In accordance to the information of the LoW (2015) [4], considering the temporary results of
the waste assessment of the waste streams, the samples with hazardous components should be
assigned to the entry
16 02 13*: discarded equipment containing hazardous components other than those
mentioned in 16 02 09 to 16 02 12 or
16 02 15*: hazardous components removed from discarded equipment
This is an absolute hazardous entry (visibly by the asterix *).
4 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WASTE
The considered waste streams are the used NICE modules of the first and second generation
as well as a standard reference module. Furthermore material flows of the treatment of used
modules are evaluated. In this analysis it is assumed that the parts PV module, PIB, ppe + ps-
hiFr40, silicones and solar glass are composed as shown in the tables below. Information on
the danger of constituents in the adhesives has been taken from the safety data sheets of the
manufactures. Information of the constituents of the diodes, the solar glass and the glass fibre
has been taken from the datasheet of Ecoinvent report 7 [10] and Ecoinvent report 18 [11].
The danger of these components is mentioned at hazardous material data banks and Annex III
of the WFD if no information was included in the safety data sheets of the suppliers. In the
case that there were different statements in the databases, the safety date sheets and the
harmonized classification mentioned in Annex III Table 3 of [7], the harmonized
classification was used as the minimum classification. For the definition of the H-phrases
(hazard codes) reference is made to the CLP regulation. The contents of the different
components in the product were calculated according to the information provided by the
project partner “Apollon Solar”. For the solar cells the concentrations were determined on the
basis of the results of own analyses.
Substance H-phrases Concentra-
tion in
product
CAS-
number
Silica (SiO2) No harmonized classification 0,8953 14808-60-
7
Thallium (Tl) as thallium compound H330, H300, H373, H413 0,0006 7440-28-0
Cadmium (Cd) undetectable in - 0,0000 -
Page 15
analyses
Silver (Ag) as an element No harmonized classification 0,0187 7440-22-4
Aluminium (Al) as element H228, H261 0,0850 7429-90-5
Copper (Cu) as element (Proportion
to 50 % of the detected amount of
Cu)
No harmonized classification 0,0000 7440-50-8
Copper (Cu) as copper oxide (CuO)
(Proportion to 50 % of the detected
amount of Cu)
H332, H302, H318, H400,
H410
0,0000 1317-39-1
Lead (Pb) as lead compound H360Df, H332, H302, H373,
H400, H410
0,0004 Index Nr.
082-001-
00-6
Table 10: General composition of solar cells. An entry with 0,0000 means that the
concentration is too low to be indicated.
Substance H-phrases Share of
product
CAS-
number
Talc Not a dangerous substance 0,3330 1407-96-6
Polyisobutene polymer Not a dangerous substance 0,3330 9003-27-4
Polyolefine polymer Not a dangerous substance 0,1670 25895-47-
0
Carbon black Not a dangerous substance 0,1670 1333-86-4
Table 11: Assumed composition of Polyisobutylen.
Substance H-phrases Share of
product
CAS-
number
Polyphenylene ether
assumption 30 %
H360 0,3000 -
Polystyrene assumption 30 % Not a dangerous substance 0,3000 -
high performance glass fibre
reinforced 40 %
H351 0,4000 -
Table 12: Composition of ppe+ps-hiFr40.
Substance H-phrases Share of
product
CAS-
number
Page 16
Silica as quartz
(SiO2)
Not a dangerous substance 0,6000 14808-60-
7
Sodium dioxide (Na2O) H315, H318, H335 0,0100 1313-59-3
Potassium dioxide
(K2O)
Skin. Corr. 1B; H314 corres. GESTIS 0,0100 12136-45-
7
Calcium oxide (CaO) H315, H318, H335 0,1500 1305-78-8
Magnesia (MgO) Not a dangerous substance 0,1500 1309-48-4
Boron trioxide (B2O3) Reproductive toxicity, Cat. 1B; H360FD 0,1000 1303-86-2
Aluminium oxide
(Al2O3)
Not a dangerous substance, if not
presented as a fibre
0,1600 1344-28-1
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Not a dangerous substance 0,0200 1317-70-0
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) Not a dangerous substance 0,0100 1309-37-1
Fluorine (F2) Oxidizing gases Cat. 1; H270
Gases under pressure, compressed gas;
H280
Acute Toxicity, Cat. 1, Inhalation; H330
Corrosive to the skin, Cat 1A; H314
0,0100 7782-41-4
Table 13: Assumed composition of glass fibre.
Substance H-phrases Share of
product
CAS-number
Lead as element H360Df, H332, H302, H373, H400,
H410, R50-53
0,0157 Index Nr.
082-001-00-6
Iron as element No harmonized classification 0,4334 7439-89-6
Copper as element No harmonized classification 0,2261 7440-50-8
Nickel as element H351, H372, H317 0,0037 7440-02-0
Molybdenum as element No harmonized classification 0,0202 7439-98-7
Tin as element Not a dangerous substance 0,0447 7440-50-8
Glass (Pb containing)
consisting of:
0,1562
- Silica as quartz
(SiO2)
Not a dangerous substance 0,7260 14808-60-7
- Calcium oxide (CaO) H315, H318, H335 0,0860 1305-78-8
- Natrium oxide (Na2O) Skin. Corr. 1B; H314 according to 0,1360 1313-59-3
Page 17
GESTIS
- Potassium oxide (K2O) Skin. Corr. 1A; H314 according to
GESTIS
0,0030 12136-45-7
- Magnesia (MgO) According to GESTIS: Not a
dangerous substance
0,0410 1309-48-4
- Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Not a dangerous substance, if not
presented as a fibre
0,0070 1344-28-1
Encapsulation (< 72 %
SiO2)
Not a dangerous substance 0,0952 14808-60-7
Epoxy resin H315, H317, H319, H411 0,0001 25068-38-6
Doted silica Not a dangerous substance 0,0045 14808-60-7
Table 14: Assumed composition of the Diode.
Substance H-phrases Share of
product
CAS-
number
Secondary sealing: PVS 210
consisting of:
- Polydimethylsiloxane No harmonized classification 0,5109 9016-00-
6
- Calcium carbonate No harmonized classification 0,3650 471-34-1
- Trimethoxy(methyl)silane H225 0,0365 1185-55-
3
- Titananethylacetate H226, 315, H318, H335, H336 0,0365 83877-
91-2
- Phosphoric acid, 2-
ethylhexylester
H314 Skin Corr. 1B 0,0365 12645-
31-7
- Methanol H225, H331, H311, H301, H370** 0,0073 67-56-1
- N-(3-
(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)
ethylenediamine
H317, H318; EUH 208 0,0073 1760-24-
3
Junction box: Novasil S56
consisting of:
(Attention: only substances
which has to be mentioned
after SDS are listed)
No dangerous substance mixture - -
Page 18
-Methyl-0,0',0''-butan-2-
ontrioximosilan
Skin Irrit. 2, H315; Eye Irrit. 2, H319;
Skin Sens. 1, H317
0,0500 22984-
54-9
-3- Aminopropyl ( methyl )
silsesquioxane, ethoxy-
terminated
H226, Skin Irrit. 2, H315; Eye Irrit. 2,
H319
0,0250 128446-
60-6
Junction box:
Novasil S5170 Comp. A
Not a dangerous substance - -
Junction box: Novasil S5170
Comp. B consisting of:
(Attention: only substances
which has to be mentioned
after MSDS are listed)
Skin. Corr. 1B H314 Eye Dam. 1
H318
- -
- 3-
(Diethoxymethylsilyl)propyla
mine
Skin Corr. 1B, H314 0,050 3179-76-
8
- Tetraethylsilikat Flam. Liq. 3, H226; Acute Tox. 4,
H332; Eye Irrit. 2,
0,0500 78-10-4
- 3-(Triethoxysilyl)-
propylamine
Skin Corr. 1B, H314; Acute Tox. 4,
H302; Skin Sens. 1, H317
0,0500 919-30-2
Al frame: Kömmerling PVA
200 Comp. A consisting of:
- In total 1 -
- Calcium carbonate Not a dangerous substance 0,4615 471-34-1
- Polydimethylsiloxane H413, R53 0,5385 9016-
006
- Al frame: Kömmerling
PVA 200 Comp. B consisting
of:
- - -
- Calcium carbonate Not a dangerous substance 0,3478 471-34-1
- Carbon black Not a dangerous substance 0,2609 1333-86-
4
- Polydimethylsiloxane H413, R53 0,1739 9016-00-
6
Page 19
- Tetrapropylothosilicate H315, H319, H335 0,1739 682-01-9
- Trimethoxypropylsilane H226, H315, H319, H335 0,0435 1067-25-
0
Table 15: Assumed composition of Silicone.
Substance H-phrases Share of
product
CAS-
number
Silica as quartz (SiO2) Not a dangerous substance 0,7260 14808-60-
7
Calcium oxide (CaO) H315, H318, H335 0,0860 1305-78-8
Sodium (Na2O) Skin. Corr. 1B; H314 according to
GESTIS
0,1360 1313-59-3
Potassium oxide (K2O) Skin. Corr. 1A; H314 according to
GESTIS
0,0030 / 12136-
45-7
Magnesia (MgO) Not a dangerous substance 0,0410 1309-48-4
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) Not a dangerous substance, if not
presented as a fibre
0,0070 1344-28-1
Table 16: Assumed composition of the solar glass.
The exact formulations e.g. of PIB and other substances are subject to the company secrets of
the suppliers of partner “Apollon solar” and therefore cannot be reproduced in detail here.
They incorporate the assessment in such a way that an adequate mixture of 100 % is taken
into account on the basis of the maximum possible contents.
Table 17 shows a qualitative overview on the material streams which occur next to the
material flow “used module” after the disassembling. Moreover it is shown which substances
get from the used module into which material flow. The amount of the respective residual
attachments was estimated based on the results of own analysis.
No. Material flow Composition
1 Used module see Bill of Material, effective: 20.12.2015
2 Aluminium frame;
if existing
Aluminium frame (AlMg3), Silicone products
3 Glass Solar glass, Silicone products
4 Solar cells Consisting of Si, Ti, Ag, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Pd
5 Junction box Polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene oxide, silicone
products, diode, polyphenylene ether, polystyrene, high
Page 20
performance glass fibre reinforced 40 %,
6 Wire, composite
materials and
electrical connector
Polyethylene (HDPE), tin, copper, lead
Table 17: Definition of regarded material flows.
The assessment is based on the present materials and their contents in 1 m2 of module. The
contents are derived from the BOM list of the project partner “Apollon Solar”. Information
on the substances contained in PIB, silicone products etc. was taken from the respective
recipe.
4.1 Assessment according to the guidelines of POP regulation
According to LoW [4] wastes containing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane,
chlordane, hexachlorocyclohexanes (including lindane), dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor,
hexachlorobenzene, chlordecone, aldrin, pentachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene,
hexabromobiphenyl and/ or PCB in concentrations above the concentration limits set out by
the Annex IV to Regulation (EC) No. 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the
Council [8] are classified as dangerous. The substances relevant according to LoW [4] can be
excluded due to the origin of the waste. The POP regulation [8] therefore does not apply to
the waste to be assessed.
4.2 Assessment according to the Waste Framework Directive
The waste framework directive [5] defines the hazard-relevant properties HP1 to HP15 and
specifies rules for the classification or limit values for hazardous substances of the different
hazard characteristics. Generally it was done in close accordance with the current hazardous
substances legislation ( CLP regulation). When intact, the classification of the material as
non-hazardous waste is possible according to the temporary results of the waste assessment.
Even if, after application of the calculation rules according to waste framework directive [5],
concentration limit values are mainly used for the criteria HP7 (-> glass fiber in the waste
stream “junction box”) and HP8 (-> calcium dioxide in the waste stream “modules” and
“glass”) and HP10 (diboron trioxide in the waste stream “junction box”) can force the
classification of a material stream as hazardous waste, as the concentration limit values are
reached or exceeded by the proportion of hazardous substances classified in the respective
waste stream, a health hazard can be excluded due to their incorporation into a matrix. In the
case of damage, the material flows must be classified as hazardous waste as a precautionary
measure.
5 END OF WASTE CRITERIA
If a waste loses its status of waste it will become a product. In this case more possibilities to
use this material are available. But before a waste can become a product several requirements
must be fulfilled. These requirements are laid down in the Article 6 of the waste framework
directive [5]. In the following chapters it will be shown, how the test procedure takes place.
Page 21
For this purpose the waste stream “quartz” will be taken as an example. Figure 2 gives an
overview over the necessary steps the potential relevant legal directives or guidelines and
examples for documents to proof the compliant fulfillment.
Figure 2: Check criteria end of Waste according to Article 6 2008/98/EG [5]
5.1 Waste or product?
Before the test procedure starts it has to be clarified if the material is a waste or not.
According to Article 3 of the waste framework directive [5] ”waste” means any substance or
object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard”. If this is the intention of
the holder, it can be checked whether the waste can to be released from the waste regime or
not. Whether a waste is present or not is usually decided on the basis of the wish to discard.
This is to be assumed with regard to such substances or objects which incur in the energy
transformation, manufacture, treatment or use of substances or products or in services,
without the purpose of the relevant action being directed therefore, or whose original purpose
is waived or abandoned without a new purpose taking its place immediately.
In case of the waste “quartz”, it has to be said that the holder wants to discard it. Crucibles
made from quartz are used during Si ingot crystallization. Most crucibles crack during the
cooling process of the ingot production. The broken pieces can’t be used again for crucibles,
so the material becomes a waste.
Page 22
5.2 Legal framework: end-of-waste-status
In order to prove the end-of-waste-status, the criteria of Article 6 End-of-waste status
paragraph 1 (recovery process, market, usual use, fulfilment of applicable requirements, proof
of missing negative effects on the environment and human health) are to be applied, unless
there are specific requirements from the EU or a Member state for certain wastes according to
Article 6 paragraph 2 e.g. the Council Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 for scrap metal [12]. No
specific EU-regulation is known for “quartz”. Because the concrete legal basis is obviously
missing in the EU, the general criteria of Article 6 paragraph 1 has to be applied.
5.2.1 Recovery or recycling operation
A waste can cease to be a waste when the material has passed a recovery or recycling
operation. The appropriate operations of the waste hierarchy (Article 4 [5]) must be regarded:
preparing for re-use,
recycling,
other recovery, e.g. energy recovery
“Recycling” within the meaning of the Waste Framework Directive is “any recovery
operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances
whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but
does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as
fuels or for backfilling” [5].
“Other recovery” means “any operation with the principal result of which is waste serving a
useful purpose by replacing other materials which would otherwise have been used to fulfil a
particular function, or waste being prepared to fulfil that function, in the plant or in the wider
economy. Annex II of the waste framework directive sets out a non-exhaustive list of
recovery operations” [5].
If this is the case and the other criteria of Article 6 are all met, the waste is to be dismissed
from the scope of the waste legislation. Relevant to the loss of the waste status is that the
recovery process is completed and then followed by another use.
Currently there are tests taking place at a glass recycler, to look if the waste “quartz” can be
integrated in the recycling process there.
5.2.2 Fulfilment of cumulative end-of-waste criteria
The end-of-waste-status does not automatically occur, when a recovery or recycling process is
completed. The material must also fulfil all the criteria of Article 6 paragraph 1 of the waste
framework directive. In case of one aspect has to be answered negative or reasonable doubts
to the correct fulfilment still exists any, the material remains in the waste regime.
Common use for specific purposes
For a new product a certain use must be possible. The purpose must be defined, specific and
normal. It also cannot be used for another recovery or disposal process. In this case, a
willingness to discard according to Article 3 would be recognizable and the material would be
waste again.
In the production of the decorative articles like glass cullet silicon oxide is used. The waste
“quartz” consists mainly of silicon oxide. This indicates that there could be a useful use for
the waste “quartz”. At the moment, test will be carried out, if the waste “quartz” could be
integrated in the production of glass cullet.
Page 23
Market or demand
By proving that there is a market or demand for the product produced, it should be ensured
that it does not become waste again. However, it is not enough to create a market first, the
market must already exist.
For the glass cullet are several business channels available. So there will be possible markets,
if the integration of the “quartz” in the production process will be successful.
Fulfilment of all technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing
legislation and standards applicable to products
These criteria must demonstrate that the material produced corresponds to the material
originally used for the purpose. It is recommended that a comparison of the material used so
far and the substituent (waste) with respect to specifications, standards and requirements,
which is subjected to the previously used material, is made. Only when this comparability is
given, these criteria can be regarded as fulfilled. According to previous interpretation, a
complete equivalence of secondary and primary product is not required. It is sufficient that the
same environmental requirements are met [13].
This means for the example “quartz” that it has to be initially identified in which business
channels the glass cullet can be used. After this, the requirements can be identified and it can
be proved, if they can be fulfilled. This step will be done after the results from the tests are
available.
Use of the substance or object will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human
health impacts
The use of the material produced must not lead to harmful effects on humans’ health and the
environment. This can be demonstrated by the fact that an identity or comparability with the
material to be substituted is achieved. If this is not possible or if it cannot be ensured by proof,
the material will remain waste in monitoring of the waste regime. According to [13] a reliable
prognosis is required that the use of the generated material cannot have harmful effects on
humans and the environment. In this case, it must be checked whether the intended and
customary use is associated with environmental and health risks throughout the entire use,
including storage, transport, further treatment and, if necessary, end products.
If only a physical or mechanical process (e.g. sorting, mixing etc.) is intended as the treatment
process, it must be ensured that no hazardous containments are present in the material.
Substance- or product-specific regulations outside of waste legislation may be used to
determine the extent of the required health and environmental protection regulations. In a
comparative safety analysis, it is recommended to contrast the protection regulations of waste
legislation with those of the planned product right. If the product legislation contains
protective gaps, this is an indication that the material is not being released from the waste
regime.
The tests, which are being in progress at the moment, will be only a mechanical progress. So
an analysis of the composition of the waste “quartz” would be necessary to assure, that there
are no hazardous substances in it. After that, by knowing the potential business channels a
safety analysis could be done, too. But these steps will be done only then, when the tests are
successful.
Page 24
Summary
On the basis of the above reports and after the results of the tests, which will be carried out at
the moment, are available, it could be stated, that there are several indications of the loss of
waste status for the material “quartz”. These indications are there for the criterion “common
use for specific purposes” (use as glass cullet for decorative items) and for the criterion
“market or demand” (several channels for the glass cullet available). Detailed look on these
two criteria and the proof of fulfillment of the other two criteria (fulfillment of all technical
requirements and no harmful effects on human health or the environment) are dependent on
the test results.
6 CONCLUSION
Several ideas on the utilization of the waste streams kerf, quartz, graphite, defect/broken cells,
polymer, glass, metal have been collected with stakeholders of interested firms.
Si-kerf can be used for the production of Si-ingots again. First examinations show that ingot
with an acceptable quality for PV modules can be created. The Si-kerf can also be used for
production of silicon nitride (Si4N3) crucibles. First evaluations show that crucibles with good
mechanical and physical properties can be manufactured with up to 20 % Si-kerf.
Furthermore, the Si-kerf can be used in metallurgical application or for the production of
hydrogen.
Currently there is no interest of quartz manufacturers in taking back the material. A possibility
for utilization is given by the horticulture. Quartz can be used filling material for gabions or in
the production of terrazzo like tiles. Furthermore, a utilization as decorative glass cullet is
under investigation. Cooperation between a glass recycler and the quartz supplier has been
established.
The use of the graphite is strongly dependent on its purity. While high grade graphite can be
used for the production of metal carbides, low grade graphite can be used as recarburizer in
the steel industry or in industrial felts.
The recovery of solar cells is quite difficult. A complete separation of individual components
is mandatory. Only functional cells may be cut in smaller pieces and used in solar powered
gadgets.
Polymers like thermoplastics can be melted and brought in the virgin market. Chemical
recycling methods are under investigation. However, the polymers can be used for energy
recovery.
The glass can be mainly used for fibre glass or foam glass production. By removing the
contamination from the glass the utilization in the flat glass or container glass industry is also
feasible. Intact glass sheets can be reused for PV module manufacturing in ideal cases.
The metals can be segregated by metal separators from the cullet. Aluminum from the frames
can then be reused or remelted. Copper with coatings of tin and lead can be recycled at copper
smelters. The silver from the solar cell can be removed by etching or melting. The cables can
be utilized by cable recyclers.
Suitable waste codes could be assigned to the identified waste streams according to the
European List of Waste. The waste framework directive, the CLP Regulation and the POP
Regulation are also taken into account. Samples with non-hazardous components should be
assigned to the entries 16 02 14 and 16 02 16. Samples with hazardous components should be
assigned to the entries 16 02 13* and 16 02 15*. Furthermore H-phrases have been assigned
Page 25
to the different constituents of the PV-module based on the concentrations which have been
determined.
According to Article 3 of the waste framework directive “waste” is defined as a substance or
object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. Waste can cease to be a
waste when the material has passed a recovery or recycling process. In order to prove the end-
of-waste-status missing negative effects on the environment and human health have to be
ensured. However in order to utilize the materials an existing market is necessary which shall
be demonstrated with the quartz and silica from crucibles.
7 LITERATURE
[1] DOLD, P.: Silicon Crystallization Technologies. In: Semiconductors and Semimetals.
Bd. 92, 2015, S. 1–61
[2] LAGALY, G. ; TUFAR, W. ; MINIHAN, A. ; LOVELL, A.: Silicates. In: Ullmann’s
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry : American Cancer Society, 2000 — ISBN 978-3-527-
30673-2
[3] Leitlinie „Qualitätsanforderungen an Glasscherben zum Einsatz in der
Behälterglasindustrie“
[4] 2000/532/EC — 2000/532/EC: Commission Decision of 3 May 2000 replacing
Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive
75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste
pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste (notified under
document number C(2000) 1147) (Text with EEA relevance). Bd. 226, 2000
[5] Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November
2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives
[6] Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012
on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (1). Bd. 197
[7] Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16
December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures,
amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation
(EC) No 1907/2006 (Text with EEA relevance). Bd. 353, 2008
[8] Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29
April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending
[9] Commission notice on technical guidance on the classification of waste
[10] KELLENBERGER, D. ; JUNGBLUTH, N. ; ALTHAUS, H.-J. ; KÜNNINGER, T.: Life cycle
inventories of Building Products (Final report ecoinvent data v2.0 Nr. 7). Schweiz St.
Gallen/Dübendorf : Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, 2007
[11] HISCHIER, R. ; CLASSEN, M. ; LEHMANN, M. ; SCHARNHORST, W.: Life Cycle
Inventories of Electric and Electronic Equipment: Production, Use and Disposal (Final report
ecoinvent data v2.0 Nr. 18). Schweiz St. Gallen/Dübendorf : Swiss Centre for Life Cycle
Inventories, 2007
[12] Council Regulation (EU) No 333/2011 of 31 March 2011 establishing criteria
determining when certain types of scrap metal cease to be waste under Directive 2008/98/EC
of the European Parliament and of the Council. Bd. 094, 2011
[13] Abfallrecht Archive - WEKA MEDIA. URL https://www.weka.de/thema/abfallrecht/. -
abgerufen am 2018-06-27. — WEKA MEDIA - Der Fachverlag für Ihren beruflichen Erfolg
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