Energy Conservation BuildingCode [ECBC]
Hisham AhmadEnvironmental Design Solutions [EDS]
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What are Energy ConservationBuilding Codes?
ECBC set minimum energy efficiencystandards for design and construction
ECBC encourage energy efficient designor retrofit of buildings so that It does not constrain the building function,
comfort, health, or the productivity of theoccupants
Has appropriate regard for economicconsiderations
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Power of Central Govt.
POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO FACILITATE ANDENFORCE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AND ITSCONSERVATION
14. Power of Central Government to enforce efficient use of energyand its conservation.- The Central Government may, by notification,in consultation with the Bureau,-
(p) prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use ofenergy and its conservation in the building or building complex;
(q) amend the energy conservation building codes to suit theregional and local climatic conditions;
(r) direct every owner or occupier of the building or building complex,being a designated consumer to comply with the provisions ofenergy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy andits conservation;
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Power of State Govt.
POWER OF STATE GOVERNMENT TO FACILITATEAND ENFORCE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AND ITSCONSERVATION
15. Power of State Government to enforce certainprovisions for efficient use of energy and itsconservation.- The State Government may, bynotification, in consultation with the Bureau-
(a) amend the energy conservation building codes to suitthe regional and local climatic conditions and may, byrules made by it, specify and notify energy conservationbuilding codes with respect to use of energy in thebuildings;
(b) direct every owner or occupier of a building or buildingcomplex being a designated consumer to comply with theprovisions of the energy conservation building codes;
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ECBC Scope
Mandatory Scope Covers commercial buildings Connected load in excess of 500kW
or
Contract demand in excess of 600 kVA
Recommended for all buildings with conditioned area>1000m2
Applies to New Construction only
Building components included Building Envelope (Walls, Roofs, Windows)
Lighting (Indoor and Outdoor)
Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)System
Service Water Heating and Pumping
Electrical Systems (Power Factor, Transformers)
International Experience
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History of Building Energy Codes
Before the 1973 Oil Shock, only a fewcountries in Europe had energyrequirements for buildings, which weretypically simple insulation requirements.
After 1973, widespread use of BuildingEnergy Codes: North America (US and Canada)
ASEAN and Asia
South Asia and Pacific Islands
Caribbean and Latin America
Europe, Middle East and North Africa
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1975 1980 1989 1999
ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1:Estimated Savings
40% from 1975 Construction
5% from Standard 90-1975
20% from Standard 90-1980
6-9% from Standard 90-1989
Total60%
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The California Experience
Because of its energystandards and otherprograms, California hasexperienced “flat” per-capita growth in energyconsumption since thelate 1970’s, in spite oflarger homes, biggerrefrigerators and manyother amenities
During this same timeperiod, the rest of theUnited States hasexperienced a 50%increase in per capitaenergy consumption.
ECBC India
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ECBC development Process
An extensive data collection was carriedout for construction types and materials,glass types, insulation materials, lightingand HVAC equipment
Base case simulation models weredeveloped
The stringency analysis was done throughdetailed energy and life cycle costanalysis.
A stringency level for each codecomponent was established
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Five climate zones1. Composite (Delhi)
2. Hot Dry (Ahmadabad)
3. Hot Humid (Kolkata),
4. Moderate (Bangalore)
5. Cold (Shillong)
GeographicalVariations
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MandatoryMandatory
ProvisionsProvisions
(required for most
compliance options)
Building System Compliance Options
Energy CodeCompliance
PrescriptivePrescriptiveOptionOption
Energy CostEnergy CostBudgetBudget
Trade OffTrade OffOptionOption
SimplifiedSimplified
Envelope
HVAC
Lighting
SWH
Power
Other
Compliance Options
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Prescriptive Compliance
Prescriptive requirements for all therelevant sections must be met individually.
A simple checklist form for demonstratingcompliance
Easy to use, but restrictive: no flexibility inapproach
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Trade-off Process
The compliance can be demonstrated at asystem level.
Trade-off between component of a systemis allowed
Simple spreadsheet based calculationscan be sufficient
Slightly more effort required, but offersgreater flexibility
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Whole Building Compliance (EnergyBudget Method)
Compliance is demonstrated for the wholebuilding
The overall target of energy use(kWh/year) is to be met; irrespective of thecompliance at the component level
Whole building energy simulation isrequired
Offers great flexibility, but requires muchgreater effort, knowledge, and simulationexperience
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Budget Building Criteria
Design Energy Cost Energy Cost Budget
*Unless glazing area in budget designrequires adjustment
Identical
SurfacesOrientations*
Identical
WeatherSchedulesEnergy rates
Proposed DesignMeets mandatory requirementsAs designed:Envelope/Lighting/HVAC/SHW
Budget Building DesignMeets mandatory requirementsMeets prescriptive requirements :Envelope/Lighting/HVAC/SHW
Simulation Model Simulation Model
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The Budget Building and Proposed
Building must be identical in terms of:
Occupancy schedules
Weather file
Building geometry
Purchased energy rates
Simulation software
Methodology
ECBC Impact
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National Impact Potential
The average energy use (lighting andHVAC) for typical commercial building is200 kWh/sq. meter/year.
Mandatory enforcement of ECBC shalleasily reduce the energy use by 30-40% to120-160 kWh/sq. meter/year.
Nationwide Mandatory enforcement ofECBC will yield a saving of 1.7 billion kWhfor 2005-2006.
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25%-40% Reduction in Building EnergyUse
NationalEnergySavings
CodeStringency
Level ofCompliance
AdoptionRate
= X X
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Impact of Energy Codes
Market Development for EE products Building Insulation
Energy Efficient Windows (Glass and Frames)
High-Efficiency HVAC Equipment
Improved Design Practices Lighting and Daylighting
Natural Ventilation/Free-Cooling Systems
Improved Performance
Improved Power Factor
Lower HVAC Loads
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Encourage Environmentally SensitiveDesign
The most cost effective way to meet theECBC requirement would be to designbuildings with appropriate regard to climateand sun.
A design not sensitive to sun and climatewill have to invest more to meet theminimum ECBC standard
This will encourage environmentallysensitive design and architecture
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Typical Implementation Schedule
Phases
1 Development
2 Implementation Preparation
3 Enforcement
4 Revisions
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Years
5 6 7 81 2 3 4
Implementation
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Barriers to ECBC Implementation
Strong first cost bias
Lack of availability of efficient products
Lack of equipment testing & certification.
Lack of energy expertise
Lack of awareness, info. and tools
Electricity rate structures / rural subsidies
Territoriality by agencies
Potential code official abuses
Lack of government & utility “Champions”
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Proposed Comprehensive Program toImplement the Energy Code
Traditional Energy Code Enforcement Government buildings – enforced by agency
Private & Institutional buildings – enforced vialocal code process
Utility hookup enforcement
Market programs Demonstration Building Programs to Transform
Markets
DSM Programs (Design Assistance / Rebates)
Green Building Rating Systems
Energy Labeling Schemes (1-5 Star)
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ECBC Development: Next Steps
Checking and Certification Systems forEquipment and Systems
Capacity building of State and Municipalimplementing agencies
Design Manuals, Software, and Trainingand Technical support for Architects,Engineers, and Code Officials
Awareness programs for building owners,designers, and users
ECBC HIGHLIGHTS
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ENVELOPE
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Envelope
Mandatory Requirement Envelope sealing
Test methods for measuring thermalperformance
Prescriptive Requirements
Roof Insulation
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Roof RequirementTable 4.3.1 Roof assembly U-factor and Insulation R-value Requirements
Climate ZoneHospitals, Hotels, Call
Centers (24-Hour)Other Building Types
(Daytime)
Maximum U-factor of
theoverall
assembly(W/m2-°C)
Minimum R-value ofinsulation
alone(m2-°C/W)
Maximum U-factor of the
overallassembly
(W/m2-°C)
Minimum R-value ofinsulation
alone(m2-°C/W)
Composite U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1
Hot and Dry U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1
Warm andHumid U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1
Moderate U-0.409 R-2.1 U-0.409 R-2.1
Cold U-0.261 R-3.5 U-0.409 R-2.1
See Appendix D.3 for typical complying roof constructions.
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Wall RequirementsTable 4.3.2 Opaque Wall Assembly U-factor and Insulation R-value Requirements
Climate ZoneHospitals, Hotels, Call
Centers (24-Hour)Other Building Types
(Daytime)
Maximum U-factor of
the overallassembly
(W/m2-°C)
Minimum R-value of
insulationalone
(m2-°C/W)
Maximum U-factorof the overall
assembly(W/m2-°C)
Minimum R-value of
insulationalone
(m2-°C/W)
Composite U-0. 440 R-2.10 U-0.440 R-2.10
Hot and Dry U-0.440 R-2.10 U-0.440 R-2.10
Warm andHumid U-0.440 R-2.10 U-0.440 R-2.10
Moderate U-0.431 R-1.80 U-0.397 R-2.00
Cold U-0.369 R-2.20 U-0.352 R-2.35
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Glazing RequirementsTable 4.3.4-1 Vertical Fenestration U-factor and SHGC Requirements (U-factor in
W/m2-°C)
Climate Maximum U-factor
MaximumSHGC
WWR<40%
Maximum SHGC40%<WWR<60%
Composite 3.3 0.25 0.20
Hot & Dry 3.3 0.25 0.20
Warm & Humid 3.3 0.25 0.20
Moderate 6.9 0.40 0.30
Cold 3.3 0.51 0.51
Minimum Visible Light Transmittance
Window-Wall-Ratio Minimum VLT
>30% 0.27
31%-40% 0.20
41%-50% 0.16
51%-60% 0.13
>61% 0.11
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Glazing Requirements
Overhangs and/or side fins may be applied indetermining the SHGC for the proposed design.
Exception to SHGC Requirements in § 4.3.4:Vertical Fenestration areas located more than2.2 m (7 ft) above the level of the floor areexempt from the SHGC requirement in Table4.3.4-1, if the following conditions are compliedwith: Total Effective Aperture Glare/ solar control
Minimum Visible Transmission: To permit theuse of available daylighting in place of electriclighting, glazing products used in offices, banks,libraries, classrooms with predominant daytimeusage, must have the minimum visualtransmittance (VT), defined as function ofwindow area
HEATING, VENTILATIONAND AIR CONDITIONING
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HVAC
Mandatory Requirements Ventilation (Natural or Mechanical)
Minimum Equipment Efficiencies
Controls
Thermostats
Timeclocks
Pipe and Duct Insulation
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HVAC
Prescriptive Requirements Outside Air Economizers
Variable speed drives for large pumps and fans
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Minimum Efficiency for ChillersEquipment Class Minimum
COPMinimum
IPLV
Air Cooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons) 2.90 3.16
Air Cooled Chiller ≥530 kW (≥150 tons) 3.05 3.32
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller < 530 kW(<150 tons)
5.80 6.09
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥530 and <1050kW ( ≥150 and <300 tons)
5.80 6.17
Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW(≥ 300 tons)
6.30 6.61
Reciprocating Compressor, Water Cooled Chillerall sizes
4.20 5.05
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, WaterCooled Chiller <530 kW (<150 tons)
4.70 5.49
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, WaterCooled Chiller ≥530 and <1050 kW (≥150 and<300 tons)
5.40 6.17
Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, WaterCooled Chiller ≥ 1050 kW (≥ 300 tons)
5.75 6.43
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Unitary Air Conditioning Equipment
Equipment Class MinimumCOP
MinimumIPLV
Test Standard
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥19and <40 kW ( ≥5.4 and <11 tons )
3.08 ARI 210/240
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥40to <70 kW (≥11 to <20 tons)
3.08 ARI 340/360
Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner ≥70kW ( ≥20 tons)
2.93 2.99 ARI 340/360
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner<19 kW (<5.4 tons)
4.10 ARI 210/240
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner≥19 and <40 kW ( ≥5.4 and <11tons )
4.10 ARI 210/240
Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner≥<40 kW ( ≥11 tons )
3.22 3.02 ARI 210/240
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Controls
All mechanical cooling and heating systemsshall be controlled by a timeclock that: Can start and stop the system under different
schedules for three different day-types per week,
Is capable of retaining programming and time settingduring loss of power for a period of at least 10 hours,and
Includes an accessible manual override that allowstemporary operation of the system for up to 2 hours.
Exceptions: Cooling systems < 28 kW (8 tons)
Heating systems < 7 kW (2 tons)
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Cooling Tower
All cooling towers and closed circuit fluidcoolers shall have either two speedmotors, pony motors, or variable speeddrives controlling the fans.
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Ductwork Insulation
Table 5.2.4.2 Ductwork Insulation ( m2-°C/W)
Required Insulationa
Duct Location Supply Ducts Return Ducts
Exterior R-1.4 R- 0.6
Unventilated Attic with Roof Insulation R- 0.6 No Requirement
Unconditioned Spaceb R- 0.6 No Requirement
Indirectly Conditioned Spacec No Requirement No Requirement
Buried R- 0.6 No Requirement
a Insulation R-value is measured on a horizontal plane in accordance with ASTMC518 at a mean temperature of 24C (75F) at the installed thickness
b Includes crawlspaces, both ventilated and non-ventilatedc Includes return air plenums with or without exposed roofs above.
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Economizers
Each individual cooling fan system that has a designsupply capacity over 1,200 l/s (2,500 cfm) and a totalmechanical cooling capacity over 22 kW (6.3 tons) shallinclude either: An air economizer capable of modulating outside-air and
return-air dampers to supply 100 percent of the design supplyair quantity as outside-air; or
A water economizer capable of providing 100% of the expectedsystem cooling load at outside air temperatures of 10°C (50°F)dry-bulb/7.2°C (45°F) wet-bulb and below.
Exception to § 5.3.1.1: Projects in the Hot-Dry and Warm-Humid climate zones are
exempt. Individual ceiling mounted fan systems < 3,200 l/s (6,500 cfm)
are exempt.
Where required by 5.3.1.1 economizers shall becapable of providing partial cooling even whenadditional mechanical cooling is required to meet thecooling load.
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Variable Flow Hydronic Systems
Chilled or hot-water systems shall be designed forvariable fluid flow and shall be capable of reducingpump flow rates to no more than the larger of: 50% of the design flow rate, or the minimum flow required by the equipment manufacturer for
proper operation of the chillers or boilers.
Water cooled air-conditioning units with a circulationpump motor greater than or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp) shallhave two-way automatic isolation valves on each unitthat are interlocked with the compressor to shut offcondenser water flow when the compressor is notoperating.
Chilled water or condenser water systems that mustcomply with either 5.3.2.1 or 5.3.2.2 and that havepump motors greater than or equal to 3.7 kW (5 hp)shall be controlled by variable speed drives.
SERVICE HOT WATER ANDPUMPING
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Service water heating
Mandatory Requirements Solar water heater or heat recovery for at least
20% of the design capacity
Minimum efficiency for service water heatingequipment
Piping insulation
Pool covers for heated swimming pools, exceptwhen heated with solar or site-recovered heat
LIGHTING
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Lighting
Mandatory Requirements Each space enclosed by ceiling-height partitions
shall have at least one control device toindependently control the general lighting withinthe space.
Automatic Lighting Shutoff for Interior lightingsystems for contiguous spaces larger than 500m2 (5,000 ft²)
Luminaires in daylighted areas greater than 25m2 (250 ft2) shall be equipped with either amanual or automatic control
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Lighting for all exterior applications notexempted in § 7.4 shall be controlled by aphotosensor or astronomical time switch
Following lighting applications shall be equippedwith a control device to control such lightingindependently of general lighting:
Display/Accent Lighting
Case Lighting
Hotel and Motel Guest Room Lighting
Task Lighting
Nonvisual Lighting
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Internally-illuminated exit signs shall not exceed5 Watts per face.
Exterior Building Grounds Lighting should havea minimum efficacy of 60 lm/W unless theluminaire is controlled by a motion sensor
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Lighting Power RequirementTable 7.3.1 Interior Lighting Power - Building Area Method
Building Area Type LPD (W/m2) Building Area Type LPD (W/m2)
Automotive Facility 9.7 Multifamily 7.5
Convention Center 12.9 Museum 11.8
Court House 12.9 Office 10.8
Dining: BarLounge/Leisure 14.0
Parking Garage3.2
Dining: Cafeteria/FastFood 15.1
Performing Arts Theater17.2
Table 7.3.2 Interior Lighting Power – Space Function Method
Space Function LPD(W/m2)
Space Function LPD(W/m2)
Lobby 14.0 Hospital
For Hotel 11.8 Emergency 29.1
For Performing ArtsTheater 35.5
Recovery8.6
For Motion PictureTheater 11.8
Nurse Station10.8
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Table 7.4 Exterior Building Lighting Power
Exterior Lighting Applications Power Limits
Building entrance (with canopy) 13 W/m2 (1.3 W/ft2) of canopied area
Building entrance (without canopy) 90 W/lin m (30 W/lin f) of door width
Building exit 60 W/lin m (20 W/lin f) of door width
Building facades 2 W/m2 (0.2 W/ft2) of vertical facade area
ELECTRICAL POWER
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Mandatory Requirements Transformers
Maximum Allowable Power Transformer Losses
Energy Efficient Motors
Power Factor Correction: All electricity suppliesexceeding 100 A, 3 phase shall maintain their powerfactor between 0.95 lag and unity at the point ofconnection.
Check-Metering and Monitoring
APPENDICES
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ECBC APPENDIX
Definitions, Abbreviations, And Acronyms
Climate Zone Map Of India
Prescriptive Compliance Forms
Building Envelope Tradeoff Method
Whole Building Performance Method
ECBC can be downloaded fromwww.bee-india.nic.in
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Impact on HVAC Sizing
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Typical Building Plan
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Roofs
Description
Net Area(m²)
U-factor(W/m²-°C)
East Roof 113.934 2.605
SouthRoof 265.31 2.605
Core Roof 491.512 2.605
Walls
Description Net Area (m²)U-factor
(W/m²-°C)
wall East 183.78 2.767
wall North 367.533 2.767
Building Envelop- Non ECBC Compliant
Windows
Description Area (m²)U-factor
(W/m²-°C) SHGC OrientationExteriorShades
ProjectionFactor
WindowsSouth 177.12 6.121 0.810 South None
WindowsWest 78.72 6.121 0.810 West None
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Transient Thermal Behavior-Non ECBC Compliant Building
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Internal Gains – ECBC Non Compliances
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Fabric and Ventilation - ECBC Non Compliances
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Roofs
Description Net Area (m²) U-factor (W/m²-°C)
East Roof 113.934 0.150
west Roof 113.934 0.150
North Roof 265.31 0.150
South Roof 265.31 0.150
Core Roof 491.512 0.150
Curtain Walls, Other Walls
Description Net Area (m²) U-factor (W/m²-°C)
wall East 183.78 0.250
wall West 183.78 0.250
wall South 367.533 0.250
wall North 367.533 0.250
Windows
Description Area (m²)U-factor (W/m²-
°C)SHG
C OrientationExteriorShades Projection Factor
WindowsSouth 177.12 2.440 0.595 South yes
WindowsNorth 177.12 2.440 0.595 North yes
Window East 78.72 2.440 0.595 East yes
WindowsWest 78.72 2.440 0.595 West yes
Building Envelop- ECBC Compliant
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Transient Thermal Behavior-ECBC Compliant Building
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Internal gains – ECBC Compliance
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Fabric and Ventilation- ECBC Compliances
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Zone Description ECBC Compliant ECBC Non Compliant
Block Zone DesignCapacity (kW) DesignCapacity (kW)
GroundFloor GF East 4.40 9.61
GroundFloor GF West 5.45 11.64
GroundFloor GF Core 13.61 28.96
GroundFloor GF North 8.48 18.48
GroundFloor GF South 8.50 18.50
MiddleFloorMiddle
East 4.53 10.29
MiddleFloorMiddle
West 5.51 12.41
MiddleFloorMiddle
Core 13.91 31.97
MiddleFloorMiddle
North 8.67 20.22
MiddleFloorMiddle
South 8.69 20.06
TopFloor Top East 4.64 11.39
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