SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Department GeologyGadjah Mada University
SEQUENCESTRATIGRAPHY:CONCEPTANDAPPLICATION
Compiledby:
BudiantoToha
Smester 12014/2015
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Nevertheless,Ipersistintheclaimthatcratons,theirmargins,andtheirinteriorbasinsdonotjustliethere passively
waitingtobeencroacheduponbyrisingsealevelsorlaidbaretoerosionassealevelsfall.
Studentsandpractitionersofsequencestratigraphy are,forthebetterorworse,
recordersandinterpretersoftectonicevolution.
L.L.Sloss FortyyearsofsequencestratigraphyGeologicalSocietyofAmericaBulletin,v.100.p.16611665,Nov.1988
WaterflowsdownhillG.P.Allen
.andthesedimentsupplywithitaswell(adoptedfromIrfan Cibaj,June2011)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
GeorgesP.Allenspent20yearsstudying
theMahakam deltaareasedimentology.
Weowehimtheunderstandingofsedimentaryprocessesaswellas
theirconsequencesinreservoirgeometry
GeorgesP.Allen,25May1942 15October1998
(adoptedfromIrfan Cibaj,June2011)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
OBSERVASION INTERPRETATION PREDICTION
Geometry
Lithology
Fossil
Sedimentarystructure
Paleocurrent
DepositionalEnvironmentandPaleogeography
Location,GeometryandEconomicAspects
FACIESMODEL
FACIESANALYSIS
pointstoremember
(comparewithrecentsediments)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SequenceStratigraphy anditsapplicationforHCexplorationwithin~8hours??..justlikeanefforttoswallowabiggerpreythanthemouth..!!!!!
NEVERGIVEUP TRYandTRYAGAIN,YOULLSUCCEEDATLAST !!!!!
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
EXPLORATION CONCEPT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
CONCEPTUALMODELOFPETROLEUMSYSTEMSOURCEROCKSPOTENTIAL:
1. SYNRIFTINTERVAL LESSDEEPSUBBASIN2. SYNRIFTANDPOSTRIFTINTERVAL INTERMEDIATEDEEPSUBBASIN3. SYNRIFT,POSTRIFTANDBACKARCINTERVAL DEEPSUBBASIN
SYNRIFTISTHEBESTPOTENSIALSOURCEROCKSPODS
RESERVOIRPOTENTIAL:SYNRIFT:FLUVIAL,DELTAICLACUSTRINE,LACUSTRINEBEACHPOSTRIFT:FLUVIAL,DELTAIC,SHALLOWMARINE,CARBONATEBACKARC:SHALLOWMARINE,DEEPWATER?ANDFLUVIODELTAIC
POSTRIFTINTERVALISTHEBESTKNOWNRESERVOIRINTERVAL
SOURCEROCKSPOTENTIALTRAPSandSEAL/CAPROCKS
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Itisconcernedwithallcharacters andattributes ofrocksasstrata;andtheir
interpretationintermsofmodeoforigin and
geologichistory
STRATIGRAPHY:thescienceofrockstrata
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
BASININFILLINGDYNAMICSSEDIMENTATIONSEQUENCESTRATIGRAPHY
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
CONCEPTSINSTRATIGRAPHY
STENOSPRINCIPLES(1669)SuperpositionofStrata
OriginalLateralContinuityofStrataOriginalHorizontalityofStrata
Collate:VerticalAccumulationofStrata
CROSSCUTTINGPRINCIPLEveins,dykesetcwereknowntocutacrossthe
countryrock:therockscuttingacrossacountryrockareyoungerthanthecountry.
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Modifiedstatement:
LawofSuperposition:Theyoungeststrataareattopinanundisturbedsequence(Anthony,1955,p.83)
LAWOFSUPERPOSITION(STENO,1669)
1
2
3
4
5
6
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
StatementofPrinciple:Dippingbedswereoncehorizontal.
(Woodford,1935,p.3)
ModifiedStatement:Lawofhorizontality :Sedimentarystrataarelaiddownnearlyhorizontallyandessentiallyparalleltothesurfaceuponwhichtheyaccumulate.(Anthony,locopcit.,p.83)
ORIGINALHORIZONTALITY(STENO,1669)
1
2
3
Note:Patternofsedimentaccumulationismostlyvertical(aggradations)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Modifiedstatement:
LawofOriginalContinuity:Theoriginalcontinuityofwaterlaidsedimentarystrataisterminatedonlybypinchingoutagainstthebasinofdeposition,atthetimeoftheirdeposition.(Anthony,loc.op.cit,p.83)
HORIZONTALLATERALCONTINUITYSteno,1669)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Additionalsedimentsupplywillbeaccommodatedinthebasinsuchasprograding orretrograding
fashion(sidegrowth)(progradation/retrogradation)
PRINCIPALOFLATERALACCRETION
Sedimentaryrocksareformedinadepositionalenvironmentwithinitialsurfacerelativelyinclinedtothecenter
ofthebasin
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
PROGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
Actually . DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICSAGGRADATION
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
DEPOSITIONALDYNAMICS
SL1 SL2
SL3
SL4SL5 SL6
SL7
EROSIONSURFACE
PROGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
1
23
4
566
77
899
10 11
1212
13
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEDIMENTARY FACIES AND ENVIRONMENT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEDIMENTARYENVIRONMENTANDFACIES
Asedimentaryenvironmentisapartofearthssurfacewhichisphysically,chemically,andbiologicallydistinctfromadjacentterrains,e.g.deserts,rivervalleys,lake,deltas,lagoon,shallowmarine(Selley,1985)
Asedimentaryfacies isamassofsedimentaryrockswhichcanbedefinedanddistinguishedfromothersbygeometry,lithology,sedimentarysructures,paleocurrentpattern,andfossils(Selley,1985)
PROCESS
PRODUCT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEDIMENTARYFACIES:
PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL,andBIOLOGICALASPECTSOFDEPOSITIONALENVIRONMENTWITHINSYNCHRONOUSINTERVAL
(AfterSelley ,1985)
CAUSE EFFECT
Process
PhysicalChemicalBiological
SEDIMENTARYENVIRONMENT
ErosionalNondepositionalDepositional SEDIMENTARY
FACIES
GeometryLithologySedimentary
structuresPaleocurrentsFossils
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
DEPOSITIONALFACIESANDENVIRONMENT
Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeofacontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
RSL1
(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeofacontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
DEPOSITIONALFACIESANDENVIRONMENT
RSL2
(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Variousdepositionalenvironmentsoccurringacrosstheedgeofacontinentalandtheadjacentmarginofanoceanbasin
DEPOSITIONALFACIESANDENVIRONMENT
RSL3
RSL3
(AfterSkinnerandPorter,1987)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
DynamicofSedimentationand
SequenceStratigraphy
Howsedimentaryrockisaccumulated Factorscontrollingprocess
Stratigraphic Recordanditspattern
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Stratigraphic record
Stratigraphic Record DynamicofSedimentation
(afterMatthews,1974)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
FactorsControllingSedimentation
1. Subsidence2. Eustacy3. Sedimentsupply/sedimentflux4. (Climate)
Sedimentflux Carbonatesedimentation Etc.
References:
Posamentier,H.W.,Jervey,M.T.andVail,P.R.,1988,Eustatic controlsonclastic depositionI conceptualframework,inWilgus,C.K.etal.,(eds.)Sealevelchanges:anintegratedapproach.SEPMSpec.Publ.42,p.109124.
_____________andVailP.R.,1988,Eustatic controlsonclastic depositionII,inWilgus,C.K.etal.(eds),Sealevelchanges:anintegratedapproach.SEPMSpec.Publ.42,p.125154.
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
(AfterAllen,1997)
FACTORSCONTROLLINGSHELFSTRATIGRAPHICPATTERNS
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
DynamicSedimentation
AccommodationSpace
Theinteractionofeustacy,subsidence,sedimentsupply,basinphysiography,andclimatelargerly controlbasinsedimentation.Oneormorevariablesmaybedominant
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
DynamicSedimentationSed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
constant
PROGRADATIONREGRESSION
CONSTANTSHORELINE
CONSTANTSHORELINE
TRANSGRESSION
AGRADATION
AGRADATION
CONSTANTSHORELINE AGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
DynamicSedimentation
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Sed SupplyEustacyTectonics
Constant()
constantconstant
constant
constant
STARVEDBASIN
TRANSGRESSION
Constant()
???
???
???
etc..
RETROGRADATION
CONDENSEDSECTION
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
MarineSequenceStratigraphy
Chronostratigarphy Stratal packages Controlsofsedimentation
Accommodationspace Tectonics
Eustacy (sealevelchanges)
Basingeometry Physiography Sedimentsupply
Provenance
Climate
NonmarineSequenceStratigraphy(Tectonostratigraphy)
Chronostratigarphy Stratal packages Controlsofsedimentation
Accommodationspace Tectonics
Basingeometry Topography Sedimentsupply
Provenance
Climate
Time
Accom
.Spa
ce
Initiation
LocalSagging
Clim
axRe
gion
alFaults
Coalesce
Late
rift
Pseu
do
stasis
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Formation of superimposed deltaic cycles or sequences(after Allen and Chambers, 1998)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
EUSTACY DEFINITION
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
The earths axis of rotation is inclined at an angle of 23.5o, which causes increasing seasonal variation in temperature and day lengths with increasing latitude. At the equinoxes the sun is directly overhead at the equator, and all parts of the earth receive 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness each day. At the summer solstice the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, and Artic Circle has 24 hours of continuous daylight, while all areas in the Southern Hemisphpere experience less than 12 hours of light everyday and the sun never rises below the Antartic Circle. At the winter solstice (not shown) the situation is reversed; incoming solar radiation is perpendicular to the erths surface at the Tropic of Carpicorn, and all areas in the Northern Hemisphere experience less than 12 hours of light each day ( Modified from Strahler ,1975)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Orbital variations and their force climatic changes and the formation of Milankovitchcycles
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION IS THE POTENTIAL SPACE AVAILABLE FOR SEDIMENT
TO ACCUMULATE
( After Allen, 1997 )
WHAT IS SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION ?
on the shelf, accommodation is controlled byRELATIVE SEA LEVEL
in fluvial environments, accommodation is controlledby THE FLUVIAL EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Definition :
( After van Gorsel, 1987 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Alluvial Coastal Plain and Fluvial Equilibrium Profile
( After Alen, 1999)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Accommodation in Fluvial Environment
( After Allen, 1997 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Accommodation in Fluvial Environment
( After Allen, 1997 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
RELATION BETWEENACCOMMODATION AND FACIES PATTERNS
IN FLUVIAL AND SHELF DEPOSITS
In any given interval, if the rate and natureof sediment influx is constant, the sand / shale ratio
is inversely proportional to the ratio between :
rate of increase of accommodation and sediment supply
( After Allen, 1997 )
(After Allen, 1999)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Fluvial Stacking Pattern : an effect of increasing accommodation space
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Effects of accommodation rates on fluvial aggradations
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SB
SB
EFFECTS OF ACCOMMODATION RATES ON FLUVIAL AGGRADATION AND SAND/SHALE RATIO
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT(After Allen, 1999)
Effects of varying accommodation rates on coastaland shelf sediment patterns, and sand / shale ratio
A low rate of accommodation (i.e. RSL rise) on the shelf results in low rates of coastal plain aggradation, rapid shoreline progradation and high rate of sand amalgamation on the coastal plain.High rates of shelf aggradation (i.e. RSL rise) result in higher rates of coastal plain aggradationand decreased sand amalgamation
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT(After Allen, 1999)
(rapid RSL rise, higher sed.supply)
Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with rapid increasing ofaccommodation space , and higher sediment supply
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT(After Allen, 1995)
(slow RSL rise, higher sed.supply)
Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with slow increasing ofaccommodation space , and higher sediment supply
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Facies Stacking Patterns :in a marine transition of depositional environment
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Parasequence-stacking pattern in parasequence sets ; cross-section and well-log expression (Van Wagoner et al., 1991)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?
Multicolored layered sedimentary rocks in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. (Skinner & Potter, 1987)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?
Cross-stratified sandstone, Utah. (Skinner & Potter, 1987)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
STRATIGRAPHIC PATTERNS
REGRESSION and TRANGRESSION( increasing or decreasing Acc. Space vs Sed. Supply )
SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
EROSIONAL SURFACE(UNCONFORMITY ?) and /orDEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES / FACIES
( Facies Succession )
(After Allen, 1999)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
TRANSGRESSIONand
REGRESSION
( After van Gorsel, 1987 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
REGRESSIONS
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF REGRESSIONS :
1. NORMAL REGRESSIONrelative sea level is constant or rising and
the coast migrates seaward because there is an overabundance of sediment supply with respect to accommodation
2. FORCED REGRESSIONSrelative sea level falls and as a result
the coastline migrates seaward regardless ofsediment supply
( After Allen, 1997 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
NORMALand FORCED
REGRESSIONS
( After Allen, 1997 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
All shelf deposits are characterizedby cyclic sedimentation patterns
These cycles occur at several scales
These patterns are the result of cyclicpatterns of regression and transgressionwhich are formed by changes in relativesea level (accommodation space)
( After Allen, 1997 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Thestackingpatternsofparasequences withinasequence.Eachindividualmeterscalecycleisproducedbyonehighfrequencyrelativesealevelcycle,andthelongertermthicknesspatternreflectsthelowerfrequency,longertermchangeinaccommodationspace.Thestackingpatternsdefinethesystemstractsofthesequence,asshown.
(fromTucker,2003)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Anexampleofmeterscalecyclesandtheirstackingpattern;asuccessionconsistsofcoarseningupwardunits(thinarrowsshowthecycles),andtheygroupintopackages(sets)basedontheincreasinggrainsizeandthickness.
(fromTucker,2003)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Well-LogResponses
forBeach Parasequences
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
SHALLOW-MARINEBEACH CYCLES :
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Well-LogResponses
forDeltaic Parasequences
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
SHALLOW-MARINEDELTAIC CYCLES :
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Stacking pattern ?
Flooding Surface ?
Sequence Boundaries ?
Maximum Flooding Surface ?
System Tracts ?
Potential reservoir ?
Additional data needed ?
EXERCISE :
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEQUENCE DEFINITION
A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE , GENETICALLYRELATED SUCCESSION OF PARASEQUENCES
AND PARASEQUENCE SETS BOUNDED BY UNCONFORMITY AND THEIR CORRELATIVE
CONFORMITIES
A SEQUENCE IS DEFINED BY THE PHYSICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE STRATA ALONE ;
NOT BYTHICKNESS , DURATION , OR INTERPRETATION OF GLOBAL OR
REGIONAL ORIGIN (i.e. scale independent)
( Van Wagoner , August 1994 )
It is used to provide a chronostratigraphic framework for the correlationand mapping of sedimentary facies and for stratigraphic prediction
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Sequence stratigraphy Sequence stratigraphy conceptsconceptsDuration of stratigraphic cyclesDuration of stratigraphic cycles
1st order > 50 Megasequence / Wilson 2nd order 5 to 50 Supersequence / Sloss 3rd order 0.5 to 5 Sequence / Vail 4th order 0.1 to 0.5 Parasequence / Milankovitch 5th order 0.01 to 0.1 Parasequence / Milankovitch 6th order < 0.01 Parasequence / Milankovitch
1st through 3rd order sequences can be resolved on seismic
The Pematang Group is consistent with a 2nd order sequence(also known as a supersequence or a Sloss sequence)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SEQUENCE SYSTEM TRACTS* Their position within the sequence* Stacking patterns parasequences and parasequence sets
PARASEQUENCE :
* A relatively conformable succession of genetically relatedbeds or bed-sets , bounded by marine flooding surfaces andtheir correlative surfaces
* R sedimentation > R accommodation : coarsening / shallowingupward (mostly)
* Boundary : marine-flooding surface
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
CONCEPT OF LATERAL ACCRETION > DEPOSITIONAL PACKET > STRATAL ARCHITECTURE
1 100 Km SEQUENCESTRATIGRAPHY
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Detailed Characteristics of Lamina , Laminaset , Bed , and Bedset(from Campbell , 1967)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Stratigraphic Components I
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Stratal Units in Hierarchy : Definitions and Characteristics( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Stratigraphic Components II
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SCALE INSEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMSAfter Soegaard, 1994
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SCALE INSEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMSAfter Soegaard, 1994
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
C. Low angle X-bedded sandstone, rests sharply on muddy-wavy-rippled siltstone. Sandstone is strongly X-bedded which becoming rippled to the top; fine tomedium grained; light to moderate brown; bioturbationare identified quite similar to rootlets, especially shown by hydrocarbon staining. This sandstone is interpreted as upper shoreface, or possibly channel (fluvial ?).GR reading of the underlying layer indicates of coarseningupward, which suggests possible offshore-bar or lower shoreface
B. Cross-bedded sandstone rapidly changes upwards into interbedded of very fine to fine grained light gray sandstone and muddy siltstone to silty-mudstone. A part of sandstone reveals wavy to current ripple structure, locally appearance of bioturbation and sediment deformation as well.This facies is interpreted as overbank sediments due tochannel avulsion, which may close to the active fluvial system,or possibly as backshore/mudflat lagoon
A. Varicolored of sandy mudstone, predominantly reddishbrown to purple with variation of grayish green, moderatebrown, gray and yellow. Massive, blocky, mottled reddish brown, some reveals subwaxy slickensided surfaces. This facies is interpreted as palaeosol developed in a lowrelief waterlogged flood plain setting.
B CA
B
Representative cores from X-Well Facies description and Interpretation
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
6764
6794
C
A
B
Core correlation to well-log
B
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Facies Model of One Sequence ReservoirAnd its characteristics
( Toha et al., 1999 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
15 - 30
10 - 15
15 - 30
MB
TCF
AC1 / AC2
MS
LSH
Seal
Baffle
GR + FACIES Thickness100 101 102 103 104
K ( Permeability )
MSSealCarbonate
15 - 30
10 - 15
15 - 30
MS
MB
TCF
AC1 / AC2
MS
LSH
Seal
Seal
Baffle
Carbonate
GR + FACIES
100 101 102 103 104K ( Permeability )
Amalgamated Braided Channels :multistory , coarse-medium grained , erosive based , X-bedded sandstone ,isolated
LSH
MS
MB
TCF
AC2
AC1
Lenses Shale :local distribution (isolated)
Marine Shale :widespread lateral distribution
Prograding Mouth Bar :CU of fine to medium muddy/silty bioturbated sandstone. Cleaner , Bioturbation decreases, ripple laminated and highly cemented at the top.
Transgressive Channel Fill ( Estuarine ) :FU of medium to fine and silty bioturbated sandstone
Amalgamated Braided Channels :multistory , coarse grained , erosive based , X-bedded sandstone ,widespread lateral distribution
Core and Facies Model
15 - 30
10 - 15
15 - 30
MS
MB
TCF
AC1 / AC2
MS
LSH
Seal
Seal
Baffle
Carbonate
GR + FACIES
100 101 102 103 104
K ( Permeability )
Thickness
Thickness
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
STRATIGRAPHY & FACIES MODEL OF MINAS FIELD
MOUTH BAR
> 1000 mD AMALGAMATED BRAIDED CHANNELS
AMALGAMATED BRAIDED CHANNELS
PROGRADING MOUTH BAR
ISOLATED CHANNELS AND BARS
MFS (SEAL)
TRANSGRESIVE CHANNEL FILL (ESTUARINE)
PROGRADING MOUTH BAR
MFS+CO3 (SEAL)
SB
10-1000 mD
10-1000 mD
100-1000 mD
AMALGAMATED BRAIDED CHANNELSSB
MFS (SEAL)
( Infill, Horizontal, Attic wells and Tertiary Target )
> 1000 mD
X
A1
A2
B1
B2
D
100-1000 mD
> 1000 mD
10-1000 mD
Potential bypassed Oil
MFS (SEAL)
GR Permeability ( K ) FACIES Former Name
TRANSGRESIVE CHANNEL FILL (ESTUARINE)
PROGRADING MOUTH BAR
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Sedimentological facies versus reservoir petrophysical classes
mudstone
Burrowedmudstone
tosiltstone
Schematic prograding mouth bar cross section
Thinbedded
burrowedsandstone
andmudstone
interbeddedclean
sandstoneand
mudstone
Laminatedsandstone
cleansandstonewith few
claydrappes
distal ProximalNon reservoir C B A
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
Lateral facies relationship and postulated core and well-log reponsesFor beach parasequence
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Aerial view of the mouth bar 2 deposited in the delta frontunder 2 5 m of water depth. It emerges during the lowest tides.
The emerged part can reach many kilometers in extension.
Distal part of the mouth bar
Fine to mediumgrained sand
Bioturbatedsand
Silt shaleallternations
Shale siltallternations
Proximal part of the mouth bar
Fine to mediumgrained sand
Bioturbatedfine sand
Laminatedfine sands
Very fine sands
( after Cibaj, 2011 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Coarse-grained channel fill
Fining upwardsgrain size
Sharp and erosive basalsurface of the channel
Coal bed
SEDIMENTOLOGY FOR GEOSCIENTISTSSEDIMENTOLOGY FOR GEOSCIENTISTSDistributaryDistributary channel as observed in outcropchannel as observed in outcrop
Lateral accretion
Coal bed
Coal bed
( after Cibaj, 2011 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Tidal channel
Distributary channel
Distributary channels as observed in the modern Mahakam delta
( after Cibaj, 2011 )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
EXAMPLE OF FACIES MAP
EXERCISE - DELTA
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
GR LLDNPHIRHOB
0
1
2
3
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4
4D - 46A755
Type Log
5
4
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3
2
1
0
SB
MFS
SB
MFS
SBMFS
MFS
Channel - Fill ( includes distributary channels & incised fluvial channel )Mouth BarsMudstone - Mainly Delta front to shelf
SCHEMATIC HIGH RESOLUTIONSTRATIGRAPHY FRAMEWORK
High Resolution Seq. Strat .Flooding Surfaces
Regional CSBSeq. Strat . Markers( 3rd Order )
No OrientationNo Scale
SB : Sequence BoundaryMFS : Maximum Flooding Surface
S t e p I : Ident ify 3rd Order Seq. St rat . MarkersIdent ify Facies Li t hology e.g. Channels, BarsIdent ify f looding SurfacesSubdivided int o Individual Parasequences
CORRELATION
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SB
200G R
FEETM D TVDSS
LLD 0.48 0.09NPH IRHOB
2.5120000.2
?
0
1
2
3
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4
?
200G R
FEETM D TVDSS
LLD 0.48 0.09NPH IRHOB
2.5120000.2
200G R
FEETM D TVDSS
LLD0.48 0.09NPH IRHOB
2.5120000.2
4D - 46A755
4D - 37746
4D - 38752
MFS
MFS
MFS
SB
ST EP 2 Cor relat e M ar ine Fl ood ing Sur f acesCor relat e FaciesM app ing w i t h in Chronost rat i g raph ic Un i t s
SW NE
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
Wells Log Correlation
RQP VS T U
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SAND ISOPACHS
Section D
MOUTHBARSectionB
Section B
427
493
258 816888
886
811 839
443 844
335765
479
461
779 78590
444492
171
790336
780
822
743
825
736
748
65 798
807
45 805
451
767
769 BAR
836
810832
466 774
808
796771
801
905
1008
1004
1011
286
0 500 1000 meters
BAR
421
420 803
CHANNEL
65
CHANNEL
Zone of erosion byby overlying reservoir
N
407
809
847
754
CHANNEL
20
33 39 34
36
41
40
2343
2835
32
46
22
40
20
21
33
2017
4
14
12
2015 16
8
10
0
10
15
18
14
21 20
20
28
30
35
35
3320
12
4
9510
65
7
40 3342
3
2920
20
806
20
3318
20
15
10
2420
10
10
MOUTHBAR
< 10'
10' - 20'
< 20'
20' - 40'
> 40'
CHANNEL
812
10
838
40
40
10
SectionA
3 D
2 F2 D 2 E
4 E4 C 4 D
3 ECHANNEL
BAR
RESERVOIR M3-M3.5 ( UPPER )
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
SAND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
905
Section D
MOUTHBARSection B
Section C
427
493
258 816888
812
886
811 839
844 847
335 754765
479
461
779 78590
444492
171
790336
780
822
743
825
748
65 798
807
45 805
451
767
769MOUTH BAR
838 836810
832
466 774
808
809
796771
801
1008
1004
1011
286
421
420 803
No sandstone
65
Section A
Erosive contactwith overlying reservoir
Fluvial/Distributary Channel
Delta Front/Mouth Bar
N
3 D
2 F2 D 2 E
4 E4 C 4 D
3 E
MOUTH BAR
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
736
443
0 500 1000 meters
RESERVOIR M3-M3.5 ( UPPER )
Permeability TrendChannel
Perm
eabi
lity
Tren
dM
outh
Bar
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
STYLES OF CHRONO- vs LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONfor progradational parasequence set (Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
STYLES OF CHRONO- vs LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONfor retrogradational parasequence set (Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
APPLICATION EXAMPLE : WELLS CORRELATION, SANGATA FIELD
SUCCESS EXAMPLEFROM MINAS FIELD
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY : Concept AND APPLICATION BDT
END SLIDES FOR THE CLASS
THANK YOU !TERIMAKASIH !
MATUR NUWUN !
ADDITIONAL SLIDESFOR FURTHER DISCUSSION
IF NECESSARY AND TIMES ALLOWED