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Israel Delegation to The CSD-16 United Nations Commission on Sustainable DevelopmentNYC, May 2008
Learning center:Efficient management of food production systems under water and land constraints
2CSD16 May 2008
Drought and Water Management -
The Israeli Experience
Drought and Water Drought and Water Management Management --
The Israeli Experience The Israeli Experience
State of Israel
The Ministry of National Infrastructures
Water Authority
Michael Zaide Water Authority
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Israel – General DataMiddle East, Semi arid areaMiddle East, Semi arid areaEstablished 1948 (this yearEstablished 1948 (this year--6060thth
birthday)birthday)Area: 20,770 kmArea: 20,770 km22
Regime: DemocracyRegime: Democracypopulation 7.2 millions. population 7.2 millions. Minorities 20%Minorities 20%GDP 31,800 US$/CapGDP 31,800 US$/CapAgriculture 2% of the GDPAgriculture 2% of the GDPSoon a member of the OECDSoon a member of the OECD
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OutlineBackgroundBackground
Water CrisesWater Crises
Change of PolicyChange of Policy
Principles of management and planningPrinciples of management and planning
Lessons from the Israeli experienceLessons from the Israeli experience
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The Extent of Water Shortage
165 m165 m33/y/capita /y/capita –– 33 % of 33 % of ““Shortage Shortage Red LineRed Line”” by the UN definitionby the UN definition
2020 2020 –– Domestic and Municipal needs Domestic and Municipal needs only (~ 1000 MCM)only (~ 1000 MCM)
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Israel is situated at the edge of the desert.Within 200 Km rainfall drops from over 700
mm/year to 150 mm/year.
Fluctuations in rainfall are very extreme.
Series of drought years are a common Phenomena
The Extent of Water Shortage
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Map of Aquifers in Israel
Total annual potential production (average) –
1,555 MCM
Kinneret basins650Western Galilee Aquifer - 110
Carmel Aquifer - 25
The Coastal Aquifer - 250Mountain
Aquifer - 320
Eastern basins130
Negev Basin
Arava Basin
70
580
?
TBS – 1355
TBS – 1285 2008: 970 (~76% )
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
Kinneret Mountain AquiferCoastal Aquifer Western Gallilee
Replenishment Data 1932-2008
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Replenishment Data
1932-2008
0250500750
1000125015001750200022502500275030003250350037504000
1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
שנה
שמ"מל
Replenishment DataMin : 601 Max: 3687 Average:1391 STD: 464 MCM
MC
M
Year
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Climate Change
Source: Roger Braithwaite, University of Manchester (UK)
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Projections of Future Changes in Climate
Decrease in precipitation quantities.
longer intermissions between rain events.
Increase in uncertainty of annual replenishment volume of natural water resources.
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Potable565 MCM
Domestic766 MCM
(40%)
Industry114 MCM
(6%)
Agriculture1180 MCM
(55%)
Other615
MCM
Water Demand per Sectors 2007
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Main National Water Supply System
108”Pipeline
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
+50
+100
+150
+200
HaifaNetofa
Tel Aviv
Sea ofGalilee
S N
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Wastewater Treatment in Israel: Wastewater Treatment in Israel:
No. of large WWTP: 32No. of large WWTP: 32
Wastewater ~ 500 MCM/yearWastewater ~ 500 MCM/year
50% 50% -- secondary levelsecondary level
30% 30% -- tertiary leveltertiary level
The Jerusalem WWTP 2003The Jerusalem WWTP 2003
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Water Crises
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Lake Kinneret - Israel’s main surface water source Water level (1962 - 2006)
Level and Cl in Lake Kinneret 1969-2006
-215
-214
-213
-212
-211
-210
-209
-208
Lake
Lev
el (m
ASL
)
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
Salin
ity (m
g/L
Cl)
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06
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Water Volume in the TBSMCM
MCM
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IV
I
II
III
Ramat-HaSharon
Petah Tikva
Bat Yam
12600 12800 13000 13200 13400 13600 1380015600
15800
16000
16200
16400
16600
16800
17000
17200
7.8 TCE 25.3 PCE 0.1 1,2-DCE 0.2 1,2-DCE0.11 CHCl3
1.8 1,2-DCA
30 1,1-DCE
0.54 CHCl3
1.8 CCl44 THM
2.4 1,2-DCA
1.4 1,2-DCA
197 TCE2.4 1,2-DCA
27.6 1,1-DCE
1.3 1,2-DCA
0.3 1,2-DCA
1.5 1,2-DCA
0.2 1,1-DCE
0.06 TCE 21 CCl4
91.8 PCE38.4 PCE
1.3 1,2-DCA
2.2 1,2-DCA
31.8 PCE
56.1 1,1-DCE
1.1 1,2-DCA
62 TCE
5.3 TCE
17 1,1-DCE22.6 TCE
1.5 1,2-DCA
1.9 1,2-DCA
0.2 1,2-DCA
7.8 TCE
8.2 TCE
2.1 1,2-DCA
0.4 1,2-DCA 84 TCE5.2 TCE
22 TCE
23 TCE
0.4 1,2-DCA
0.8 1,2-DCA 0.6 CCl4
0.4 1,2-DCA0.5 1,2-DCA
3 1,1-DCE
0.24 TCE
15 TCE
5.1 TCE
1 1,2-DCA
1.3 TCE0.15 PCE
5 THM
16.2 1.1-DCE
2.6 THM
1.7 PCE
11.1 1,1-DCE
0.8 TCE0.5 TCE
23 PCE
0.1 PCE
1 TCE
2.5 TCE
0.31 EDB
0.5 1,2-DCA
0.2 TCE
0.9 1,2-DCA
8.5 THM
650 TCE
0.5 1,2-DCA
0.1 TCE
9.2 TCE
1 10 11 1317
18
21
22
2324
25
26
3233
34
37
38
40
45
47 50
53 55
59
60
68
70
71
73
76
7778
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86 8788
89
90
91
92
93
94 95
96
9798
99100 101
102 103
104
105
106 107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114115
116
117
118119120
121
122123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130 131
132133
134
135136
2 km
Safari Park
Hayarkon Park
Magen
Hiria
AyalonRiver
HayarkonRiver
ShafirimRiver
Tel Aviv
N
AzrieliCenter
Aquifer Sensitive AreasVOCs ( g/L)1999 - 2001
TRANSIENT DATA IN 90 WELLS
-VOCs detectedin 82% of wells
m
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Water Crises
The main reasons:
Consecutive years of drought in the region.
Increased demand by population growth.
Stretching the renewable water sources to thelimit.
Quality Deterioration of the natural sources.
Lack of regulation tools.
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What has been done to cope with the water crises ?
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Water Authority
• Establishing the Water Authority (2007)
• Centralizing water management authorities from all ministries including the setting tariffs
• Management the hole coarse of the water cycle.
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Demand Management
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Domestic Tariffs
Two tariffs 3 progressive tariffs Tariffs charge to the Consumer:
Two tariffs:1. First 3
MCM/month-(“resultant cost”)
2. The rest- marginal cost
Average costTariff
charged to the municipality
New Model
OldModel
Agriculture Tariff also has being changed and was linked to the average
cost (desalination cost included).
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Israeli Delegation
Israeli Delegation
Israeli Delegation –– –
Australia 19
Australia 19
Australia 19 -- - 22 M
arch 200722 M
arch 200722 M
arch 2007
Using Economic Instruments for Sustainable Natural Water Resources
48.3
1000 hrs. Recommended Production Winter
Constant Cost
Variable Cost
ConservationLevy
Incentive Levy
Variable Cost
Preventive Levy
Cents per c.m.
Variable Cost
Levels of Progressive Extraction Levies
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Changing Planning Concepts
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Potable Water Demand 2002-2010MCM/ YEAR
Domestic Industry Agriculture Nature Other Total2008 766 85 454 7 130 14422020 985 93 350 50 208 1686
Annual demand growth rate of20 MCM/YEAR
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““Walking on the EdgeWalking on the Edge”” PolicyPolicy
Adoption of sustainable approach to Adoption of sustainable approach to water resources management and water resources management and development both for quantity & development both for quantity & qualityquality
Sustainable Development Approach
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New Policy - Sustainable Approach
1. Restoring the reliability of the water supply system.2. Recognition of Nature’s right to water.3. Rehabilitation of contaminated parts of the Coastal
Aquifer.4. Reclamation of wastewater.5. Reduction of salinity in reclaimed wastewater.6. Financial and technical water savings mechanisms.7. Manufacturing water as one of the ways of promoting
peace in the region.
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פילוג האוגר מעל הקו אדום בסוף השנה [מלמ"ק]עבור כל הסדרות
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%שכיחות - %
מ- ל
דו גאו
ה שוו
ך ער
ק] מ"
מל ]
2004
2006
2008
2010
Probability AnalysisNatural Storage Rehabilitation
• Ensemble Forecasting
• Storage volume & yearly change
• Operational extraction
• Water loss
• Deficits
• Desalination
• Benefit- cost analysis
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- Supply according to demand needed
- The capability to supply the water in average (Expectancy)
- Safety interval (for desired probability)
- Red line
יתרת המים השפירים בחקלאות (מלמ"ק)התפלה - 230 מלמ"ק בשנה, הסתברות למצב קיצוני : 10%
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Probability AnalysisWater Supply Shortage
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Risk ManagementClimate change : 10Climate change : 10--20%20%water redundancy due to bilateral agreementswater redundancy due to bilateral agreementsWater quality deteriorationWater quality deteriorationWater SecurityWater SecurityWater demand (Standard of living)Water demand (Standard of living)
““Uncertainty factorUncertainty factor”” (0.85) in natural replenishment (0.85) in natural replenishment Building scenarios Building scenarios Implementing stringent limitations for water reliabilityImplementing stringent limitations for water reliabilitystandardsstandards
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Development Program
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Rehabilitation of the Coastal Aquifer
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Sorek 2 Recharge Area
Heletz
Gat (East)
Lahich
Tkuma
Pithat Shalom
Ashkelon
Ashdod
Ber-Sheva
Dvir
Lahav
Zfat
Carmiel
Kfar Tavor
Tanach
Hadera
Ayalon-Latrun
Safariya
Nesher
Hefez Haim
Zohar
Main Effluent Pipe
Yarkon Reclamation System
Tel-Aviv
Ashdod
Ashkelon
Afula
Aco
Adulam
Kishon
Yavne 4 Recharge Area
Reuse of All Sewage Effluents
Reuse of 500 MCM/Year in 2015 (340 today)
Sewage effluents for Agriculture –50% of allocations in 2010
New, stringent standards for effluent quality (37 parameters)
Shafdan Water Project (SAT)
Effluents Supply systems
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Brackish Water Desalination
Mishor Rotem Water Supply
Beer Sheva Protection Belt –“Tkuma” Desalination
Beer Sheva Protection Belt –“Heletz” Desalination
20 MCM
2015 ~ 50 MCM/Year2015 ~ 50 MCM/Year
Cost ~ 35 US cent/m3Cost ~ 35 US cent/m3
Nationwide Alignment for Brine Nationwide Alignment for Brine Disposal SystemsDisposal Systems
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Israeli Delegation
Israeli Delegation
Israeli Delegation –– –
Australia 19
Australia 19
Australia 19 -- - 22 M
arch 200722 M
arch 200722 M
arch 2007
Development of Sea Water Desalination Plants
036 100 130 145 160
280 305405
505
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
20122013
)125 (
)60 (
(100)
)120 (
Hadera
Palmachim
Ashdod
Ashkelon
Pre tendering stage/ Financial Agreement
Full production Since 12/05
Construction phase. Production at 10/09
Sorek(100)
Full production Since 9/07
Pre tendering stage
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World Bank R/O Cost Evaluation
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Desalinated Sea Water Cost Range
405060708090100110120130140150160
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005YEAR
cent
/m3
Ashkelon
Palmachim,Haifa bayEilat
LARGE SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS
SMALL SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS
TrinidadLarnaca
Malta
Source: ADAN
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20152014201320122011201020092008
700 700 500 400 300 280 160 140 Sea water desalination
51 47 43 37 31 22 15 11 Brackish water desal.
- - - - - - - - Water import
751 747 543 437 331 302 175 151 Additional amounts of potable water
445 430 415 400 385 370 355 340 Treated waste water
Manufactured Water 2002 - 2015MCM/Year
40% of total supply will be manufactured by 2010
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National Master PlanWater Development Plan: required
investments 2002 – 2010 (2015)(Million US $)
• Desalination 1,600• Sewage treatment & reuse systems 1,000• Water supply systems 600 • Renovation & Improvements 800
TOTAL 4,000
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Some Lessons from the Israeli experienceSome Lessons from the Israeli experience……
• A drought is a crisis but its also an opportunity forreforms.
• Water reliability is a policy. However, a planshould be prepared for a low probability scenario.
• Incorporating demand management measures has contributed to water consumption reduction.
• Reclamation is the best way to increase affordablewater supply for agriculture.
• Desalination in large plants reduce costs effectively.
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Some Lessons from the Israeli experienceSome Lessons from the Israeli experience……
• Enhancing private sectorinvolvement has proven successful, however the statealways needs to take responsibility for risks involved.
• In order to prevent low levels of salinity in reclaimed water, desalinated water should be supplied as primary use (fordomestic use).
• Agriculture can become muchmore efficient than expected.
2.02
1.00 0.98
1.15
1.381.43
1.31
1.47 1.56
1.661.64
1.551.59
1.911.98
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Production per Water Unit
Source: Israel Farmer’s Federation
• Integrated system management should take into account andenable high level of mobilization for water.
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Thank you !
Michael Zaide Water Authority, Planning Department
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