PLAN MORADABAD
NAGAR NIGAM MORADABAD,
MORADABAD, INDIA
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF
INDIA
HYDERABAD, INDIA
CITY SANITATION PLAN
MORADABAD
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
ABSTRACT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF FIGURES/ CHARTS/ GRAPHS
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONTEXT
1.2 CSP SANITATION RANKING
1.3 EXPECTED OUTPUTS
1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN
1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
1.7 CSP METHODOLOGY
1.8 CSP COMMUNICATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 02
CITY PROFILE
2.1 DEMOGRAPHY
2.2 TOPOGRAPHY
2.2 ECONOMY
2.3 URBAN POVERTY AND SLUMS
2.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRAGEMENTS
CHAPTER 03
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY
3.1 SERVICE PROFILE
3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
3.1.2 SEWERAGE AND STORM WATER DRAINAGE
3.1.3 WASTE WATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT
3.1.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES IN POTENTIAL AREAS
3.2.1 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
3.2.2 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS)
3.2.3 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS
3.2.4 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS
3.2.5 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 3
3.2.6 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES
3.2.7 SANITATION IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS
3.2.8 SANITATION AT OTHER POSSIBLE POTENTIAL AREAS
3.2.9 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES
3.3 FINANCIAL PROFILE OF THE CITY
3.4 COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES
3.5 O&M ARRANGEMENTS
3.6 IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES
CHAPTER 04
INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS
4.1 SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES
4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS- MESSAGES & CHANNELS
CHAPTER 05
KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES
5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
5.3 SOLUTIONS TO KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
CHAPTER 06
PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 SWOT ANALYSIS
6.2 VISION
6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS
6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS
6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS
6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS
6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION PLAN
6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN
6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
CHAPTER 07
ROAD MAP
BEST PRACTICES
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 4
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONTEXT
The population of India is 1027 million with approximately 28% or 285 million living in urban centers
and it is expected that the share of urban population will increase to about 40% of total population
by the year 2021. This is in sharp contrast to only 60 million (15 percent) who lived in urban areas in
1947 when the country became independent. During the last fifty years the population of the
country has grown two and half times, while the urban India has grown by nearly five times. The
positive role of urbanization has often been over-shadowed by the deterioration in the physical
environment and quality of life in the urban areas caused by widening gap between demand and
supply of essential services and infrastructure. It is further associated with many problems, such as
high levels of poverty, environmental stress, risks to productivity, high health costs, and lack of
access to basic services, such as water supply, sanitation, and housing. The insufficient availability of
services, inadequate awareness and also poor operation and maintenance has also given rise to poor
sanitation conditions. Hence, therefore, proper allocation of resources both in terms of human and
monetary will improve the sanitary conditions and also awareness among people – in turn improve
the hygienic conditions of the city.
Since the level of investments and participation required for this sector i.e. on water supply,
sanitation and solid waste management is of very high order, it is felt that the national level
initiatives are required that would bring the Central, State and Local governments and on the other
side Non-government organizations and public participation are also required together to ensure
proper flow of necessary funds to bring about any kind of developments and improvements in these
sectors to an acceptable level in tune with the international standards. The government should also
recognize the urban issues which require integrated approaches that specifically target the urban
poor and slum areas, promote sanitation and sewerage services at basic household levels to
community levels and develop the city as a living eco-sanitation and foster the involvement of
private sectors and also the civic societies.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 5
Considering Moradabad, this city and its development activities are the prime drivers of sanitation
and sewerage problems and also problems in solid and liquid waste management and in other key
potential areas such as slaughter houses, hospitals, public places, institutions, industries and schools,
the Vision provides incentives or development strategies at every possible potential areas at local
level, and also incentives that can be undertaken at institutional, structural and fiscal reform levels
that are necessary for improved and sustainable service delivery systems – addressing all sectors/
groups of population and also enhance the operation and maintenance of these services. The
incentives also include IEC strategies and action plans to bring awareness and improve the public
participation in well-utilization of available sanitation and sewerage services. Thus, in order to
propose any strategies/ proposals for the improvements of the city’s sanitation and sewerage
conditions and reduce the potential problems of the city, it is very important to make a situational
analysis of the current conditions.
1.2 CSP SANITATION RANKING
The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India (GoI), organized and conducted
the comprehensive survey during Mar- Jun 2010, to carry out sanitation rating exercises for the 436
Class-I cities of India. In order to ensure the standard outputs, a uniformly methodology (Annexure
1) administered across the cities that follows a standard set of steps, fixes the protocol for data
collection and analysis, and uses a consistent analysis and evaluation scheme leading to valid and
comparable results. Brief details of city sanitation ranking indicators are given below.
Three Categories of Indicators
The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators:
1. Output Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different
dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection,
treatment and disposal without harm to the city’s environment. There are nine main output-
indicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points.
2. Process Related: indicators pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced
by the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators
accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 6
3. Outcome Related: indicators include the quality of drinking water and that of water in
water-bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne
diseases in the city over a time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting
for 20 points of a total of 100 points (The weights for output, process and outcome
indicators are valid for this round of rating. In later years, with improvements in the situation
of cities and better availability of data, greater importance and hence, weights will be
accorded to outcome indicators).
Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes should have been regularly collected by
city authorities but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data. This rating exercise will
help in highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of indicators.
Based on CSP ranking methodology (see Annexure 1.1) which is applied to the current study city i.e.
Moradabad, following all the indicators at different levels and giving marks to each indicator
resulted in overall marks for Moradabad city as 38.322/100, which states the rank is #138 for
Moradabad city out of 423 cities in India (see Annexure 1.2). The following chart shows the total
points and secured points for the Moradabad city for different indicators.
Fig. 1.1: RATING CHART FOR SANITATION IN CITIES-MORADABAD
NO INDICATORS TOTAL
POINTS
POINTS
SECURED
1 OUTPUT RELATED 50 13.9
A No open defecation sub-total 16 5.9
I Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served
households (including slums) - individual and community sanitation
facilities
4 0
II Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations -
adequate public sanitation facilities
4 1.1
III No open defecation visible 4 0.8
IV Eliminate Manual Scavenging and provide personnel protection
equipment to sanitary workers
4 4
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 7
B Proportion of total human excreta generation that is safely collected
(6 points for 100%)
6 2
C Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated and
safely disposed of (6 points for 100%)
6 0
D Proportion of total grey waste water generation that is treated and
safely disposed of
(3 points for 100%)
3 0
E Proportion of treated wastewater that is recycled and reused for non
potable applications
3 0
F Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently and
safely Managed
(3 points for 100%)
3 2
G Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected
(4 points for 100%)
4 1
H Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely
disposed of
(4 points for 100%)
4 0
I City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside
city Limits
(5 points for 100%)
5 3
2 PROCESS RELATED 30 13.9
A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation 4 3
B All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there is no
exfiltration
(Not applicable for cities without sewerage systems)
5 1.3
C Septage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed
after treatment, from on-site systems in the city (Maximum 10 marks
for cities without sewerage systems)
5 3
D Underground and Surface drainage systems are functioning and are
well maintained
4 2
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 8
E Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are
efficient (and are in conformity with the MSW Rules, 2000)
5 1.6
F There is clear institutional responsibility assigned; and there are
documented operational systems in practice for b)/c) to e) above
4 3
G Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly
laid out and followed in practice
3 0
3 OUTCOME RELATED 20 10.6
A Quality of drinking water in city compared to baseline 7 4.6
B Water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to
baseline
7 0
C Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population
compared to baseline
6 6
TOTAL 100 38.322
Thus, one of the main objectives of the City Sanitation Plan is to increase the points of Moradabad in
these different indicators, which is only possible after detailed understanding and analysis of the
existing situation and ground realities. Based on the situational analysis, key potential issues and
gaps are identified and then recommendations are made which are economically feasible and
ecologically sustainable.
1.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES
• Roll out ‘Sanitation Vision and Goals’ for Moradabad City to become open defecation city by
2015
• Brings out the Moradabad City Sanitation Situational Analysis
• Highlights the major sanitation gaps and recommendations to overcome them in a
acceptable timeframe
• IEC &Awareness action plan with indicative budget
• Suggest low cost and high impact initiatives before new projects funding approved by
central/state governments
• Suggest institutional & regulatory framework to improve and sustain the sanitary services
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 9
• Suggest convergence of institutions & people participation in city sanitation
• Improve the Moradabad city sanitation rating
1.4 NUSP AND STATE SANITATION PLAN
The National Urban sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages “All Indian cities and towns
become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and
environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable
sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.”
1.5 CSP PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally
sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include:
A. Awareness Generation and Behavior Change,
B. Open Defecation Free Cities,
C. Integrated City-Wide Sanitation,
D. Sanitary and Safe Disposal, and
E. Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations.
The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant
physical environment in Moradabad city to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all
sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in the city of
Moradabad through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection,
construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues,
institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation
and legislation.
The principal components of city-wide approach include:
(a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta,
industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes;
(b) Storm water drainage;
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 10
(c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;
(d) Environmental sanitation education;
(e) Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;
(f) Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.
1.6 CSP APPROACH, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The process detailed below for planning urban sanitation and wastewater management
improvements offers a step-by-step guide for:
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 11
Fig. 1.2: Process for planning urban sanitation
Profiling NNM: As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of Moradabad City was carried out
using Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, City Sanitation Ratings and secondary data
sources to highlight the ODF status, sanitation situation, health indicators and status of current
ongoing projects.
Stakeholder Analysis: Nagar Nigam Moradabad is in the frontline of implementation and has a key
role in ensuring sanitation and should focus on demand responsive approach. Plan formulation
through stakeholder consultation will provide the foundation for CSP which has government
endorsement as well as an informed civil society to monitor its implementation. To play their part,
as per the requirements of CSP, institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals,
Finalization of CSP at Stakeholder Workshop 10
Initiating IEC Activities 5
Stakeholder Analysis
Constituting: CTF
Core Team – Technical Core
Team - IEC
Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop
Profiling ULB 1
4
Developing and Consolidating CSP
Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status
Formulation of Action Plans & Road Map
Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options
Surveys
Transect walks
FGDs
Planning for:
Solutions
Selecting options
New facilities
Behaviour change
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Data collection
& Gaps 6
7
8
9
3
2
Preparatory
Steps
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 12
local councilors, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector etc are identified
and analyzed the strengths and competencies required for sanitation.
Constituting City Sanitation Task Force ‘CSTF’ – CSTF has been constituted (Annexure ) headed by
Mayor of Moradabad City to mobilize Stakeholders to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in
the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and amongst the people of the city. CSTF will
organize a multi-stakeholder, multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal
resolution to make the city 100% sanitized. The task force should meet periodically to monitor and
guide the process of planning and implementation.
Sensitisation/Orientation Workshop: A sensitisation cum orientation workshop involving identified
stakeholders and City Sanitation Task Force was organised on 16 November 2010 at Moradabad to
access the concerns & issues of citizen about the city sanitation. Dr S T Hasan, Mayor and Mr Sri
Ram, Nagar Ayukt Moradabad chaired the meeting and Col J Jamwal, Advisor, ASCI Hyderabad gave
a comprehensive presentation highlighting the importance of sanitation issues relating to toilets
access especially in slums; awareness generation for changed behaviour and practices; community
participation and mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from policy to action on
ground; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP. All the
CSTF members, prominent citizen, NGOs, corporators of various political parties, nagar nigam
officials, media people etc actively participated and expressed their views about the state of city
sanitation. The list of the CSTF members & participants and summary of their concerns are given in
Annexure 1.3.
Fig. 1.3 & 1.4 CSTF Meeting at Moradabad
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 13
Initiating IEC activities: The objective of well driven IEC has to be demand-driven with social
marketing approaches to increase demand for toilets and ensure hygiene behaviors, promote
government schemes for household toilets, and encourage diversity in technology and design. For
this purpose Nagar Nigam may utilize suitable players for IEC and training from the existing system
like; ward development committees, health institutions, schools, National Service Scheme
volunteers, self help groups, neighborhood committees and NGOs.
Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Questionnaire, Transect Walks along with schedules of
interviews (Slums, markets, water bodies), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Discussions with Nagar
Nigam Officials, Stakeholders Consultations at city level etc.
Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options: Followed by situational analysis problem and
challenges have been identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal, institutional, financial,
social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation
and wastewater management options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage
treatment , conventional & low cost centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and
combined effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools,
public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc.
Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional solutions and
will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and environmental benefits,
(iii) sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land use zoning, (vi) piloting
new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned
from the past and (x) political commitment.
Developing and Consolidating CSP: Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to
articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and
financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs
of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation.
The study will prioritise & focused on the following:
(i) Serving the un-served urban poor
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 14
(ii) Serving the un-served schools
(iii) Serving the un-served public areas
(iv) Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring
(v) Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private
developers)
(vi) Rehabilitation of existing facilities.
(vii) Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment).
(viii) Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).
Action Plan and Road Map
Keeping in view the vision and goals, city sanitation action plan and road map has been evolved in
terms of short, medium and long term projects.
1.7 CSP RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The current project on City Sanitation Plan for Moradabad city highlights the extent of services
provided at city level and proposes strategies to improve the conditions of services with long term,
medium term and short terms strategies which are at-most low cost high impact strategies. This
research study requires wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop a
robust analysis and produce outputs; and this is only possible with well-established methodology to
achieve the required set of results. This chapter primarily focuses on the methodology of this
research and illustrates that is undertaken in the current project. The methods used within this
project were varied and chosen in order to achieve the most robust and valuable information in
meeting the requirements of aims and objectives. This chapter also outlines the epistemological
research methods that are most appropriate for this current research study.
EPISTOMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS: The research study will consider the
epistemology, which acts as an important basis for any research in natural and social science
projects (Willis, 2007). Since the evaluation of existing situation of services require wide range of
data, the current project shall reflect on components such as water services, sewerage services, solid
waste management services at city level, making sure that it reflects upon the entire sanitation and
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 15
solid waste management scenario of the city. According to Sarantakos (2005), the diversity in
ontology and epistemology directly influence the research study. Further, there is no single fixed rule
to conduct a social research study; different people follow different methods and different ways to
explain and understand the research. Underlying these different explanations are paradigms which
are considered by Babbie (2007) to be fundamental models or frames of references we use to
organize observations and reasoning. These different paradigms are just different ways of looking at
a research study; they are neither true nor false way of approaches. These paradigms make their
own assumptions about the nature of the social reality and each inspires different kinds of research
(see Babbie, 2007).
This research has recognized a positivist paradigm which focuses on applications that involve social
aspects in natural aspects. The social aspects in this current research would be of population and the
services available to them. The paradigm of positivist is the most suitable approach, since it
emphasizes on human behavior and surveying different groups of population i.e. in relevant to the
current study, understanding the human behavior in terms of their usage of the available sanitation
and sewerage facilities of different respondents. This project study also considers the situational
analysis of available services provided and the usage patterns of these services by the population
throughout the city. This research project study also into qualitative analysis to support the
interpretations made which includes interviews, Questionnaire surveys and analysis of primary and
secondary data to estimate the current status of sanitation and sewerage and other key potential
issues and also to evaluate the possible recommendations/ proposals to meet the goals of the
project. Thus, positivism approach is most appropriate to the current study. In addition, the other
possible paradigm is Critical Realm which also considers social factors involved in shaping the city
and its infrastructure services and facilities. It was expected that population’s role in usage patterns
of these available infrastructure facilities influence the healthy and livable conditions of the city.
Since the research project study considers the population’s socio-economic and demographic details
and their behavior that influences the living conditions in the city, the critical realism can also be
considered as an apt approach. Further to epistemology considerations, ontology of the research
considered the constructive nature. This is primarily depended upon the facts that the research
being accomplished solely by population at the city level and also unavoidable personal bias in
carrying out the research.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 16
RESEARCH STRATEGIES: The current research project is in assessment of key potential problems
related to sanitary, sewerage and solid waste management and provides suitable strategy options to
overcome them. Therefore, this involves robust and in-depth study for which Case Study Approach
was used for analyzing the situation and gaps in sanitary conditions. As the case study approach of
research is more precise to specific boundaries and make convenience in collection of data
(Denscombe, 2007; Blaxter et al, 2006), it became the appropriate strategy for the current project
study. Therefore, the case study population that was chosen for the current research study includes
population at residential areas, slum areas, institutional areas, schools, hospitals, public areas,
industries, market places, commercial areas and understanding the sanitary conditions at these
places.
RESEARCH METHODS: As this research study involves qualitative analysis that involves statistical
methods to support the situational analysis and interpretations of the research team. And one of the
best qualitative methods is a closed Questionnaire interview which directly helps in collecting the
required data and estimates the gaps and conditions – based on which the proposal could be given
to improve the existing conditions. In addition, there is also detailed analysis of policy reviews of
various documents in order to get the complete picture of present and future scenario of the city
developments.
The prime objective of research study in assessing the situation of key potential problems related to
sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management in the city with the chosen research
paradigm is only possible with Questionnaire interviews. The other possibility in the assessment
includes Focus Group Discussion. This would be used on various participants or respondents within
the study area, but taking care to cover entire city population and different possible potential areas
those affecting from poor sanitation and sewerage facilities and high rate of open defecation. The
Questionnaires are the only means of gathering first hand information, thus they play vital role in
any research studies (Oppenheim, 2001). Further, Oppenheim (2001) also states, Questionnaires are
cheapest means of data collection without any bias, less cost of processing and the best way to
cover wide range of population within the study region.
The Questionnaire those used in this project study were of different categories and these categories
are based on the criteria that complete sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste of the city
is understood and analyzed. The Questionnaires are designed so as to get the complete picture and
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 17
make the situational analysis of the city sanitary conditions – thus different Questionnaires are
designed for different target areas such as for households include residential, slums and other
possible potential areas. The other set of Questionnaires target areas such institutions, public areas
(community toilets and public toilets), hospitals, schools, commercial/ market areas, industries and
other potential areas such as slaughter houses and water bodies. There are separate Questionnaires
prepared for each category in order to know the present conditions of toilet facilities and their usage
conditions. On the other hand to support these Questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions are also
conducted at slum areas, selected residential areas, with elected representatives and other potential
areas to understand the situation of sanitary, sewerage, water supply and solid waste management
conditions of the city. The following table illustrates the different activities undertaken by the
research team to make a situational analysis and also the focused areas of the Questionnaire
interviews and the type of tools used to gather the required information and also the sample sizes at
each level to support and further understand the situations.
S.NO. ACTIVITIES FOCUSED
AREAS TOOLS SAMPLING SAMPLE SIZE
01 Household
surveys Household level Questionnaire
Random
Sampling
Upto 300
households
02
Focused
Group
Discussions
Slum areas,
residential
areas, elected
representatives,
and other
potential areas
Check list Random
Sampling 10 – 12 FGDs
03 Institutions
Collector office,
Municipal
office, Bus &
Rail station,
etc.,
Questionnaire Random
Sampling 10 (in Nos)
04 Community
Toilets
All potential
areas Questionnaire
Random
Sampling 50 – 100%
05 Public Toilets
All potential
areas Questionnaire
Random
Sampling 50 – 100%
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 18
06 Hospitals
All Hospitals
with 100+ beds
(must) or 50 –
100 beds
Questionnaire Random
Sampling
10 – 15 (in
Nos)
07 School
Sanitation
Primary,
Secondary, High
school and all
government
schools
Questionnaire Random
Sampling 10%
08 Slaughter
Houses
Potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling 2 – 3 (in Nos)
09 Commercial/
market areas
Potential areas
(include
Questionnaires
both for
shopkeeper and
customers)
Questionnaire Random
Sampling
10 – 15 (in
Nos)
10 Industries Potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling 5 – 10 (in Nos)
11 Secondary
Data - Check list - -
12 Water Bodies Potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling 50 – 100%
1.8. CSP COMMUNCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Capacity Building strategy are integral to the
core issue of developing the city sanitation plan. In fact it will lead to development of robust yet
effective awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to
trigger behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in
improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It
will evolve a methods, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic,
folk etc) including advocacy with opinion leaders, NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver
awareness strategy in the city.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 19
Objectives: The objective of IEC & Capacity Building Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of
sustainable programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and
enhanced awareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in
Moradabad City. The strategy is designed to:
• Strengthening CSP implementation by Nagar Nigam Moradabad (NNM) through training
and capacity building;
• Sensitize citizens for adopting water wastage minimization, segregation & management
of solid waste and open defecation free practices through IEC campaign.
• By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and
consultations is fostered leading to participation.
Methodology: Moradabad is renowned for its brass work and popularly known as Brass City or
Peetal Nagri. The city faces specific challenge of Water and Sanitation services. This pose challenges
to the city administration with respect to water supply, toilets, solid waste management and storm
water drainage. It is found that communication strategy is a crucial element in improving service
delivery standards. However, apart from educating citizens on health and hygiene, improving
municipal processes by way of citizen consultation and participation remains a necessary goal;
without citizen inputs right from the design stage to implementation of water and sanitation
projects risk failure.
Communication needs assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information,
Education and Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services. These are
1) Awareness, 2) Process and 3) Compliance. While it is generally understood that these stages
would lead to better citizen participation in the schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders
to be appraised of them from their own specific stand points. Awareness includes an understanding
of health and hygiene related education specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an
awareness of municipal officials about the problems face by all the city residents including slum &
middle class households and sanitation workers. This awareness is generally taken for granted. Here,
we propose that open and specific appraisals be carried out without assuming too much of prior
knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is to create processes which are essential to maintain
improved services. These could include citizen participation in community toilet maintenance,
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 20
outsourcing of operations and maintenance to private partners in public toilets, solid waste
management and establishing citizen grievance resolution systems to name a few. A consolidation
of these gains can only occur when all stakeholders comply with the laid down norms. As system of
incentivizing desirable behaviors and weeding out undesirable behaviors must be developed, these
programmes, processes and goals will be set by the Nagar Nigam.
The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure of service delivery.
Following steps were identified before visiting the field:
1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication
2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks.
3. Topic Guides and Probes prepared for each stakeholder group.
4. Field assessment of communications needs to be carried out.
These methods helped us to evolve a case study approach towards communication needs
assessment for Moradabad city. Case study approach offers the best possible method for
evolving a Information, Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. The
random sampling based survey will be labour intensive and time consuming. Moreover,
such a survey is likely to conceal extreme situations within the city. A case study approach
utilizing information sampling can reveal much more through discussions with citizens on
the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation.
Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and
implementation of communications strategies among residents, establishments and Nagar Nigam
officials. Residents include all those living within city municipal limits; they can be classified as HIG,
LIG and slum dwellers. Shopkeepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group
especially for generation of market waste. Specifically, in Moradabad a series of focus group
discussions (FGDs) conducted with slum residents in various parts of the city. Interview and
discussions included officials from various Nagar Nigam departments particularly Health & Sanitary
officials, sanitation workers, prominent citizens, residents in middle class areas, NGOs involved in
water and sanitation sector, shopkeepers, media persons etc.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 21
Locations for FGDs & Transact Walks were selected to represent the variety of samples. Generally,
slum in outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. The core city areas are
predominantly by small scale brass works units and business class. Similarly there are slum on the
outskirts are predominant with muslim, SC or ST population.
Probes for interviews and FGDs:
1. Residents including slum residents
• Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current practices and awareness regarding ill-
effects of lack of sanitation, ODF, hand washing, water logging etc.
• Awareness regarding government schemes/policies for improving water and sanitation:
NUSP, SUDA, DUDA, sources and channels of such knowledge and communication.
• Awareness regarding various technical options toilets.
• Willingness to upgrade sanitation facilities: financial, space and behavioural
constraints
• Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, agencies that
carried the campaign and learning from the campaign.
• Activities of local SHGs and other community organizations such as RWAs.
• Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc
• Information regarding demography of the slum, quality of water supply etc.
• Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal
with water and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporators, complain to Nagar Nigam,
satisfaction level with current arrangement.
2. Municipal officials
• Role envisaged for communication for implementing CSP.
• Channels of communication at Nagar Nigam’s disposal, extent to which these
channels are being exploited.
• Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in
implementing Water and Sanitation schemes.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 22
• M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records,
discernible patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal.
• Details of any specific communication campaign being taken up, Content, Channels
used, budget allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media.
• Kinds of training given to Safai Karamcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their
satisfaction level what has been provided to them.
3. Commercial establishment and Public places
• Observation regarding sanitation is these places.
• Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as door to door collection,
segregation.
• O&M practices, regular upkeep of public places.
• Major complaints, public redressal mechanisms and its effectiveness.
• Willingness to pay user charges for public toilets.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 23
CHAPTER 02
CITY PROFILE
Moradabad is a small town in Western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, in Northern India. It was
founded in c. 1600 as part of Mughal Emperor Akbar’s Empire. It was named Rustam Nagar and was
later changed to Moradabad after Murad, the son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, also the grandson
of Akbar. Today, Moradabad is also the headquarters of a district by the same name. It is located on
the banks of Ram Ganga River. The City has a population of around eight lakh and thirty seven
thousand in an urban area of 70 sq.m. The following image gives the locational and regional setting
of the city.
Fig. 2.1: Regional location of Moradabad city
The city has a decent infrastructure for transport and medical services. It is well connected by rail to
Delhi, Calcutta and Lucknow. Among interesting places to visit are the Jama Masjid, built in 1631 by
Rustam Khan (allegiance to Mughal Emperor Akbar and the original founder of the city). Moradabad
falls en route from Delhi to any popular hill stations in the Kumaon region of Uttarkhand (like
Nainital, Ranikhet etc) or Jim Corbett National Park (Tiger Reserve). So for anyone staying in
Moradabad, a safari to the Corbett National park is a must. For those who love the mountains,
Kumaon hills await. Nainital, Naukuchiatal, Bhimtal, Ranikhet and Almora are close by and worth
visiting. In recent years, the city has seen sudden spurt in construction works that has resulted in to
the establishment of several posh high-end societies and townships. The city has grown manifold
since then and has firmly established itself as flourishing commercial town.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 24
The geographical area of the Moradabad District is 70 Sq. Km. The city is situated in western U.P.
between 28°-21´ to 28°-16´ Latitude North and 78°- 4´ to 79 Longitude East. It has an average
elevation of 186 metres (610 feet).
Presently it is an administrative, industrial and commercial city of western UP. After the
establishment of Divisional Commissioner Office, its importance and status has further been
elevated. This city lies on National Highway 24 from traffic and transport point of view and is a main
Railway Station, also Divisional Headquarters of Northern Railways, on Howrah & Amritsar main line.
It is very well connected with main cities like Delhi, Lucknow, Indore, Patna, Haridwar, etc. by Rail
and Road transport.
Fig. 2.2: Connectivity of Moradabad city
Ramganga River flows in the north east and Ganga River is there in south west of the city.
The temperatures vary in summer from 43°C to 30°C and in winter from 5 °C to 25 °C.
2.1 DEMOGRAPHY
The total geographical area of Moradabad District is 70 sq kms. Its total population as per 2001
census is 6,52,248.
The following table2.1 gives the population details of the city:
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 25
Table 2.1: Trend in Population growth
YEAR POPULATION DECADAL INCREASE GROWTH RATE
1961 189238
1971 270340 81102 42.8%
1981 386202 115862 42.8%
1991 429214 43012 11.13%
2001 652248 223034 51.9%
2010 837000 184752 28.3%
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Fig. 2.3: Population growth graph of Moradabad city
0
500000
1000000
19
61
19
71
19
81
19
91
20
01
20
10
Population growth
Population
growth
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
2.2 SOIL AND TOPOGRAPHY CONDITIONS
It lies within the great Gangetic plain, and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers
Ramganga and Sot. The eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly
greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the Himalayas.
The central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the
Ramganga and Sot. The western section has a gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into
the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 26
2.3 ECONOMY
Primarily the economy of Moradabad District is agrarian based. However, there are number of small
scale cottage industries in the city. Major crops cultivated in the district are Paddy, wheat, sugarcane
and mustard. There is a network of Agro based industries namely Rice and Dal Processing Units in
Moradabad District. Over 15000 small scale industry units are spread all over the district having
more concentration on urban cities – Moradabad and Sambhal. Moradabad city is famous for the
Brass Metal Handicrafts and exports. Moradabad is renowned for brass work and has carved a niche
for itself in the handicraft industry throughout the world. The brassware is exported to several
foreign countries across the world. Therefore, Moradabad is also called ‘Brass City’ or Peetal Nagri.
The city is also known as the Brass City or Peetal Nagri (the Hindi equivalent of Brass City). The city
has carved out a niche for itself worldwide in brass related handicrafts and products. There are more
than Six Hundred Export Oriented Units engaged in brass work in Moradabad, exporting nearly INR
2,500 worth of Brass Products. Furthermore, there are more than Five Thousand small medium scale
industries engaged in Brass Work in the district. One will find everything possible made in Brass from
utensils, to decorative items, to furniture, to jewelry, to cutlery, to statuettes, to handicrafts. Other
than Brass, the Industrialization of Moradabad also revolves around Furniture, Glass, Aluminum,
Animal Bone and Horn, Kitchen-ware, combs, and wooden sticks in a smaller but significant manner.
Recently other products like Iron Sheet Metal wares, Aluminium Artworks and Glassware's have also
been included as per need of the foreign buyers. Due to increase of exports and popularity in
foreign especially in Europe, America, and other countries, a large number of exporters are
establishing their units and started their export business.
2.4 URBAN POVERTY & SLUMS
There are a about 100 notified slum settlements in Moradabad city. The approximate slum
population is 1,80,000 in 2010. The list of slums is given in Annexure 2.1.The percentage of slum
population to total population is 21% in 2010.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 27
Fig. 2.4: Graph of Slum population to total population
0
500000
1000000
2010
Total
population
Slum
population
Source: NNM & DUDA 2010
The total number of slum households is approximately 30,000 and the percentage of slum
households to total households is 23% in 2010.
Fig. 2.5: Graph of Slum households to total households
0
50000
100000
150000
2010
Total
households
Slum
households
Source: NNM & DUDA 2010
Slum location map is given in Annexure 2.2.
2.4.1 OPEN DEFECATION
The areas of open defecation are Kundanpur, Dhakka, Fazalpur, Panditangala, Manpar Narayanpur,
Mau, Mainather,Dhimri,Kalyanpur,Lodhipur,Bhimather,Sirkoi,Meerpur,ShahpurTigri, Kajipura,
Bhattawali, Paipatpura, Lakdi, Chauhani ki Milak, Pandit Nagla ki milak, Jhajhanpur, Daanshah ki
milak. Map showing open defecation areas is given in Annexure 2.3.
2.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
The Nagar Ayukt is the highest administrative body of Moradabad city. The Health Department
(Swasth Vibhag) and Engineering Department (Nirman Vibhag) are the two executive bodies
responsible for implementation of the solid waste management plan and civil infrastructure in the
city, respectively. The Health Department is involved in planning and management of the SWM
activities and in providing sanitary facilities to the residents of Moradabad. The Engineering
department works in coordination with the Health department and undertakes civil and
infrastructure development activities for the city. The Varisht Nagar Swasth Adhikari and the Chief
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 28
Engineer are the senior officers of the Health and Engineering departments respectively, who report
to the Nagar Ayukt.
The administrative charts for each of these governing bodies are as shown below:
Fig. 2.6: Administrative Set-up of Nagar Nigam Moradabad for Solid waste management
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
HEALTH DEPARTMENT
Nagar Ayukt
Upper Nagar Ayukt
Sahayak Nagar Ayukt
Varishth Nagar Swasth Adhikari
Chief Sanitary Inspectors (2)
Zonal health officers
Sanitary Inspectors (5)
Supervisors
Safai karamcharis
Chief Engineer
Executive Engineers
Assistant Engineers
Junior Engineers
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 29
CHAPTER 3
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SANITATION IN THE CITY
3.1 SERVICE PROFILE OF THE CITY
3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
3.1.1.1 Source of Water
The source of water in Moradabad city is mainly ground water. The following tables give the list of
sources of water.
Table 3.1: Sources of water
List of Ground water sources:
1598 hand pumps
73 power bores with pump sets
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
There are 73 power wells in Moradabad city, 1598 hand pumps and 327 public stand posts. There
are 6 tankers for fulfilling the water demand in the needed areas. The average volume of water
produced in Moradabad city is 141.68 MLD.
Table 3.2: Water Production capacity
Type of Source Unit Installed Production
Ground water (power pumps) MLD 141.6 141.6
Total MLD 141.6 141.6
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 30
3.1.1.2 Existing Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities
The total length of distribution network is 480 km.
Table 3.3: Water distribution
Length of distribution network Kilometers 480
Average age of distribution pipes Years 30
Total service storage capacity in network MLD 39.23
Tankers Trips Trips/Month 180
Total area covered by distribution network Sq Km 60
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.1.1.3 Service coverage
Table 3.4: Number of service connections
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
The duration of water supply is 2 to 3 hrs. per day on an average.
Total Number of Service Connections 37768
Domestic House service connections 36057
Commercial Connections 1384
Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts) 327
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 31
3.1.1.4 Water Consumption
Table 3.5: Volume of Water Consumed and Billed
Type of connection Unit Unmetered Total
House Service Connections MLD 95.55 95.55
Public taps MLD 13.65 13.65
Commercial MLD 6.83 6.83
Industrial MLD 6.83 6.83
Institutional MLD 6.83 6.83
Other MLD 6.83 6.83
Total MLD 136.5 136.5
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.1.1.5 Water Quality
Table 3.6: Water service quality
Average duration of water supply Hours/day 2-3
Leaks reported in the year Number 90
Leaks repaired in the year Number 90
Details of Water Quality Lab Utility/Other 1 No.
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 32
Table 3.7: Treated Water Quality Surveillance
Sample location Sampling
Frequency
Number of Samples tested for
Residual
Chlorine
Bacteriological Physical/chemical
At outlet of WTP 2 / Zone 2 2 2
At intermediate points 2 / Zone 2 2 2
At consumer end 2 / Zone 2 2 2
Total 6 / Zone 2 6 6
Total Tests Passed 6 / Zone 6 6 6
Tests required as per standard 6 / Zone 6 6 6
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.1.1.6 Water Demand and Deficit
Table 3.8: Deficit in water supply
Year Projected Population
(in lakh)
Water demand (in
MLD)
Water Availability
(in MLD)
Deficit (in MLD)
2006 4.5 96.15 86.83 9.32
2011 8.5 181.61 164.01 17.00
2016 11.9 254.26 229.61 24.65
2021 16.06 343.14 309.88 33.26
Presently the water available per capita per day is 85 lpcd while required is 135 litres, so there is a
shortage of 50 lpcd.
3.1.1.7 Water supply Tariff structure
Table 3.9: Water supply tariff rates
Category Flat Rate (per month) Rs/-
Domestic 30 pm
Commercial 75 pm
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 33
Table 3.10: Connection costs
S. No. Cost per connection Rs/-
Domestic 815
Commercial 1050
3.1.1.7 Water supply Management System in Moradabad City
3.1.1.7a. Manpower engaged in water supply management system
Table3.11: Staff Information
Category Unit Technical Non-technical
Class I Number 1 1
Class II Number 1 -
Class III Number - -
Class IV Number 34 50
Contracted Staff Number 170 -
Others Number 30 -
Total Number 236 51
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 34
3.1.1.7 b. Complaint Redressal
A control room has been set up for redressal of complaints relating to drinking water supply. The
complaints relating to maintenance of hand pumps are resolved within 72 hours and relating to
leakage are redressed within 24 hours.
3.1.2 SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
3.1.2.1 Sewerage network
The city has an underground sewer line of total length of 44 km. which does not cover the whole
city. The sewer lines have completed their term of usability and are not in a good condition. Only 6%
of the households are connected to sewer line.
Table 3.12: Sewerage Network
Length of sewerage network pipes Kilo Meters 44.0
Average age of sewerage network pipes Years 20.0
Total area covered by sewerage network Sq Km 5.0
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
There is no provision of Sewer Treatment Plant and all the wastewater is directly discharged in to the
nallas without any treatment which is a major health hazard in the city.
3.1.2.2 Storm water drainage network
The coverage of storm water drainage network is 40% of the city.
The regular initiatives are taken by Nagar Nigam to clean the drains of the city particularly before the
onset of monsoon season.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 35
Fig. 3.1 to 3.4: Cleaning of drains
3.1.1.4 Sewage and drainage Management System in Moradabad City
3.1.1.4a. Manpower engaged in sewerage management system
Table3.13: Staff Information
Type of Staff Unit Technical Non-technical
Class I Number 1 1
Class II Number 1 -
Class III Number - -
Class IV Number - 5
Contracted Staff Number - 15
Total Number 2 21
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 36
3.1.1.4b. Complaint Redressal
Table 3.14: Complaints recorded and rectified
Sewer blockages reported for the year Number 120
Sewage related complaints recorded in the year Number 200
Sewage related complaints rectified in the year Number 200
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.1.3 WASTE WATER GENERATION & TREATMENT
The total wastewater generated is 109.2 MLD out of total water consumption of 136.5 MLD. The
wastewater generated is calculated based on the sewage return factor taken as 0.8 which indicates
that 80% of water supplied returns as sewage.
There is no waste water treatment plant in Moradabad.
3.1.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
3.1.4.1 Generation of Solid waste
The waste generated from the city includes household waste, commercial waste, bio-medical waste
and industrial waste.
Following are the major sources of generation of waste at city level:
• Residential establishments,
• Commercial establishments,
• Hotels & Restaurants,
• Bazaar and vegetable markets,
• Industrial establishments,
• Hospitals and dispensaries,
• Slaughter houses,
• Street sweeping,
• Drain silt and
• Construction debris.
About 336 MT of solid waste is generated every day in the city, which comes out to be about
400 grams per capita per day. For the purpose of solid waste management the city is divided
into 9 sanitary wards/circle. Presently there are 8 Sanitary Inspectors managing the sanitary
wards.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 37
Table 3.15: Waste Generation
Category MT / Day MT / Month
Residential 95 2856
Street Sweeping 168 5040
Commercial Establishments 11 336
Hotels/Restaurants/Marriage/Banquet Hall 28 840
Markets (e.g. Vegetable markets, mandis) 11 336
Other (construction & demolition waste, horticulture waste, drain silt) 22 672
Total 336 10080
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Residential Establishments
The residents in the residential areas dump their household waste outside their homes and in some
cases in Dumper Placer (DP) containers or on the streets (open dumps). The open dumps are not
designated by NNM and are only temporary dumping places. The private agency A2Z Infrastructure
has starts the door to door collection in few wards of the city as a pilot project. Most the collected
garbage is dumped on roadside as shown below in Figure 3.2. The estimated total daily waste
generated is around 95 MT from residential establishments.
Fig. 3.5: Waste lying on the streets in
Moradabad
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 38
Commercial Establishments
The commercial establishments are identified in the areas of Bodha Bazar, Harthala, Fal mandi, Sabji
mandi in Moradabad city. These areas are mixed zones comprising of commercial (shops and
markets) and residential areas as well as hotels and restaurants.
The waste from these establishments is accumulated in Dumper Placer (DP) containers or on the
roads/streets side (open dumps) in the morning hours (7.00-11.00 AM.). Nagar Nigam Safai
Karamcharis clean the roads/streets and market places and dump the waste in the nearby DP
containers (if available)/open dumps. The estimated total waste generated from these areas is
around 22 MT/day.
Hotels/Restaurants/Dhabas/Guest houses/Banquet/Marriage Halls
The waste from these establishments is mostly includes left-over food and disposable crockery.
Workers from these establishments dump the wastes at nearby DP container/open dump sites from
where the same is transported to designated dump site by Nagar Nigam. An estimate of the total
waste generated from hotels, restaurants, dhabas, guest houses and banquet/marriage halls is 28
MT/day.
Street Sweeping
Street sweeping starts in the morning at 6.00 AM and continues up to 10.00 AM and in the second
shift starts at 3.00 P.M. upto 6 P.M. The sweepers are provided with jharoo(brooms), pans, favda,
handcarts, panji (bamboo stick used to clean drains) and gayti (pointed favda to clean roads). They
collect the waste on road/street sides, which is then transported to the nearby dustbins by means of
handcarts and then transported to open dumping sites. The estimated total waste collected by street
sweeping is around 168 MT/day.
Drain silt
The drainage is inadequate as it is unable to cope with the developing demands of the city. There are
a total of 159 drains in the city.
At places, the waste generated from various sources is disposed off in storm water drains, which
degrades over a period of time, thus becoming a part of the drain silt. The drains are cleared of the
accumulated solid waste almost daily in few parts of the city. At other parts, the waste is left
unattended for months and cleared before the monsoon season or when complaints are received
from the local residents.
The cleared waste is left for drying for one to two days adjacent to the drains and then transported
to the secondary collection points, from where they are disposed off to the dumpsites. The drain silt
constitutes about 3.33% of the MSW generated in Moradabad city.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 39
Construction and Demolition Sites
This waste varies from time to time depending upon the construction or demolition activities in
Moradabad city. A major portion of this waste is generally used in reconstruction activities or for
filling up of the low lying areas. The individual generating construction waste generally engages the
services of private bullock carts or tractors to collect the construction waste and dump it elsewhere
in the city for a nominal cost. As such, there are no standard practices for disposal of construction
waste in Moradabad city.
3.1.4.2 Segregation of waste
There is no segregation of waste at source practiced in Moradabad.
3.1.4.3 Waste Collection
Primary Collection of Waste
The primary collection of waste refers to door to door collection of waste or collection of wastes in
the community waste bins either by the resident themselves or by the sanitary workers. Door-to-
door collection of waste has started in few wards as a pilot project by A2Z Infrastructure Ltd.,
Gurgaon. Presently, only 2% of the population is covered by door-to-door collection. The waste from
households, restaurants, shops is being dumped on the roads/streets side or thrown into the nallas,
open drains, open spaces etc. Community bins are not available at convenient locations for
depositing the waste. It was also observed that the condition around the DP containers or dustbins
is unhygienic and unaesthetic.
Fig.3.6: Waste dumped outside the
DP container at Moradabad
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 40
Table 3.16: List of containers for solid waste disposal
S. No.
No. of R.C. bins(1100 litres)) 22
No. of R.C. bins(600 litres) 350
No. of D.P. Bins 8
No. of big handcarts 120
No. of small handcarts 50
No. of Rickshaws 40
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
There is no arrangement of door to door collection of garbage in Moradabad city.
Secondary Waste collection system
The MSW collected from each of the primary collection points mentioned above is transported to
the DP containers (if available) or open dumps, which are the secondary collection points identified
in Moradabad city. Most of the waste is transported manually (by means of handcarts) to the
secondary collection points. In some cases, JCB loaders are used for transferring the waste into the
tractor trolleys, which in turn are used to transport the waste to locality dumps. In addition, the JCB
loaders are also used to transfer the construction and demolition waste as and when a complaint is
filed with Nagar Nigam.
The waste is collected from the secondary collection points in three to four trips per day. The
estimated collection efficiency is 70%.
3.1.4.4 Transportation of waste
i) Transportation Equipment/Vehicles
At present, Nagar Nigam Moradabad has close to 52 waste transportation vehicles, used for day-to-
day collection/transportation of waste. In addition to these, Nagar Nigam has close to 170 handcarts
and 40 rickshaws for transportation of waste. These vehicles make three to four trips per day for
collecting and transporting the MSW from secondary collection points to the waste dump sites. The
table below provides the details of each of these collection and transportation vehicles, furnished by
NNM. These vehicles transport about 235 MT/day of MSW.
Table 3.17: Details of transportation equipment
Vehicle Number
Swaraj Majda 10
Mini Lorries/ Trucks 2
Tractors 14
JCB 4
Loader 4
RC 5
Tata 407 3
DCM 1
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 41
Tempo 6
New RC 3
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
ii) Routing of vehicles
There are no specific routes followed by drivers as the location from where waste is to be lifted but
keeps on changing on day to day basis. Based on quantity of waste at a particular location,
JCB/loader is allocated along with Tipper. The drivers are required to make entries in logbook in the
afternoon when they return from work regarding the amount of fuel used, number of locations
visited, timing, etc.
The vehicles make three to four trips per day to transport the MSW to these dumpsites.
iii) Transfer Stations
There is no transfer station as part of the MSW transportation process. The waste collected from
secondary collection points is directly sent to the trenching ground located at the outskirts of city on
Rampur road.
3.1.4.5 Waste Processing and Disposal mechanisms
This section describes the waste processing and disposal methods for each type of wastes adopted
in Moradabad city. Various types of wastes were identified in Moradabad city-recyclables, bio-
degradable wastes, and non-biodegradable wastes.
Recyclable Wastes
The recyclable wastes (polythene, plastics, paper, cartons, etc.) are segregated manually by rag-
pickers. The rag-pickers in turn sell the same to scrap dealers (kabadiwalas) at the nominal rates.
However, ragpickers do not exploit the recyclable waste to the maximum extent, thereby allowing
them to be a part of the dumpsite waste.
Fig. 3.7: Vehicles for transportation of
MSW, Moradabad
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 42
Bio-degradable Wastes
Bio-degradable waste is not segregated either at the primary or secondary collection points or at
dumping sites. Most of the bio-degradable waste is found to be grazed upon by cattle at the open
dumps sites resulting in waste being littered here and there, thereby leading to unhygienic and dirty
conditions.
Non-biodegradable Wastes
Street sweepings and drain silt is a major constituent of the non-biodegradable wastes. This waste is
disposed off at the dumping sites along with other wastes without any prior processing.
3.1.4.6 Dumping site
The existing SWM system of Moradabad does not have a designated engineered sanitary landfill for
scientific disposal of solid waste. The waste collected from secondary collection points is dumped in
an unorganized manner at trenching ground on the outskirt of city Rampur road. This ground has an
area of 30 acres and is situated near Ramganga river. There is no weighbridge available at this
dumping site to weigh and quantify the daily solid waste being dumped.
Fig. 3.8: Waste lying in the drains,
Moradabad
Fig. 3.9: Dumping site on Rampur
Road, Moradabad
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 43
3.1.4.7 Quantification and Characterization of Waste
The total waste generation in Moradabad city is 336MT/day (approximately). Since a major portion
of the waste is dumped into open drains (nallas), which is eventually converted into drain silt, it is
difficult to characterize the waste into its various components.
Table 3.18: Characterization of MSW in Moradabad
Waste Characteristic Percentage(%) of total waste
Recyclables (paper, rubber, synthetics, glass and
metals)
8
Bio-degradable 42
Inert material (sand, soil, construction waste, drain
silt)
50
Total 100
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.1.4.8 MSW Management System in Moradabad City
3.1.4.8a. Manpower engaged in MSW Management system
A total of 1736 workers are engaged in cleaning the city of Moradabad.
Table 3.19: Manpower engaged for MSW Management
Staff Information
Category Unit Working
Senior Management - Health
Officer Number
Sanitary Inspector Number 7
Sanitary Superviser Number 33
Regular Safai Karam chari Number 795
Class III workers Number 323
Class IV workers Number 190
Contracted workers Number 428
Total Number 1736
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.1.4.8b. Complaint redressal
Nagar Nigam has computerized solid waste management complaint redressal system. The people
make complaints through phone or letter.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 44
3.2 ASSESSMENT OF SANITATION FACILITIES IN POTENTIAL AREAS
3.2.1 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
Moradabad has a total of 1,27,924 households in slum and non-slum areas combined with a
population of 8,37,000. An analysis of the sanitation facilities at the household level is as below:
Fig. 3.10: Sanitation facilities at household level
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
TOTAL HHs: 1,27,924
TOTAL POPULATION: 8, 37, 000
Households with access to
toilets
HHs- 1,12,424- 88%
Households w/o access
to toilets
15500 HHs -12%
Sewerage
connection
7910 HHs-6.2%
Onsite disposal
HHs-101014
79%
Using community
toilets
3500 HHs-2.8%
Open defecation
15500 HHs-12%-
100440 population
Kuddi-
HHs-47189
37%
Pour flush with
septic tank-
HHs-53,333
41.6 %
Sewerage
connection
6.2%
Open
defecation –
12%- 100440
population
Dry toilet-
HHs-492
0.4%
Manual
Scavenging
-492 HHs
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 45
A survey was conducted of around 250 households primarily in the notified slum areas to know the
present sanitation situation of the city. The average household size is around 6.0. An analysis of the
survey results was done and is as below:
Fig. 3.11: Sanitation facilities in slum households
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Open defecation : It is 48% in the slums which is a very high percentage.
Sewer Connection : There is no sewer connection in any of the slum households.
Pour flush Pit Latrine: 56% of the pit latrines are single pit and 44% are two pit.
SLUM TOTAL HHs- 30,000
SLUM POPULATION: 1,80,000
Households with
access to toilets
15,500HHs-52%
Households w/o access
to toilets
14,500 HHs -48%
Sewerage
connection
0%
Onsite disposal
12300 HHs-41%
Using community
toilets
3200HHs--11%
Open defecation
14,500 HHs-48%
Kuddi-8508
HHs-28%
ILCS/Pour flush
with septic tank-
3300 HHs-11 %
Sewerage
connection
0%
Open
defecation
48%
Dry toilet-
492 HHs-2%
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 46
Septic tanks: Only 11% of the slum households have toilets connected to pour flush with septic
tanks. Only 53% of the septic tanks are cleaned by the municipality and 47% of them are cleaned by
private sweepers. Also in 65% of the cases it is cleaned once in two years and in 24% of the cases it is
cleaned once in a year. Also, the soakpit is not working in all seasons in some of the toilets and is
connected to open drain.
Unimproved latrines: In case of unimproved latrines, most of them have overflowing problem. The
other problems faced by dry pit latrine are bad odour, fly nuisance and unhygienic condition.
Water supply to toilets: 93% of the households are dependent on hand pumps and only 6% are
dependant on municipal supply and 1% have their own arrangement. This shows that the people are
dependent on hand pumps and municipal supply is highly inadequate.
Fig. 3.12: Percentage distribution of households according to water supply to toilets
0
20
40
60
80
100
Own
Arrangement
Municipal
supply
Handpump
Water supply to toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
The municipal supply is not adequate in 95% of the cases.
The duration of water supply is 1-2 hours per day in 57% of the households and it is 2-4 hours per
day in 43% of the households.
Households depending on community toilets:
Condition of toilets: The conditions of most of the community toilets (about 70%) are very bad and
unserviceable. Merely few (about 10%) community toilets are in serviceable and usable condition.
The overall O&M of these toilets is far below the expectation and people are having monthly family
passes for using the toilets.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 47
Fig. 3.13: Percentage distribution of community toilets according to their condition
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Average Unusable Not in use
Condition of
toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
There is no institutionalise arrangement of maintaining the upkeep & cleanliness of these
community toilets. The people are not satisfied with the present system of maintenance of these
community toilets.
Fig. 3.14: Percentage distribution of households according to reason for unable to construct toilet
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Co
nst
ruct
toil
et
Sp
ace
con
stra
int
Lack
of
wa
ter
Reason for unable to construct
toilet
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
32% of the households are unable to construct toilet.60% are having space constraint and 8% have
lack of water.
Most of the people prefer to have pour flush twin over open defecation.
51% of the people are willing to have pay for use of community toilets and monthly pass is preferred
and 49% are not willing to pay. This shows that a high proportion of people are not willing to pay for
the community toilets.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 48
Wastewater disposal: Maximum numbers of households dispose off wastewater (from
kitchen/bath/wash other than latrine) directly into public drain/nalla/pond.
Health: Around 60% of the people were affected with diseases like malaria, diarrhoea, cholera and
skin disease in the last six months. The people are spending a lot on health. Around 50% of the
households are spending Rs.100-500 on health, 45% are spending Rs. 501-1000 on health and some
of the people spend even Rs. 1001-2000 and Rs. 2000 and above.
Fig. 3.15: Percentage distribution of households according to expenditure on health
0
10
20
30
40
50
100-500 501-1000 1001-2000 2001 & above
Expenditure on health
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Solid waste disposal: The solid waste is disposed at open dumping sites by about 69% of the
households, in roadside bins by 20% of the households and 11% of the households dispose in drain.
Fig. 3.16: Percentage distribution of households according to disposal of solid waste
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Roadside bin Open dumping
spot
Drain
Disposal of solid waste
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
There is no door to door collection in slum households.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 49
The distance to disposal site is around 100-200 ft. in most of the cases. The municipality does not lift
the waste openly dumped in most of the localities. The frequency of collection of waste is once in
two days in 24% of the cases and once in 3 days in 40% of the cases. The people say that the service
of the municipality is very bad.
Road sweeping is irregular in 94% of the cases. The drains cleaning is also very irregular. Around 13%
of the areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains.
The complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially
satisfied with the system.
3.2.2 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS (COMMUNITY TOILETS)
There are a total of 16 community toilets in Moradabad city. The list of toilets is as below:
Table 3.20: List of community toilets by Nagar Nigam, Moradabad (total 16 in number):
S. No. Name of community toilet Funding Organisation
1. Gulab Badi Sulabh
2. Railway Station Sulabh
3. Nagaphani Thane Ke Piche Sulabh
4. Ekta Dvar Sulabh
5. Roadwej Bus Stand Sulabh
6. Kajari Sray Sulabh
7. Dehari Gaw Nagar Nigam
8. Gulab Badi Nagar Nigam
9. Dolat Gaw Nagar Nigam
10. Rja Ali Compound Nagar Nigam
11. Makhaniya Nagar Nigam
12. Nabav Pura Nagar Nigam
13. Kali Ka Mandir Nagar Nigam
14. Indra Chok Nagar Nigam
Fig. 3.17: Water logging near the
houses
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 50
15. Dehari Ghat Sulabh
16. Taun Hal Sulabh
Source: Primary survey,2010
100% survey was conducted and the analysis gave the following results:
Urinals/Bath/washbasin
Urinals:
Around 60% of the community toilets do not have urinals.33% of the toilets have 1-5 no. of urinals and
only 1 community toilet at Roadways Bus stand has 6-10 no. of urinals.
Fig. 3.18:Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to no. of urinals provided
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 to 5 6 to 10
No. of urinals
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Bath:
Around 33% of the community toilets have no bath facility.
Fig. 3.19:Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to no. of bath provided
0
100
0 1 to 5
No. of Bath
provided
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Washbasins
Around 33% of the community toilets have no washbasins.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 51
Fig. 3.20: Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to no. of washbasins provided
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 to 5
No. of
washbasins
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Number of toilets (male + female)
The graph below shows that 27% of the community toilets have 1-5 no. of toilets,60% have 6-10
number of toilets and 13% have 11-15 number of toilets.
Fig. 3.21: Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to no. of toilets provided
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 to 5 6 to 10 10 to 15
No. of toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Male toilets
73% of the toilets have male toilets 1-5 in number and 27% have 6-10 in number.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 52
Fig. 3.22: Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to no. of male toilets provided
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 to 5 6 to 10
No. of male
toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Female toilets
93% of the toilets have 1-5 number of female toilets and 7% have 6-10 number of female toilets.
Fig. 3.23: Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to no. of female toilets provided
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 to 5 6 to 10
No. of female
toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Number of users per day:
The no. of people using the community toilets is 100-150 in 40% of the toilets. It is 150-200 in 27% of
the toilets.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 53
Fig. 3.24: Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to no. of users per day
0
10
20
30
40
50
50-
100
100-
150
150-
200
200-
250
250-
300
No. of users per
day
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Condition of the toilets:
70% of the toilets are in unusable condition.21% are not in use. Only 9% of the toilets are in average
condition.
Fig. 3.25: Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to condition of toilets
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Average Unusable Not in use
Condition of
toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 54
Fig. 3.26 & 3.27: Community toilets in unusable condition
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Cleaning (times per day):
The cleaning of toilets is done once a day in most of the community toilets.
Type of latrine:
In 13% of the community toilets, the type of latrine is unimproved pit latrine and 87% of the toilets
have water closets.
Fig. 3.28: Percentage distribution of community toilets
according to type of latrine
0
20
40
60
80
100
Unimproved
pit latrine
Water closet
Type of latrine
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Effluent Discharge: Most of the effluent discharge from the community toilets is thrown in to the
drains or nallas. In few cases, it is discharged in to the septic tanks.
O & M Arrangements:
The community toilets are being maintained by Nagar Nigam Moradabad and Sulabh.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 55
3.2.3 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION IN INSTITUTIONAL AREAS
A survey conducted of institutions namely Bus stand, B.S.A. Office, Electricity department office,
Varishth Aayojan Adhikari , Thana, Jila Panchayat office, Kachahri and State Govt. Bank. The
analysis of the survey gives the following results:
Condition of toilets:
Only 10% of the toilets are in serviceable condition. About 60% of toilets are in poor condition and
rest 30% of the toilets are in worst condition.
Fig. 3.29: Percentage distribution of toilets according to condition of toilets
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Good Bad Worst
Condition of
toilets
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
No. of toilet seats provided:
The toilet facilities are provided to male and female staff separately. The number of toilet seats
available for male and female staff are 1-3 in number. The number of toilet seats available for both
the genders are 1-5 in number.
Infrastructure in toilets:
60% of the toilets do not have minimum infrastructure facilities.
In 57% of the toilets the source of water supply is overhead tank and in 28% it is ground water and
14% have piped water as the source of water supply.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 56
O & M in toilets:
A lot of improvements are required in the toilet conditions. They are not maintained properly. The
type of improvements required are cleaning, continuous water supply, maintenance and
upgradation of infrastructure. There is no monthly annual budget for O & M of toilets. User charges
are not collected.
3.2.4 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT HOSPITALS
A survey was conducted of hospitals like Nais dental hospital, D.L. hospital, Government hospital,
Varshney hospital, Sanjeevani hospital, Aashirwaad hospital, Vivekanand hospital, Sai hospital,
Lohia hospital and P.K. hospital. The analysis gives the following results:
Quantity of waste produced (kg.): The hospitals produce daily solid waste of around 15-20 kgs.
Segregation of waste: No colour coding is done for the waste produced. There is no segregation of
bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
Bio-medical Waste disposal: The hospitals have private arrangement for waste disposal and there is
no arrangement by the municipality for waste disposal. Moreover, the system of disposing bio-
medical waste is not in accordance with bio-medical waste (management and handling) rules 1998.
3.2.5 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT SCHOOLS
A survey was conducted of schools and the analysis gave the following results:
Infrastructure facilities in schools: Most of the schools are not having proper toilet facilities. Hand
pumps are the main source of water supply and there is no facility of water storage. About 77% of
toilets are in unusable condition because there is no provision of water supply and
maintenance/cleaning arrangement.
O& M of toilets: The toilets are not cleaned regularly in 83% of the schools. There is no specific
budget allocated for O & M of the toilets of the schools.
Drop-out of students and teachers: The survey shows that the students and teachers have dropped
out because of poor sanitation in schools.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 57
3.2.6 SANITATION FACILITIES AND SITUATION AT COMMERCIAL/ MARKET PLACES
A survey was conducted of the market places in Moradabad city such as pettal bazaar, sabji mandi,
fal mandi, railway station market etc. The sanitation facility in the commercial places is very poor.
Toilet Facility: The market places do not have toilet facility. There is no awareness about public
toilets in the area. The shopkeepers defecate openly when needed. Also, they are not willing to
have pay and use toilets.
Waste collection: Most of the market waste is thrown on the roadsides, nallas, and bins. The market
garbage is not collected regularly. In 40% of the markets it is collected once in 2 days and in 20% of
the markets, it is collected once in 3 days. The shopkeepers are not satisfied with the present
system.
A survey of the customers gave the following results:
Most of them are not aware of toilet facility in the markets. They mostly urinate in the open. They
are willing to have pay and use toilets. The present condition of garbage management is bad. They
suggested that there should be a public toilet and the market place should be cleaned daily.
3.2.7 INDUSTRIAL SANITATION
There are a total of around 1305 Brass industrial units in Moradabad city.
A survey was conducted of medium and large scale industries and it gave the following results: Most
of the industries are located in the industrial areas, some are in commercial areas.
Waste generated: The quantity of daily solid waste generated is 10-100 kg in about 50% of the
industries, it is 101-200 kg in 35% of the industries, and above 200 kg in 15% of the industries.
Fig.3.30: Percentage distribution of industries according to solid waste generated
0
10
20
30
40
50
10 to 100 101 to 200 above 200
Solid waste
generated
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 58
The solid waste is managed by private agencies. The payment made to private agency is as below:
Fig.3.31: Percentage distribution of industries according to Payment to private agencies
0
10
20
30
40
50
1000-2000 2001-3000 3001-4000 4001-8000
Payment to private
agency
Source: Primary Survey, 2010
Around 45% of the industries pay Rs. 2001-3000 to private agencies for the disposal of solid waste.
The liquid waste is disposed off in the nalas, open place and sewerage. The amount of liquid waste
generated is 10-100 litres in 55% of the industries, 100-200 litres in 25% of the industries and above
200 litres in 20% of the industries.
Fig.3.32: Percentage distribution of industries according to liquid waste generated (litres)
0
20
40
60
10 to 100 101 to 200 above 200
Liquid waste
generated
3.2.8 SANITATION SITUATION AT SLAUGHTER HOUSES
One of the slaughter houses surveyed has a very unhygienic condition. It is an open slaughter house
functioning from the last 25 years. It is totally polluted with foul smell and filth all around. There is
no systematic arrangement of cleaning/maintenance. The solid waste is dumped in the open and
liquid waste is discharged in nallas.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 59
3.2.9 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BODIES
In Moradabad city, the water bodies which were surveyed are: Pond at Chauhan ki malik, Pond at
Khushhaalpur, river near Ram ganga kalyanpur and Betadi river. These water bodies are maintained
by nagar nigam.
Condition of water bodies: These water bodies are mainly the drain receiving points. Most of the
city wastewater is discharged in to these water bodies. These water bodies are very dirty and
pollute the complete surrounding environment. There are also instances of flooding in nearby areas
in case of 80% of these water bodies.
3.3 FINANCIAL PROFILE OF THE CITY
The Income – Expenditure Accounts of the Nagar Nigam for the last financial years i.e. year 2001-02,
2002-03, 2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-06 were obtained and have been analyzed for the financial
assessment. Expenses on new projects are treated as Capital Expenditure and expenses towards
maintenance are treated as Revenue Expenditure.
Table 3.21: Financial status of NNM - Abstract Statement
Head 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Revenue
Account
Income 1825.41 2310.87 2002.52 2048.22 2561.89
Expenditure 1935.47 2107.74 2277.31 2448.12 2329.68
Capital Account
Income 64.56 151.38 86.74 86.74 89.12
Expenditure 105.00 107.86 107.05 191.06 90.67
Fig. 3.33: Highly polluted water bodies
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 60
The Revenue Receipts is classified under two main heads i.e. Tax Receipts and Non-Tax Receipts as
under:
Table 3.22: Revenue Receipts/Income of the last five years (in actual):
S. No Head
Actual (Rs. in Lakhs)
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
I Taxes
1 a) Property Tax 167.10 243.67 165.44 189.06 235.35
2 b) Vacant Land Tax
Total Taxes 229.51 342.04 246.36 303.02 353.07
II Non Taxes
1
a) D & O Trades, Market Fees,
Encroachment Licence Fees 0.26 3.28 1.06 10.84 6.88
2
b) Betterment Contribution, Building
License Fees
3 c) Miscellaneous Receipts 3.98 17.88 19.64 14.5 8.22
4 d) Water Supply and other charges 40.48 55.55 37.09 37.45 48.67
Total Non-taxes
III Assigned Revenues
1 a) Entertainment Tax 2.28 2.26 2.14 2.02 2.16
2 b) Surcharge on Stamp Duty 145.67 17.92 179.02 237.58
3 c) Profession tax compensation
4 d) Others 34.39
Total Assigned Revenues 478.00 827.59 555.86 783.94 876.95
IV Grants
1
State Govt. Education Programmes
etc.,S.F.C. 1347.41 1483.29 1446.66 1264.28 1684.94
2 Parliament members Grant 11.21 9.00 3.75 0.80
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 61
3 11th Finance Commission Grants 64.56 151.38 86.74 86.74 89.12
4 Others 104.01
Grand Total 2005.19 2541.26 2123.01 2186.96 2719.01
Observations:
• The tax receipts show an increasing trend in 2005-06.
• While the population and geographical area of the city are increasing, the tax receipts do not
show a corresponding increase indicating substantial non-compliance in tax payment.
Table 3.23: NNM Capital Receipts (Rs. in Lakhs)
Year
State government Financing
Institutions
Market Others Total
Grants Loans
2001-02 64.56 104.00 - - - 168.56
2002-03 151.38 70.00 - - - 221.38
2003-04 86.74 30.00 - - - 116.74
2004-05 86.74 51.20 - - - 137.94
2005-06 89.12 68.00 - - - 157.12
REVENUE EXPENDITURE
This includes:
• Establishment Expenses
• Operation & Maintenance
• Interest Payment
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 62
• Others
Based on the Accounts procured from NNM, the information in respect of Revenue Expenditure in
the prescribed format is as under:
Table 3.24: NNM Revenue Expenditure (Rs. in Lakhs)
Year Establishment
(wages and salaries)
Operation and
Maintenance
Interest
payment Others Total
2001-02 1139.58 546.88 - 249.01 1935.47
2002-03 1136.42 754.06 - 217.21 2107.74
2003-04 1252.14 908.06 - 117.11 2277.31
2004-05 12181.31 872.45 - 294.36 2448.12
2005-06 1236.16 952.85 - 140.67 2329.68
Observations:
The revenue expenditure shows an increasing trend in 2004-05 and a declining trend in 2005-06.
The following table shows the contribution of various heads in Revenue Expenditure:
Table 3.25: Section-wise Expenditure for O&M (Rs. In Lakhs)
Items 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
a) General Taxation 88.43 80.81 79.16 81.14 77.04 95.68
b) General
Administration 32.06 30.63 34.83 33.55 39.80 38.83
c) Engineering 278.24 306.45 470.23 500.51 363.76 459.85
d) Street Lighting 17.02 63.51 100.25 70.82 49.25 74.01
e) Electricity Services
f) Water Supply 100.00 135.95 158.64 169.77 147.03 189.95
g) Town Planning
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 63
h) Drains & Culverts
I) Public Health 715.88 689.43 939.25 823.31 779.53 926.54
j) Buildings 9.02 21.89 8.82 19.68 9.11 4.09
k) Estate
l) Sports 0.46 0.73 0.44 0.66 0.74 0.37
m) Pension 58.01 71.02 86.71 69.51 70.76 135.74
n) Others 636.35 707.32 398.98 679.17 792.66 667.73
Total Taxes (a) to (n) : 1935.47 2107.74 2277.31 2448.12 2329.68 2592.78
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
Table 3.26: NNM Capital expenditure (Rs. in Lakhs)
Year
State government Financing
Institutions
Market Others Total
Grants Loans
2001-02 105.07 143.95 249.02
2002-03 107.86 109.35 217.21
2003-04 107.05 10.06 117.11
2004-05 191.06 103.30 295.00
2005-06 90.66 50.00 140.66
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 64
3.4 COST RECOVERY AND USER CHARGES
3.4.1 Water Supply: Cost recovery
Table 3.27: Annual Operating Revenues from water consumption
Opening Balance as on 31-03-10 Rs. Lakhs 7.18
Demand raised for the period 2009-10 Rs. Lakhs 124.05
House service connections Rs. Lakhs 0.37
Public Taps Rs. Lakhs 0.03
Total Revenue Demand Rs. Lakhs 157.00
Collection against arrears Rs. Lakhs 1.4
Collection against current demand Rs. Lakhs 32.00
Closing Balance as on 31-03-09 Rs. Lakhs 7.18
Other revenues (taxes, connection fees) Rs. Lakhs 2.50
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Table 3.28: Annual Operating Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs)
Category
Regular Staff Costs Rs. Lakhs 133.00
Contracted Staff Costs Rs. Lakhs 35.60
Electricity charges/Fuel costs Rs. Lakhs 203.03
Chemical Costs Rs. Lakhs 3.50
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 65
Repairs/Maintenance costs Rs. Lakhs 10.00
Bulk supply (Raw/treated water) Rs. Lakhs 38.25
Total Rs. Lakhs 18.88
Debt service (interests & principal) in Rupees Rs. Lakhs 577.40
Capital expenditure during the year Rs. Lakhs 442.26
Sources of capital investments
Government Grants Rs. Lakhs 17.00
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.4.2 Sewerage Management: Expenditure
Table 3.29: Annual Operating Expenses (Rupees in Lakhs)
Staff Rs. Lakhs 1.80
Power/fuel Rs. Lakhs 8.00
Repairs/maintenance Rs. Lakhs 12.74
Administrative & other establishment Rs. Lakhs 12.00
Contracted labor Rs. Lakhs 5.40
Total Rs. Lakhs 39.94
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.4.3 Solid waste Management: Expenditure
Table 3.30: Annual Operating Expenses (Rs. Lakhs/Year) as of March 31, 2010
Regular Staff Salary Rs. Lakhs 1013.81
Contractual Staff salary Rs. Lakhs 184.93
Electricity Charges/ Fuel Costs Rs. Lakhs 132.45
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 66
Chemical Costs Rs. Lakhs 14.84
Repair & Maintenance Costs Rs. Lakhs 46.58
Contracted Services Costs Rs. Lakhs 19.09
Total Rs. Lakhs 1411.70
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
3.5 O&M ARRANGEMENTS
The operation and maintenance of water supply is undertaken by the Jal Sansthan. The storm water
drainage system and solid waste management is being taken care by Nagar Nigam Moradabad.
3.6 IEC AND AWARENESS ISSUES
Open Defecation
The number of villages located at the outskirts of the city have been merged with Nagar Nigam
Moradabad but over the period of time no civic development has taken place in these areas. Most of
the households in these areas are not having the provision of any kind of toilets and maximum
people open defecate in the fields around these localities.
Community Toilets
There are seventeen community toilets in the city mainly in slum areas. As of now these toilets are
not looked after properly and having several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are
in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken
doors, with no water arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance. Such toilets
are seen in. Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a
common sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are
allowed to use the community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers, defecate in and
around the community toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey
results to devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst
case scenario this may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 67
infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired. Proper
operation and maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting toilet
usage. Where the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of open
defecation. Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage and in turn
arrest the open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs and SHGs is
recommended to bring the change in the behavior of people.
Commercial Areas
Commercial areas and markets are lacking the provision of toilets and urinals. Roads and streets
sweeping is done irregularly by the Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis and waste piles up fast on the
roads/streets sides. There is no provision of dustbins in the commercial places/markets and the
people tend to throw the waste on the roadside or in the drains/nallas. The waste/garbage in most
these areas is collected once in two or three days.
Water Supply
Pipe water supply network is there but without any metering. This leads to maximum wastage of
water particularly at public stand posts in the slum/LIG areas. Thus there is ample scope for public
awareness, as most people don’t seem to bother about the optimum utilization of water. To
overcome the shortage of water, Jalkal Vibhag has installed about hand pumps in the slum/LIG
areas. Besides this large number of households have made their own private arrangement of hand
pumps. Illegal connections and resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common resulting in
mismanagement & supplying of contaminated water to the consumers. In such a scenario it is not
unusual that people of Moradabad city prefer the hand pump water to the supplied water for
domestic purpose.
Solid Waste Management
There is no arrangement of door to door collection and segregation of municipal waste at source in
the city. As of now, the municipal waste is unscientifically dumped openly at the outskirts of the
city. There is a need to organize the solid waste management on priority and expedite the
completion of ongoing integrated solid waste management project.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 68
Sanitation Consciousness: Current Status of Services and Behaviour
Generally, slums located in outskirts of the city and those in interior offer two different typologies.
The core and old city areas are predominantly Muslim population; representing diversity in terms of
demography. And the slums on the outskirts are predominant with Valmiki, SC or ST population.
Based on these typologies we have identified the following stakeholder groups and their behavioral
patterns:
Table 3.31:Behavioural Patterns of people of Moradabad
Stakeholder
Groups
Areas of Habitation Socio-cultural/Behavioural Patterns
Slums Outskirts Mau, Pandit Nagla,
Fazalpur, Mirpur,
Menadher and
Other areas as
marked on the map
• Open defecation is prevalent.
• Most of the households are not having the
toilet/latrine facilities and all the habitants of
these areas open defecate in the fields.
• There is no provision of community toilets in
these areas.
• There is no provision of door to door collection
but residents throw garbage on the open
road/street or in vacant land,/drains/nallas.
• No pipe water supply network and the source
of water supply is hand pumps.
• There is no drainage system and water logging
take place at low lying areas.
Slums Inner
City
Lodhipur, Fakirpura,
Bemather and other
such areas as marked
on the map.
• This area is having community toilets with
several operation and maintenance challenges.
• Children are not allowed to enter the
community toilets
• Open defecation by children in drains and open
spaces is common.
• Water Scarcity and poor state of community
toilets forces elders also to defecate in open
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 69
but, it is not very common. Some community
toilets do not have water, electricity connection
with broken toilet seats force people to
defecate in close vicinity.
• People are in some ways constrained in going
out to defecate in the inner city areas. Open
areas such as Public Park land or vacant plots
have become open defecation spots.
• Most of community toilets discharge their
waste into open nallas/drains.
.
Shopkeepers Commercial
Areas/Markets like
pettal bazar, railway
station road, bus
stand and other
areas on map
• Moradabad is prominent industrial city of UP.
• General hygiene & sanitation awareness is far
below among the shopkeepers; particularly
meat, milk products, vegetables/fruits or
eatable shops.
• Most of the shopkeepers throw their waste on
the road/street side or in nallas. The nallas get
clogged and cleaned at irregular intervals by
Nagar Nigam.
• No provision of dustbins in the commercial
areas and markets.
• Very few public toilets and urinals in the market
areas.
Higher Income
Group
Residents
Civil lines and other
areas locatable on
map
• No door to door collection
• Irregular water supply is a major issue for the
residents.
• Residents tend to install motors to draw up
water to first and second floors. These motors
are attached directly to the supply pipe posing
problems to those down the line.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 70
Low Income
Group
Residents
• Marked by individual toilets, irregular sweeping
of street, occasional clearing of drains.
• Irregular water supply
• Dumping of solid waste in open on roadside
Municipal
officials
City Wide • Officials should call meetings of shopkeepers
specially butchers/eatable vendors to raise
their awareness about hygiene and to promote
safe practices of waste disposal.
• Nagar Nigam officials need help to enhance
their capacities for better implementation of
sanitation projects.
• A better co-ordination between various
departments such as Jalkal Vibhag, MDA is
required.
• Nagar Nigam should look into operational as
well as maintenance aspects of community
toilets.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 71
CHAPTER 4
INFERENCES/ GAPS IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS
4.1 SUMMARY OF THE KEY ISSUES
4.1.1 WATER SUPPLY
Fig. 4.1: Water supply analysis
Source: Jal Sansthan & NNM, 2010
27% coverage
of water
supply
connections
Total water supplied-141.6 MLD
Total volume of water billed-136.5 MLD
Total Domestic connections-36057
Non domestic connections-1384
Public taps -327
Per capita
supply of
water-85lpcd 35% cost
recovery in water
supply services
Continuity of
water supply
2-3 hrs./day
0% metering of
water supply
connections
20% collection
efficiency of
water supply
related charges
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 72
• Low per capita water supplied
The per capita water supplied is 85 lpcd against the national level of 135 lpcd.
• 27% coverage of water supply connections
The water supply coverage is only 27% of the households.
• Daily water supply -2 to 3 hours per day
The water is supplied for 2-3 hours per day on an average.
• Water Quality
The water quality testing is not as per BIS IS -10500 laid down guidelines and standards.
4.1.2 SEWERAGE AND WASTEWATER GENERATION
Fig. 4.2: Sewerage and wastewater generation analysis
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
Manual
scavenging-
492 HHs
Open
defecation
12 %- 1,00,440
population
40% coverage
of storm water
drainage
network
Wastewater generation-109.2MLD
Collected & treated- Nil
Total length of road network- 1773.08 km.
0% of
sewerage
water
treatment
Households with access to toilets-1,12,424 HHs
Households w/o access to toilets-15,500 HHs
Coverage of
toilets -88%
Households with onsite disposal- 101014HHs
Households with sewer connections- 7910
HHs
6% coverage of
sewerage
network
services
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 73
• Only 6% coverage of sewerage network :
In Moradabad city, there is only 6% coverage of sewerage network. The households are
having septic tanks or kuddis. An integrated sewerage network needs to be laid out in the
city.
• No sewage treatment plant: There is no sewage treatment plant. Most of the sewerage
goes into the open drains and nallas.
4.1.3 STORM WATER DRAINAGE
• The drainage system is quite old and needs immediate repairs.
• The drainage system is heavily silted because of lack of routine upkeep and regular
maintenance.
• Most of the city drains and nallas are discharging in the water bodies and thus polluting the
complete environment.
4.1.4 HOUSEHOLDS
• There are about 23% of slum households and 77% of non slum households in Moradabad city.
• About 42% of households are having the flush latrines with septic tanks.
• About 12% of households are not having access to toilets and thus defecating in open
particularly recently included villages in the Nagar Nigam. 37% households are using the ‘Khudi’
which is a small structure built with bricks and directly discharging the effluent in open nallas.
• Dry toilets are also present in Moradabad city. Around 492 households have manual
scavenging.
• Approximately 3500 households are using the services of 16 community toilets in the slum and
non slum areas.
• No proper mechanism for the safe disposal of solid and liquid waste including the sludge &
septage of households.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 74
4.1.5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Fig. 4.3: Solid waste management Analysis
Source: Nagar Nigam Moradabad, 2010
• The municipal waste is not disposed off scientifically as per MSW Rule 2000.
• The waste is disposed off at open dump sites. No scientific landfill site exists.
• No community involvement in managing the solid and liquid waste of the city.
• Only 2% city wide door to door collection of solid waste.
4.1.6 COMMERCIAL AREAS AND MARKETS
• Poor solid waste disposal and collection mechanism.
No
Recovery of
MSW
Waste dumped
on open trench
ground-unsafe
disposal
No scientific
disposal of
MSW
2% door to
door
collection
Waste Generation
10080 MT/month
Population covered by DTD Collection- 21000
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 75
• Very few proper public toilets in the markets. Most of the market places do not have toilet
facility.
• There is no awareness about public toilets in the area.
• No arrangement of proper cleanliness of the public toilets and urinals.
• No willingness to pay and use the toilet facilities among the shopkeepers. However, the
customers are willing to have pay and use toilets.
• The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in markets areas is improper
garbage disposal causing the blockage of roads, foul smell, clogging of drains/nallas.
4.1.7 HOSPITAL SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Maximum hospitals do not follow the Bio-medical rules -1998
• No scientific arrangement of treating the bio-medical liquid waste of hospitals and nursing
homes. All the bio-medical liquid waste is discharged in nallas/drains.
4.1.8 SCHOOL SANITATION
• Most of the government primary schools are not having proper arrangement of toilet and
drinking water facilities.
• There is no dedicated staff available in the schools for the upkeep, cleanliness and
maintenance of toilets and other facilities.
• The students and teachers have dropped out because of poor sanitation in schools.
• No proper budget has been allocated for the O & M of toilets.
• Most of the schools dispose their waste on the roadside or throw in the open site.
4.1.9 WATER BODIES
• The water quality is very poor and it is highly polluted. There is no system in place to ensure
the proper upkeep and maintenance of water bodies.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 76
• Most of the nallas/drains of the city are discharging their wastewater in these water bodies
which is completely unhygienic and hazardous for the city.
• There are instances of flooding in nearby areas in the case of 80% of the water bodies.
• Toilet discharge also goes into most of the waterbodies like Betadi river, Pond near Chauhan
ki malik and pond at Khushhaalpur.
• There is high risk of waterborne diseases because of accumulation of sludge and wastewater
in the water bodies.
• The water flow is clogged in 60% of the water bodies including Betadi river and Ram ganga
river .The stagnated water and filth in the water bodies is causing the foul smell and acute
air pollution in the surrounding areas.
GAPS IDENTIFICATION
• In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soakpits. The water from
septic tanks goes directly into drains which is very unhygienic. Sewer line network needs to
cover more areas in Moradabad city.
• Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythenes bags and it should be cleaned
regularly.
• The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and
regular upkeep/maintenance.
• The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries, shopkeepers etc and
thus difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary conditions of
the city are improved.
• There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people
particularly in slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be
constructed in the city.
• There is no Wastewater Treatment Plant in the city.
• There is no institutional arrangement in place for the routine upkeep and maintenance of
water bodies .
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 77
• General awareness about the importance of sanitation and health issues is far below among
the people of the city.
Solid Waste Management
a. Segregation at source is not practiced
The waste generators in Moradabad city do not segregate the waste prior to disposal. They dump
mixed waste into the DP containers, drains, open sites and low-lying areas.
As a standard practice, MSW has to be segregated into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable
wastes and disposed off in separate containers to aid in efficient waste processing and disposal
mechanisms.
b. Primary collection of solid waste is not appropriate
Nagar Nigam Moradabad has taken initiative in providing door-to-door collection service to its
residents with the help of a private company A2Z ,Gurgaon but only 2% of the households are
covered which is a very small proportion. The residents of city dump the household waste outside
their residences from where sweepers of NNM collect waste by means of handcarts and dump the
same into the DP containers or roadside (open dump).
The Safai Karamcharis employed by the NNM do street sweeping, collect drain silt & waste, put
heaps on roadsides and transport them at nearby open dumps. These unorganized disposal methods
have resulted in accumulation of solid waste on roadsides and vacant plots, low lying areas and
drains/nallas.
Door to door collection service has to be provided to households as well as commercial
establishments. Containers/dustbins should be put near the shops and some agency should be there
to collect garbage regularly. The roadside waste collected by street sweepers must be directly
dumped into a separate bin at the secondary waste collection point.
c. Secondary storage of solid waste is unorganized
There are very few containers available for secondary storage of MSW. At places where containers
are available, either they are rusted or damaged. At other places, waste is dumped on open dumps
which have evolved over a period of time. In the absence of secondary storage facility for MSW, it is
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 78
dumped at any location in the vicinity-drains, vacant plots, street corners, low lying areas, or other
open areas. Heaps and stretches of un-segregated waste in open areas causes environmentally
hazardous and unhygienic conditions across the city, thus, creating conducive conditions for
breeding of mosquitoes, insects or grazing by cattle.
Separate coloured bins must be provided at the secondary storage location for bio-degradable and
non-biodegradable and recyclable wastes. The bins must be covered and cleared at the scheduled
time to prevent storage of waste for a long time and littering of waste outside the bins.
d. Solid waste is transported in open vehicles
Most of the times, solid waste is transported in open trolleys hauled by tractors. These open trolleys
are overloaded with waste, resulting in road littering during transportation. The loading and
unloading of waste is done manually and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any
Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) for their protection.
The waste transportation vehicles must be covered at all times except while loading and unloading
activities and the loaded waste should not exceed the capacity of these vehicles.
e. Slaughter house waste is mixed with the MSW
Waste from slaughter houses is dumped along with the MSW in open and low-lying areas. As such,
there is no provision for segregation and safe disposal in the city.
Slaughter house waste should be collected separately and disposed off by controlled incineration,
burial, anaerobic digestion and other approved processing methods.
f. Biomedical waste is not managed properly in all healthcare facilities
The private hospitals and nursing homes do not segregate their waste. Waste is not dumped in the
dual bin system (green and blue) and it is not segregated and is dumped along with MSW.
Biomedical waste segregation, handling and disposal mechanisms adopted by all medical institutions
must be strictly in compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Rules.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 79
g. Collection and disposal of construction waste is not appropriate
The construction/demolition waste generated by local residents is transported in tractor trolleys and
disposed off in open/low-lying areas in the vicinity, privately.
The construction and demolition waste (from private or NNM sites) must not be dumped in any open
area in an unorganized manner .It must be handled under the guidance of NNM staff.
h. Disposal of solid waste is not appropriate
The solid waste collected from various sources is disposed off in open dumpsites indiscriminately
without segregation or pre-processing. There is no engineered sanitary landfill for safe disposal of
solid waste.
According to MSW Rules 2000, biodegradable waste should be processed and converted into
compost or used for power generation; recyclables should be segregated and sold to recyclers; no
hazardous waste be dumped along with MSW; construction waste to be segregated and used for
filling low lying areas and only remaining waste should be dumped into engineered landfill facility.
i. Manual handling of solid waste
Safai karamcharis involved in primary collection of MSW do not use any Personal Protection
Equipment (PPEs)such as face masks, disposable gloves, boots, hats, and proper safety clothing
(sturdy coloured uniform) to avoid direct contact with waste and reduce the likelihood of on the job
injury. Manual handling of solid waste during primary collection is an acceptable practice in
Moradabad city.
j. Lack of awareness among city residents and civic authorities
The NNM staff is responsible for managing MSW in Moradabad city in accordance with the MSW
Rules 2000.The NNM staff needs to understand the environmental, social and economic implications
of an unorganized MSW management system. Likewise, public participation is very essential in
successful implementation of the MSW management plan in the city. Therefore, a planned and
concerted effort is required to bring about awareness among the public and make them realize their
responsibilities as individuals and as a community. In summary, public awareness, community
participation, transparent administration, accountability at all levels is the need of hour so as to
ensure success of any MSW management plan.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 80
4.2 IEC AND AWARENESS MESSAGES & CHANNELS
Household Survey
About 300 households particularly in slum areas were surveyed to gauge water and sanitation
situation in Moradabad city. Though the data does not claim to yield statistically significant results
for Moradabad, there were some interesting findings. About 48% slum households are not having
access to toilets and thus defecating in open. More surprisingly few houses are reporting manual
scavenging also. There is no door to door collection except in few pockets started recently as pilot
project and high proportion of the respondents are dumping solid waste in designated container (if
available) or open site on the road/street side. The municipality does not lift the waste openly
dumped in most of the localities. The frequency of collection of waste is once in 3 days in most of
the cases. About 94% of the residents opined that their streets are not swept regularly and drains
are cleaned irregularly. Around 13% of the areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains. The
complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially satisfied
with the system.
Public toilets in commercial places
According to our survey there are very few public toilet facilities in the commercial areas or
markets of the city. Most of the commercial places and markets are having some arrangement of
urinals particularly for gents only. Few shopkeepers use the existing public urinals and maximum
people urinate in open drains. Sampled respondents have appreciated the idea of pay and use toilets
if proper toilet facilities are made available. If they have to pay they prefer monthly pass. Our survey
results indicate that while on one hand shopkeepers and customers are experiencing difficulties due
to lack of access to toilets, the overall willingness for pay per use option was found to be low. In such
a situation a behavior change campaign is first required to create demand for toilets. Then it could
be recommended to build toilets in commercial areas on pay and use terms. Shopkeepers could opt
for monthly passes and customers pay per use.
Community Toilets
As explained, in the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building,
leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance
person. Several of these community toilets need to be rebuilt. Our survey covered 16 (100%)
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 81
community toilets in Moradabad, merely 9% of these are in fully serviceable condition. About 70%
are reported to be in bad implying that they are in unsanitary or dilapidated condition. 21% of the
toilets are not in use. Investing in community toilets is a pressing need for the city. At present O&M
work is being shared by a host of organizations including Nagar Nigam and Sulabh. No Correlation
has been found between condition of toilets and the organization responsible for O&M.
Key Messages for Stakeholders
National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008, by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
has outlined constitution, roles and responsibilities of City Sanitation Task Forces envisaging multi-
stakeholder involvement. Some eminent persons from the city (from fields of academics, NGOs,
media, art, business etc) could be included into this task force. At a more micro level, creation of
Ward Sanitation Action Committees headed by corporators of the concerned wards and comprising
members from NNM, office bearers of RWAs, Safai Karamcharies is recommended.
A set of powerful mnemonics related to sanitation could be one of the ways of beginning the process
of developing sanitation consciousness- say something like ‘swach ghar samridh parivar’. The
messages that need to be put across to the stakeholders are as follows:
Table 4.1: Messages to be put across to stakeholders:
Target
Audience
Messages/Themes Channels of Communication
Nagar Ayukt,
NN Health &
Sanitary
officials,
Corporators etc
• Seeking community inputs for building
and repairing community and
individual toilets, toilets should be
designed for social acceptance.
• Anti- open defecation and sanitation
campaigns
• How to ensure compliance from
people through rewards/Punishments
• Better co-ordination between various
departments including NNM, DUDA,
Training Programs for Officials
from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal
Vibhag, DUDA
Participation in interactive
programmes such as transact
walks etc to promote city
sanitation
CSTF meetings, CSP workshops,
Newspaper Advertisement
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 82
Jal Kal for implementation of City
Sanitation Plan
• Safe handling of garbage by Sanitation
workers
• Promoting source segregation at
source and dump yards
• Safe deposition of garbage by
Contractors
calling for meeting/seeking
participation in transect walks
Press Conference-sharing the
goals and plan of action for CSP
with press persons
Videos on best practices and
their impact
Corporators,
Office bearer of
Slum Resident
Federations,
NGOs
representing
slums in inner
City
• Consultations on preventing open
defecation, especially highlighting the
risks on railway line
• Consultation seeking inputs of
residents on improving community
toilets and their usage
• Toilet options two pit, septic tank
• Safe disposal of Human Excreta
• Contamination due to Fecal Matter
• Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE,
Malaria, Scabies
• Consultation of water supply situation
• Consultation on expectations form
Municipality
Organising interactive
programmes with elected
representatives and officials.
These could include transact
walks in slum areas
RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting
Door to door campaign
Newspaper Advertisement.
Press Conference
Screening of videos for sanitation
awareness
Corporators,
office bearers
of Slum
Resident
Federations
representing
slums in City
Outskirts
• Consultation seeking inputs of
residents on improving community
toilets and their usage
• Health Risks due to open defecation
• Toilet options two pit, septic tank
• Contamination due to Fecal Matter
• Safe disposal of Human Excreta
• Health and hygiene: Diarrhea, GE,
Organising interactive
programmes with elected
representatives and officials.
These could include walks in the
outskirt slums.
RWA/SRF/NGO Meeting
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 83
Malaria, Scabies
• Consultation on problems with water
supply
• Consultation on expectations form
NNM
Door to door campaign
Newspaper Advertisement
Press Conference
Screening of videos and films at
meetings
Office bearers
of Residents
Welfare
Association
middleclass
localities
• Consultation on problems with current
toilets
• Consultation on septic tank cleaning
• Consultation on Environmental
sanitation
• Consultation of water supply situation
• Consultation of willingness to pay user
charges
• Consultation on expectations from
NNM
Meetings with officials,
Door to door campaigning
Newspaper Advertisement
Cable TV
Educational videos screening at
meetings
Water and
sanitation
officials
• Display responsibilities of officials viz
Sanitation Inspectors in their Circles
especially in the vicinity of open
defecation areas, markets, public
parks, slaughter houses, around water
bodies
• Establish public grievance redressal
mechanism.
• Appreciation of what people desire
Printed pamphlets given with
newspapers, newspaper
advertisements, painting on
Elevated/underground reservoirs
Print the phone numbers of
responsible officials on the NNM
garbage lifting vehicles
Water and
Sanitation
Workers
• Importance of safe handling of waste,
protective gear
• Important messages like not burning
plastics, not dropping waste on the
Training Programs, Workshops
on better gear, improved
practices, consultations with
Safai Karamcharis or sanitary
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 84
way to dump sites, intermediate bins
• Educating residents about Segregation
of waste
worker unions
Shopkeepers,
Commercial
establishments,
SSI units
• Do not dump garbage in by lanes, in
drains
• Organize a meeting with NNM to
appraise the officials of their
grievances
• If you need to dispose heavy waste
call the NNM and ask for a tractor.
• Improving sanitation facilities within
the shops and factories for workers
and customers
• Participation in Public toilets building
and maintenance
Area specific meeting with
shopkeepers, slaughter house
operators , traders and
representatives of SSI units
City Wide • Keep houses and neighborhood clean
• Boil/Filter the Water before drinking
• Wash your hands before and after
eating/drinking
• Don’t allow mosquitoes to breed in
your neighborhood
• Immunize Children
• Don’t share clothes of persons
infected with skin diseases
Road Side Billboards
News Paper Advertisements
City TV Cable
Short Films or videos to be
screened in theatres etc.
PLAN MORADABAD
CHAPTER 05
KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES
5.1 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
KEY ISSUES
IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY
RANK
I II III
I 1/1
Open Defecation
½
6% sewerage coverage
and No treatment of
waste water
1/3
Waste disposal in
open drains
II 2/1
Schools with no
toilets
Poor O&M of school
toilets
No public toilets at
commercial/ market
places
2/2
No proper Fecal sludge
management of
community toilets and
even at household level
(those using septic tank)
Low drinking water
quality
No proper maintenance of
Institutional toilets
2/3
Slaughter house
waste disposal into
nallas
III 3/1
Poor arrangements
of operation and
maintenance of both
community and
public toilets
3/2
2% door to door collection
of household waste
Unscientific disposal of
liquid waste and fecal
sludge from hospitals,
3/3
Encroachments,
waste dump sites -
Water bodies
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 86
community toilets
The existing situation of the cities (i.e. key problems are listed out – further, analysis for their
consequences and their impacts.) A matrix is developed to highlight the areas of high priority that
need to be addressed by ULB.
5.2 PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX METHOD
IMPACT SCALE/ PRIORITY RANK I II III
I 1/1
Individual toilets
Community toilets
½
Sewerage System
1/3
STP/DEWATS
II 2/1
Public toilets
School sanitation
2/2
Fecal sludge management
Water Quality
Institutional toilets
2/3
Proper disposal of
Slaughter house
waste
III 3/1
O&M arrangements
of community toilets
3/2
Solid waste management
Proper disposal of BMW
3/3
Upkeep/maintenance
of Water bodies
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 87
CHAPTER 06
PROPOSALS/ RECOMMENDATIONS
This section essentially deals with the requirements at the city level for sanitation services to
support urban stability, enable social balance, economic growth and development and are
imperative for the improvement of urban public services in Moradabad. Although there have been
some national and state initiatives to increase sanitation coverage in Moradabad, a substantial part
of urban population, especially in slums, has no adequate sanitation facilities made available to them
by the government machinery.
6.1 SWOT Analyses
The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues and
opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things identified and it
can therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop new strategies. The
ideal outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses in order to take advantage
of external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest advantages of SWOT analysis is that
it is simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate new ideas as to how a sector can use a
particular strength to defend against threats in the performance. If a sector is aware of the potential
threats then it can have responses and plans ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT
Analysis is the foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely
Short - term
Mid - term
Long- term
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 88
opportunities and threats from the external environment. It views all positive and negative factors
inside and outside the sector that affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which
the sector operates helps in forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including
them in the decision-making process of the particular sector in the context of Moradabad.
PLAN MORADABAD
Strengths
� Satisfactory coverage in HIG areas of the city
Weaknesses
� Lack of metered connections
� Leakages
� Using private electric pumps to suck water
� Illegal connections
� Unwillingness to use water at the consumer end due to
contamination in the supply line
� Water borne diseases due to poor quality of water
supplied
Opportunities
� Improving water quality and reducing water borne
diseases
� Rehabilitation of the existing lines
� Constant vigilance to control illegal connections
� IEC campaign to overcome illegal connections from rising
main and usage of untreated water leading to
contamination
� Encouraging individual metered connection to increase
revenue
� IEC to bring forth change in the mindset to go for
Individual metered connections
SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad -Water Supply
Threats
� Poor service in some areas � Contamination due to household & commercial waste
directly lead to open drains and nallas
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 90
Threats
� All nallas /drains discharging in water bodies
� Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health
hazard
Strengths
� Extensive nallas and drain network
� city covered by sewer lines
Weaknesses
� No sewerage treatment plant ‘STP’
� Black and gray water not treated
� Household and commercial waste directly lead to open drains
and nallas
Opportunities
� Plan sewerage network and STPs
� IEC campaign against throwing garbage in storm water drains
SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 91
SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Solid Waste Management
Weaknesses
� No door to door collection
� Gap between the waste generated and collected in the city
� Open dumping sites are located inside the city
� No system in place for tracking the collection and transportation
of the waste
Strengths
� New integrated solid waste management project under PPP model is
coming up
� Willingness to pay for the user charges
Threats
� Gap between generation and collection has let large amount of
garbage in the city leading to public health hazards � Open dumping sites are major public health hazards
Opportunities
� Effective IEC campaign to illustrate and explain the hazards of
unscientific disposal of municipal waste can stop the citizens from
dumping the garbage in open
� Willingness to pay for the user charges can be converted in educating
people to give the waste in a segregated manner
� CBOs are more than willing to participate in any sort of campaign to
improve the quality of life
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 92
SWOT Analysis for Nagar Nigam Moradabad - Open defecation, community toilets and public toilets
Strengths
� Community / Public toilets have been built for the population of the
city
Weaknesses
� No M & E system for tracking Open Defecation
� Few community toilets for large slum population
� Number of community toilets are in unusable condition
� Most of community toilets leading waste to open drains
Opportunities
� Increasing number of Community Toilets would bring down the
instances of open defecation to a large extent
� Rehabilitation of existing Community Toilets
� BOT models in building toilets have high chances
� IEC & Behavioral Change campaign can bring down the cases of open
defecation
Threats
� Open Defecation has become a major public health hazard
� Mosquitoes leading to several diseases and instances of skin
diseases
PLAN MORADABAD
6.2 VISION AND SPECIFIC GOALS
Moradabad City to become totally sanitized, livable and sustain good public health and
environmental outcomes for all the citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation
facilities for the urban poor by 2015.
SPECIFIC GOALS
a) Awareness generation and behaviour change
b) Making Moradabad a open defecation free city
c) Re-Orienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation
d) Sanitary and Safe Disposal of human excreta and liquid wastes
e) Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations
The city’s concerted efforts would be in achieving the vision and the goals in a stipulated timeframe.
6.3 SANITATION OPTIONS
6.3.1 TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS
Application of technology is one of a number of integrated measures required to improve sanitary
conditions. Although sanitation is often understood as dealing with urine and excreta, the definition
of sanitation is much broader and concerns the conditions relating to public health. To improve
sanitation, the entire environment needs to be looked at in a holistic manner so that improvements
in one area are not undermined by the neglect of another, and to prevent the problem being
transported elsewhere with the discharge of untreated sewage or indiscriminate tipping of solid
waste.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 94
The infrastructure necessary to provide a sanitation facility which is safe, reliable, private, protected
from the weather and ventilated, keeps smells to the minimum, easy to keep clean, minimises the
risk of the spread of sanitation-related diseases by facilitating the appropriate control of disease
carrying flies and pests, and enables safe and appropriate treatment and/or removal of human waste
and wastewater in an environmentally sound manner. Technology does not fail humans; humans fail
technology if the introduced technology cannot be sustained in the socio-economic, personal or
cultural environment. The users are often blamed for the failure but the reality is that failure occurs
because the technology is inappropriate to the circumstances.
Regardless of the technology selected, making sanitation improvements in any community requires
careful planning and concerted investment efforts between households and government. Lacking
proper coordination, some investments can become very wasteful and redundant. For instance, the
disposal of contaminated wastewater in densely populated areas is both expensive and technically
challenging, while the prospects for charging for this service are limited. Thus, if water services are
introduced in an area without a proper drainage and sewerage system, there will be no way to take
away the volumes of wastewater.
Sanitation systems can be divided into ‘onsite’ and ‘offsite’ technologies. Onsite sanitation systems
aim to contain human excreta at the point of generation (the household level). Onsite sanitation can
be classified into two main categories: ‘wet’ which require water for flushing; and ‘dry’ which do not
require any water for flushing. This type of infrastructure comprises of (improved) latrines, septic
tanks and other household level technologies that do not involve sewerage.
Offsite sanitation systems transport human excreta to another location for treatment, disposal or
use. Offsite sanitation can be classified into two main categories: ‘decentralized’ and ‘centralized’.
Decentralized systems include systems where groups of two or more houses are linked to a network
leading to a communal treatment system. Wastewater systems serving one or several communities
are termed centralized systems.
Technology Option for On-site sanitation systems
Septic Tank with soak pits
Application Level- Household, Apartments, Institutions
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 95
Septic tanks consist of a chamber or series of chambers into which wastewater is discharged and
contained. Sediment and solids settle at the bottom of the tank and organic wastes are decomposed
by the action of bacteria. The effluent from septic tanks may contain pathogens and should be
discharged into a soak away. In practice, many septic tanks in India discharge effluent to the nearest
open drain.
Liquid flows into the tank and heavy particles sink to the bottom, while scum (oil and fat) floats to
the top. With time, the solids that settle at the bottom are degraded anaerobically. However, the
rate of accumulation is faster than the rate of decomposition, and the accumulated sludge must be
removed at some point. Generally, Septic Tanks should be emptied and cleaned every 2 to 5 years,
although they should be checked yearly to ensure proper functioning. The design of a Septic Tank
depends on the number of users; the amount of water used per capita, the average annual
temperature, the pumping frequency and the characteristics of the wastewater. A variation of the
Septic Tank is called an aqua privy, which is a simple storage and settling tank located directly below
the toilet, so that the excreta fall into the tank. To prevent odor from surfacing, a water seal must be
maintained but it may not completely prevent smells and the tank must be frequently desludged.
Adequacy: A Septic Tank is appropriate where there is a way of dispersing or transporting the
effluent. Because the Septic Tank must be desludged regularly, a vacuum truck should be able to
access the location. Often Septic Tanks are installed in the home, under the kitchen or bathroom
which makes emptying difficult. If Septic Tanks are used in densely populated areas, onsite
infiltration should not be used otherwise the ground will become oversaturated and excreta may rise
up to the surface posing a serious health risk. Instead, the Septic Tank should be connected to a
sewer and the effluent should be transported to a subsequent treatment or disposal site. Septic
Tanks can be installed in every type of climate although the efficiency will be affected in colder
climates. Even though the Septic Tank is watertight, it should not be constructed in areas with high
groundwater tables or where there is frequent flooding. Aqua privies can be built indoors and above
ground and are appropriate for rocky or flood prone areas where pits or other technologies would
not be appropriate. However, because they require frequent emptying and constant maintenance,
they are only recommended for very specific applications.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the entire tank is below
the surface so users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater. Users should be careful
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 96
when opening the tank because noxious and flammable gases may be released. Septic Tanks should
have a vent. A vacuum truck should be used to empty the sludge from the Septic Tank. Users should
not attempt to empty the pit themselves except with a manual technology.
Maintenance: Septic Tanks should be checked to ensure that they are watertight and the levels of
the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that the tank is functioning well. Because of the
delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge harsh chemicals into the Septic Tank. The
sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to ensure proper functioning of the Septic
Tank.
Pros & Cons:
� Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
� Long service life
� No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly
� Low capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on water and emptying
� Small land area required
� No electrical energy required
� Low reduction in pathogens, solids and organics
� Effluent and sludge require secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge
� Requires constant source of water
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK (Sizing, volume and
emptying calculations and example design solutions, Chapter 6)
Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit
Application Level- Household
A Pour Flush Toilet is like a regular Flush Toilet except that instead of the water coming from the
cistern above, it is poured in by the user. When the water supply is not continuous, any cistern Flush
Toilet can become a Pour Flush Toilet. Just like a traditional Flush Toilet, there is a water seal that
prevents odours and flies from coming back up the pipe. Water is poured into the bowl to flush the
toilet of excreta; approximately 2 to 3L is usually sufficient. The quantity of water and the force of
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 97
the water must be sufficient to move the excreta up and over the curved water seal. Both pedestals
and squatting pans can be used in the pour flush mode. Due to demand, local manufacturers have
become increasingly efficient at mass-producing affordable, Pour Flush Toilets and pans. The S-shape
of the water seal determines how much water is needed for flushing. To reduce water requirements,
it is advisable to collect toilet paper or other dry cleansing materials separately. The waterseal at the
bottom of the Pour Flush Toilet or pan should have a slope of 25 to 30°. Water seals should be made
out of plastic or ceramic to prevent clogs and to make cleaning easier. The optimal depth of the
water seal is approximately 2cm to minimize the water required to flush the excreta. The trap should
be approximately 7cm in diameter.
Adequacy: The water seal is effective at preventing odors and it is appropriate for those who sit or
squat (pedestal or slab) as well as those who cleanse with water. It is only appropriate when there is
a constant supply of water available. The Pour Flush Toilet requires much less water than a
traditional cistern Flush Toilet. However, because a smaller amount of water is used, the Pour Flush
Toilet may clog more easily and thus, require more maintenance. If water is available, this type of
toilet is appropriate for both public and private applications. Pour Flush Toilets are adequate for
almost all climates.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Pour Flush Toilet (or squatting pan) prevents users from seeing or
smelling the excreta of previous users. Thus, it is generally well accepted. Provided that the water
seal is working well, there should be no odors and the toilet should be clean and comfortable to use.
Maintenance: Because there are no mechanical parts, Pour Flush Toilets are quite robust and rarely
require repair. Despite the fact that water is used continuously in the toilet, it should be cleaned
regularly to prevent the buildup of organics and or/stains. To prevent clogging of the Pour Flush
Toilet, it is recommended that dry cleansing materials be collected separately and not flushed down
the toilet.
Pros & Cons
� The water seal effectively prevents odors
� The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives
� Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers)
� Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water requires a constant source of
water (can be recycled water and/or collected rain water)
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 98
� Requires some education to be used correctly
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK.
(Provides detailed drawings of Indian glass-fibre squat pan and trap with dimensions and critical
design criteria. A description of how to modify a Pour Flush Toilet to a cistern Flush Toilet is included.
Single Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)
Application Level- Household,
The Single VIP is a Ventilated, Improved Pit. It is an improvement over the Single Pit because
continuous airflow through the ventilation pipe vents odours and acts as a trap for flies as they
escape towards the light. Despite their simplicity, well-designed Single VIPs can be completely smell
free, and be more pleasant to use than some other water-based technologies. Flies that hatch in the
pit are attracted to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe. When they fly towards the light and
try to escape they are trapped by the fly-screen and die. The ventilation also allows odours to escape
and minimizes the attraction for flies.
The vent pipe should have an internal diameter of at least 110mm to a maximum of 150mm and
reach more than 300mm above the highest point of the toilet superstructure. The vent works better
in windy areas but where there is little wind, its effectiveness can be improved by painting the pipe
black; the heat difference between the pit (cool) and the vent (warm) creates an updraft that pulls
the air and odours up and out of the pit. To test the efficacy of the ventilation, a small, smoky fire
can be lit in the pit; the smoke should be pulled up and out of the vent pipe and not remain in the pit
or the superstructure.
The mesh size of the fly screen must be large enough to prevent clogging with dust and allow air to
circulate freely. Aluminium screens, with a hole-size of 1.2 to 1.5mm have proven to be the most
effective. The top diameter of the Single VIP should be between 1 to 1.5m and be dug at least 3m
deep, although the deeper the better. Deep pits can last up to 15, 20, 30 or more years. As the
effluent leaches from the Single VIP and migrates through unsaturated soils, faecal organisms are
removed. The degree of faecal organism removal varies with soil type, distance travelled, moisture
and other environmental factors and thus, it is difficult to estimate the necessary distance between
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 99
a pit and a water source. A minimum distance of 30m between the pit and a water source is
recommended to limit exposure to chemical and biological contamination.
Adequacy: Treatment processes in the Single VIP are limited, and therefore, pathogen reduction and
organic degradation is not significant. However, since the excreta are contained, pathogen
transmission to the user is limited. This technology is a significant improvement over Single Pits or
open defecation.
Single VIPs are appropriate for peri-urban areas; single pits in urban or dense areas are often difficult
to empty and/or have insufficient space for infiltration. Depending on the pit depth, depth to the
water table, number of users and soil conditions, some pits can be used for 20 years without
emptying. VIPs are especially appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low
groundwater table. They should be located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for
rocky or compacted soils or for areas that flood frequently.
Health Aspects/Acceptance A Single VIP can be a very clean, comfortable, and well accepted
sanitation option. However some health concerns exist:
• Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater;
• Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods;
• Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation.
Maintenance: To keep the Single VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is
required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation
screen to ensure a good flow of air.
Pros & Cons:
� Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits)
� Does not require a constant source of water
� Suitable for all types of users
� Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
� Can be used immediately after construction
� Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials and pit depth
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 100
� Small land area required
� Sludge requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge
� Costs to empty may be significant compared to capital costs
Reference: Mara, DD (1996), Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides detailed
design information.)
Double Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP)
Application Level-Household, Public Toilet, Community Toilet
The Double VIP has almost the same design as the Single VIP with the added advantage of a second
pit that allows the technology to be used continuously and allows for safer and easier emptying. By
using two pits, one pit can be used while the contents of the second pit rests, drains, reduces in
volume, and degrades. When the second pit is almost full (the excreta is 50cm from the top of the
pit), it is covered, and the contents of the first pit are removed. Due to the extended resting time (at
least 1 year of filling/resting) the material within the pit should be sanitized and humus-like. The
Double VIP is specifically designed to produce humus and as such, it requires regular additions of
soil, ash and/or leaves.
The superstructure may either extend over both holes or it may be designed to move from one pit to
the other. In either case, the pit that is not being filled should be fully covered and sealed to prevent
water, garbage and animals (and/or people) from falling into the pit. The ventilation of the two pits
can be accomplished using one ventilation pipe moved back and forth between the pits or each pit
can be equipped with its own dedicated pipe. The two pits in the Double VIP are continually used
and should be well lined and supported to ensure longevity.
Adequacy: The Double VIP is more appropriate than the Single VIP for denser, peri-urban areas. The
material is manually emptied, so vacuum truck access to the pits is not necessary. The users can
remove the pit material after a sufficient resting time of one or more years even though the
treatment processes in the pit are not complete and the material is not entirely hygienic. The Double
VIP technology will only work properly if the two pits are used sequentially and not concurrently.
Therefore, an adequate cover for the out of service pit is required. Double VIPs are especially
appropriate when water is scarce and where there is a low groundwater table. They should be
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 101
located in an area with a good breeze. They are not suited for rocky or compacted soils (that are
difficult to dig) or for areas that flood frequently.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: The Double VIP can be a very clean, comfortable and well accepted
sanitation option. However some health concerns exist:
• Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater;
• Pits are susceptible to failure/overflowing during floods; and
• Health risks from flies are not completely removed by ventilation.
Maintenance: To keep the Double VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is
required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation
screen to ensure a good flow of air. The out of service pit should be well sealed to reduce water
infiltration and a proper alternating schedule must be maintained.
Pros & Cons:
� Longer life than Single VIP (indefinite if maintained)
� Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits)
� Does not require a constant source of water
� Suitable for all types of users
� Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
� Small land area required and can be used immediately after construction
� Can be used immediately after construction
� Low/moderate reduction in pathogens
� Higher capital cost than Single VIP
Reference: Mara DD (1984), The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (UNDP Inter reg. Project
INT/81/047). The World Bank+ UNDP, Washington.
Community Toilet Block- The Sulabh Model
Application Level- Slum, Low Income Areas, General Public Area
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 102
A community toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or an entire
settlement. Pour flush technology is generally used though dry ‘ecological sanitation’ (ecosan) toilet
blocks have been piloted in a few locations. Washing facilities are sometimes included in the block.
These are usually constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to the local
community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well
and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and
promoting improved public health.
Adequacy: As far as possible, separate circular pits should be constructed as these are structurally
more stable and the sludge is dry and safe to handle. Where separate circular pits of standard sizes
cannot be constructed due to space constraint, pits of smaller diameter (not less than 750mm) be
provided, but the depth should be increased suitably to provide required storage volume and
infiltration surface area. If it is not possible to construct small diameter pits, combined oval, square
or rectangular pits divided into two equal compartments by a partition wall can be provided. The
partition wall should be taken 300mm below the bottom of the pit and be plastered on both sides
with cement mortar of 1:6 ratio. The partition wall and pit lining in 300mm width adjoining the
partition wall should not have holes. However the possibility of water from one pit finding its way to
the other pit is very much there. Therefore the desludging of the filled up pit has to be done with
care to avoid health hazards.
Health Aspects/Acceptance:
� Hygienically and technically appropriate, and socio-culturally acceptable
� Eliminates mosquito, insect and fly breeding.
� Free from health hazards and does not pollute surface or ground water, if proper
precautions and safeguards are taken during construction.
� Can be located within the premises as it is free from foul smell and fly/mosquito nuisance
etc.
Maintenance: For the best maintenance of these types of toilets the user should remember that
before using, they have to wet the pan by pouring only a little quantity of water, after defecation,
have to pour 1.5 to 2 litres of water in the pan for flushing. Half litre of water should be poured in
the pan after urination and the pan should be cleaned once a day with a brush or a broom and with
soap powder periodically. Very important component is not to allow kitchen, bathroom waste water
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 103
or rain water to enter the pits also the other solid wastes like kitchen waste, rags, cotton, sweepings
etc. should not be thrown in the pan, as this could block the toilet. When the first pit in use is full,
the flow should be diverted to the second pit and the filled up pit should be desludged after 1.5 to 2-
year rest period. The first pit can then be put to reuse, when the second pit fills up.
Pros and Cons
� Affordable and easy to construct with locally available materials
� Design and specifications can be modified to suit householder's needs and affordability.
� Can be constructed in different physical, geological and hydrogeological conditions.
� Can be constructed on upper floors of houses.
� Pits are generally designed for 3-year desludging interval, but if desired, it can be designed
for longer periods or it can be reduced even to two years.
� Maintenance is easy, simple and costs very little.
� Needs only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, while conventional flush toilet needs 12 to 14
litres of water.
� Needs less space than a septic tank toilet system.
� Does not need scavengers for cleaning the pits or disposal of sludge. This can be done by the
householder.
� Makes available rich fertilizer and soil conditioner.
� Can be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area.
� A low volume flushing cistern could be attached to avoid pour flushing.
Reference: http://www.sulabhinternational.org
Technology Option for Off-site sanitation systems
Sewerage
Application Level- City Wide
Costly sewerage-based systems are unlikely to be cost effective solutions in most urban areas.
Instead, decentralized excreta management systems are required. While many technological
solutions exist, awareness and knowledge of them is limited to a small group of experts and needs to
be broadened. Similarly, the technical knowledge of decision-makers needs to be increased. In some
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 104
situations, such as for slums above water, appropriate technological solutions are yet to be found
and more innovation is needed. Also, comparisons of primary and secondary costs and further
investigation of what does and does not work, in the case of community-developed and managed
facilities would be helpful.
Maintenance: Sewers and manhole chambers will occasionally require structural repair or
replacement, and broken and missing manhole covers should be replaced immediately. In gravity
sewers, wastewater and solids are flushed along the sewer line to a treatment plant. If sewers are
laid to self-cleansing velocities, they should require little routine maintenance. However, silting can
be a problem where falls are limited and/or storm run-off carrying silt enters sewers. In such
situations, periodic rodding, flushing or jetting will be required to remove blockages. Where
pumping is required, considerably more attention will be required to operate and maintain pumps
and other associated electro-mechanical equipment.
Pros and Cons
Operation and maintenance costs can be high, especially where pumping is required or silt and other
solids cannot effectively be excluded from the sewer. As a result, many service providers rely upon
subsidies to keep the system functional.
� Sewers often become heavily silted and lose hydraulic capacity or become completely
blocked.
� Illegal storm water collections may lead to hydraulic overload of the sewerage system during
heavy rainfall events. This may result in the flow of runoff contaminated with excreta
flowing in streets and sometimes houses.
� In order to save electricity costs, pumping station operators often maintain wastewater
levels in the wet well above the invert level of the incoming sewer. This reduces flow
velocities in the incoming sewer and leads to rapid siltation.
� In many cases a sewerage system is built in isolation from the sewage treatment plant and
the two do not connect.
� Households may not connect their facilities to the sewer network due to high connection
charges and low willingness to pay.
�
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 105
Simplified Sewers or Shallow Sewers
Application Level- Neighborhood and City Wide
Simplified Sewers describe a sewerage network that is constructed using smaller diameter pipes laid
at a shallower depth and at a flatter gradient than conventional sewers. The Simplified Sewer allows
for a more flexible design associated with lower costs and a higher number of connected
households. Expensive manholes are replaced with simple inspection chambers. Each discharge
point is connected to an interceptor tank to prevent settle-able solids and trash from entering the
sewer. As well, each household should have a grease trap before the sewer connection.
Another key design feature is that the sewers are laid within the property boundaries, rather than
beneath the central road. Because the sewers are more communal, they are often referred to as
condominium sewers. Oftentimes, the community will purchase, and connect to, a single legal
connection to the main sewer; the combined effluent of the auxiliary sewer network flows into the
main sewer line. Because simplified sewers are laid on or around the property of the users, higher
connection rates can be achieved, fewer and shorter pipes can be used and less excavation is
required as the pipes will not be subjected to heavy traffic loads. However, this type of Conveyance
technology requires careful negotiation between stakeholders since design and maintenance must
be jointly coordinated. All Grey water should be connected to the Simplified Sewer to ensure
adequate hydraulic loading. Inspection chambers also function to attenuate peak discharges into the
system. For example, a 100mm diameter sewer laid at a gradient of 1m in 200m (0.5%) will serve
around 200 households of 5 people (10,000 users) with a wastewater flow of 80L/person/day.
Although watertight sewers are the ideal, they may be difficult to achieve, and therefore the sewers
should be designed to take into account the extra flow that may result from storm water infiltration.
Blocks of community-based Simplified Sewers are connected to an existing Conventional Gravity
Sewer or routed to a Simplified Sewer main constructed with pipes of a larger diameter. A Simplified
Sewer main can still be placed at a shallow depth providing it is placed away from traffic.
Adequacy: Where the ground is rocky or the groundwater table is high, the excavation of trenches
for pipes may be difficult. Under these circumstances, the cost of installing sewers is significantly
higher than in favorable conditions. Regardless, Simplified Sewerage is less expensive than
Conventional Gravity Sewerage because of its shallow installation depth. Simplified Sewers can be
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 106
installed in almost all types of settlements and are especially appropriate for dense, urban
settlements. To prevent clogging and maintain the sewers, good pre-treatment is required. It is
recommended that the scum from Grey water, heavy solids and garbage be removed from the
wastewater prior to entering the sewer.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: If constructed and maintained well, sewers are a safe and hygienic
means of transporting wastewater. Users must be well educated about the health risks associated
with maintaining/ cleaning blockages and inspection chambers.
Maintenance: Pre-treatment with interceptor tanks and a grease trap is essential. The homeowner
must maintain the interceptor tanks and the grease trap. Ideally, households will also be responsible
for the maintenance of the sewers; however in practice this may not be feasible. Alternatively, a
private contractor or users committee can be hired to assume responsibility for the maintenance as
inexperienced users may not detect problems before they become severe, and therefore, more
costly to repair. A related problem is that households may drain storm water into the sewer. This
practice should be discouraged whenever possible. Blockages can usually be removed by opening
the sewer and forcing a length of rigid wire through the sewer. Inspection chambers must be
emptied periodically to prevent grit overflowing into the system.
Pros & Cons:
� Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
� Construction can provide short-term employment to local labourers
� Capital costs are between 50 and 80% less than Conventional Gravity Sewers; operating
costs are low
� Can be extended as a community changes and grows
� Requires expert design and construction supervision
� Requires repairs and removals of blockages more frequently than a Conventional Gravity
Sewer
� Effluent and sludge (from interceptors) requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate
discharge.
Reference: Mara, DD, (1996) Low-Cost Sewerage, Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Assessment of different
low-cost systems and case studies)
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 107
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (Popularly called as DEWATS)
Application Level- Neighborhood, Household, Public
An Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an improved septic tank because of the series of baffles under
which the wastewater is forced to flow. The increased contact time with the active biomass (sludge)
results in improved treatment. The system operates without mechanical means and sewage flows by
gravity through the different components of the system. Up to 1,000 cubic metre of domestic and
non-toxic industrial sewage can be treated by this system. DEWATS applications are based on the
principle of low-maintenance since most important parts of the system work without electrical
energy inputs and cannot be switched off intentionally (BORDA). DEWATS applications provide
state-of-the-art-technology at affordable prices because all of the materials used for construction
are locally available. DEWATS approach is an effective, efficient and affordable wastewater
treatment solution for not only small and medium sized enterprises (SME) but also for the un-served
urban households in developing countries, especially South Asia. For instance, DEWATS can operate
in individual households, at the neighborhood level and even in small and big factories not
connected to sewage lines. DEWATS can also treat municipal waste. The recycled water is used for
irrigation or for growing plants and is absolutely safe for human use. In certain urban areas the
processed water is taken for use as flush- water in toilets.
Adequacy: This technology is easily adaptable and can be applied at the household level or for a
small neighborhood. An ABR can be designed for a single house or a group of houses that are using a
considerable amount of water for clothes washing, showering, and toilet flushing. It is mostly
appropriate if water use and supply of wastewater are relatively constant. This technology is also
appropriate for areas where land may be limited since the tank is installed underground and
requires a small area. It should not be installed where there is a high groundwater table as
infiltration will affect the treatment efficiency and contaminate the groundwater.
Health Aspects/Acceptance: Although the removal of pathogens is not high, the ABR is contained so
users do not come in contact with any of the wastewater or disease causing pathogens. Effluent and
sludge must be handled with care as they contain high levels of pathogenic organisms. To prevent
the release of potentially harmful gases, the tank should be vented.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 108
Maintenance: Adequate arrangements must be made for periodic removal of sludge from the first
compartment. Sludge accumulation in the baffled compartments should be much less. Although
desludging at regular intervals is necessary, it is important that some active sludge is left in each of
the compartments to maintain a stable treatment process. ABR tanks should be checked to ensure
that they are watertight and the levels of the scum and sludge should be monitored to ensure that
the tank is functioning well. Because of the delicate ecology, care should be taken not to discharge
harsh chemicals into the ABR. The sludge should be removed annually using a vacuum truck to
ensure proper functioning of the ABR.
Pros & Cons
� Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads
� No electrical energy required
� Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
� Grey water can be managed concurrently
� Long service life and no real problems with flies or odours if used correctly
� High reduction of organics
� Moderate capital costs, moderate operating costs depending on emptying; can be low cost
depending on number of users
� Requires constant source of water and effluent requires secondary treatment and/or
appropriate discharge
� Requires expert design and construction
Reference:
a) Sasse, L. 1998. DEWATS: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries.
Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, (BORDA), Bremen, Germany
b) Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination (CDD) Society, Bangalore
c) The Vigyan Vijay Foundation, New Delhi
6.3.1a. Options for Removal and Transport of Fecal Sludge and Septage
Fecal sludge management must be integral part of every sanitation plan, which builds on on-site
sanitation facilities. Sludge management is an indispensable part of the maintenance of these
facilities. However, in reality sludge management is often neglected in sanitation planning because
the need for it is less apparent than it is for the provision of water supply or toilet facilities. Even
when a sanitation plan foresees a component for sludge management, its implementation is often
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 109
impaired for the same reasons. On-site sanitation systems are often perceived as cheap in
comparison to sewerage systems, because the investment costs are covered by individuals and not
by the public bodies. However, fecal sludge management is an important cost factor, which cannot
be neglected and which has always to be taken into account when sanitation systems are planned.
Conventional on-site sanitation includes facilities like pit latrines, community/public toilets, flush
toilets connected to septic tanks, etc. In these sanitation systems, feces, urine, and in some cases
grey water is mixed and the sludge produced can be quite diluted. The efforts for sludge collection,
transport and treatment are high, because the sludge is of high volume and difficult to handle.
The removal of sludge from toilet facilities, and the transport to the site of treatment or disposal is
the first important component of fecal sludge management. Hygiene with sludge handling is usually
an important issue when manual pit or vault emptying is common. The workers whether
independent or employees of private or municipalities, are rarely aware of the health risks and may
use no protection during their work.
Source Characteristics Emptying and cartage implications
Dry pits/vaults Highly concentrated quasi-solids Vacuum desludging systems are
with high pathogen content required for cleaning of single pit
(depending upon residence Latrines.
time in latrine).
Leach pits As above, but higher moisture content Twin pits can be emptied manually
without the need for specialized
equipment.
Septic tanks Varies enormously depending Septage vacuum trucks are widely
on the number of people utilizing utilized for cleaning of septic tanks.
the septic tank, water consumption,
tank size, and pumping frequency.
Adopted from ‘A Guide to Decision-making—Sanitation Technology Options for Urban India’,
Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) with support from the Water and Sanitation Program South
Asia.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 110
6.3.2 FINANCING OPTIONS
Expansion of sanitation systems will not be possible unless an institution or group of individuals,
preferably the intended users, are willing to pay user charges for the new facilities required. Even
when facilities have been provided, they will fail sooner or later unless funds are available to cover
their ongoing operation and maintenance. So, it will be impossible to first provide and then sustain
services to cities as a whole unless the finances of those who are responsible for providing and
managing them are sound. Most conventional financing goes to established services in already
served areas and to conventional technological and administrative systems. This approach is not
going to fulfill the sanitation target of the MDGs and beyond. To revise the current trend of an ever-
growing sanitation backlog in poor urban areas we need not only to invest more and more wisely,
but also finance in much more creative ways.
Every proposal for a sanitation service, and its non-technical components, needs financing. The
amounts required can be estimated in the early stages of strategic planning, and should include costs
to be incurred by the municipal government and other parties. The strategy will consider both the
initial capital and recurrent financing needs. The sustainability of most sanitation systems depends on
having adequate recurrent funds for operations and maintenance. Financing is often regarded as the
defining factor in sanitation development. This is true, especially if a city relies only on the local
government budget. However, with a good citywide sanitation plan, a municipal government will plan
to access finances from other sources, such as central government, state government, the private
sector and the public.
Furthermore, since the nominal amount of municipal budget is small, sanitation budgets are
correspondingly small. The citywide sanitation strategy can propose a larger allocation from the
municipal budget and recommend optimizing use of funds from other sources. Increasing the
municipal budget allocation for sanitation requires commitment from all relevant decision makers,
both in the legislative and executive bodies. Approval from the local legislature is key, and such
support can be gained if the sanitation working group designs awareness-building activities for all
decision makers. Thus, strategies for developing funding for sanitation needs to be supported by
strategies for developing non-technical components, especially community participation, policy and
regulation, and institutions. Without the support of these components, the sanitation working group
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 111
would have difficulty in obtaining additional financing for sanitation development. These mutual
linkages will be described in the citywide sanitation plan.
Sanitation
PLAN MORADABAD
SL.NO FINANCING SOURCE APPROACH
1 13th
Finance Commission The 13th Finance Commission has funding for Urban Local Bodies. The additional
advantage to the ULB is that of 12th
Finance Commission grant utilized for Solid Waste
Management. The State Government has to guide the ULB’s to utilize the funds
appropriately and achieve the goals of sanitation in an acceptable manner. The 13th
FC
grants can be pooled to providing sanitation facilities if the State takes up the issue of
Sanitation in a mission mode. Only a mission mode approach would enable the ULB’s to
achieve open defecation free city status.
2 State Finance Commission The State Finance Commission plays a vital role in cities achieving open defecation free
status. The SFC grants help the cities to take care of the salaries of the municipal
employees apart from providing funds for the other basic services to the urban citizens
apart from urban poor.
3 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme
for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)
Under the ministry of Urban Development, there are several components which have
funding options for sanitation. UIDSSMT has urban infrastructure and governance
component which can funds for building sewerage network & STP, water supply ,
integrated SWM etc.
4 Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation (MoHUPA)
Ministry of Housing and urban poverty alleviation provides large amount of finance for
the Urban Slums in India. The Ministry has several poverty alleviation programmes which
cater to the needs of housing in turn catering to the issue of sanitation by constructing
toilets in the housing structure. Large numbers of toilets have been built and good
number of dry latrines have been converted to pour flush latrines.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 113
4a ILCS The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Low Cost Sanitation for Liberation of Scavengers
started from 1980-81 initially through the Ministry of Home Affairs and later on through
the Ministry of Welfare. From 1989-90, it came to be operated through the Ministry of
Urban Development and later on through Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty
Alleviation now titled Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. The main
components are Central Subsidy of 75%, State Subsidy of 15% and beneficiary share of
10%. A detailed difference between the previous and the new scheme is given below this
table.
4b Rajiv Awas Yojana Rajiv Awas Yojana is a scheme sponsored by the ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a
‘Slum-free India’ through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of
slums in a definitive manner. The goals of RAY will be driven and incentivized by the
provision of central support for slum redevelopment and construction of affordable
housing conditional to a set of reforms necessary for urban development to become
inclusive. This specific programme also would enable the city to achieve complete
sanitized situation as the major problem of sanitation arises from slums and Ray would
take care of this issue.
5 ULB’s Finance The Nagar Nigam also has considerable income for creating some provision for sanitation
scheme in the city. As the state Municipalities act also specifies some of the duties to be
performed under sanitation, some amount can be exclusively earmarked in the municipal
budget to take sanitation in a mission mode till the city achieves the Open Defecation free
status.
6 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment Ministry of Social Justice and empowerment is also funding in a significant way to take
care of the welfare of manual scavengers and their family. It is also heartening to note
that big numbers of Manual Scavengers were reported in Uttar Pradesh. Relieving these
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 114
people would not fetch the adequate results as the livelihood option would bring them
back to the same work as they occupied before. The ministry has plan for rehabilitation of
the families through several ways. Adequate amount of finance can be availed from this
ministry to eliminate manual scavenging in existing places and rehabilitation of the
families who has practiced before.
7 Sarva Shikshya Abhiyan (MoHRD) Ministry of Human Resource Development is a potential source of financing as school
sanitation is also a major component in the city sanitation plan. The SSA component has
funding for school sanitation. The Nagar Nigam with the support of the district magistrate
and education department should make efforts to pool in money for school sanitation.
8 PPP Public Private Participation is another potential area which has been explored by the
Nagar Nigam to an extent but not to the maximum. PPP has a great potential in
Moradabad as the city is a heritage centre and the population is also willing to pay for the
services. Till now few public toilets have been constructed with PPP but many more
community as well as public toilets can be built in Moradabad city. Few parks and street
lights have been constructed under PPP but more projects can be done by following some
models in south as well as north. This would relieve the city from capital investment and
reduce the burden in bringing finance. As a response to an insufficient provision of basic
urban services and a lack of access to finance and other resources by ULBs that aim to
increase access to sanitation services, a number of PPP options have emerged. These
include: service contracts; performance-based service contract; joint sector company to
implement and finance the project; a management contract for operations and
maintenance (O&M); and construction cum build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract.
Ministry has come out with a guidance note on Guidelines on India: Urban Water and
sanitation Services, sector reform and successful Public-Private Partnerships.
9 NGO NGO’s have played a significance role in transforming sanitation sector in India. Take for
example Sulabh has played a major role in easing the burden on the ULB’s. They are there
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 115
almost length and breadth of the country. Their contribution in reducing the magnitude of
Open defecation is noteworthy. The model adopted by them is also unique as they have
developed their own model against the standard world known models based on
experience. There are few more like SPARC who have made significant contribution in pay
and use system. The pay and use system in the form of monthly cards will also help
bringing down the incidences of OD as well give scope for going for individual toilets with
low cost involved in construction. There are several NGO’s which are ready to invest and
look after Operation and maintenance. There are some NGO’s which are working on
partial cost by the NGO and then partial by the beneficiary through installments and bank.
ILCS Scheme Details:
Earlier Provision Revised Provision
1. The scheme has been taken on a 'whole town basis' and the
towns having population less than 5 lacs are being covered
The earlier programme was town-wise for population upto 5 lacs as per
1981 census which need not be restricted any more as the whole
country is to be declared as scavenger free. The new guidelines will
cover all towns on "All Town" basis.
2. Pattern of Assistance: The HUDCO is providing loan and a mix of
subsidy from the Central Government in a synchronized manner
as per the following financing pattern.
Category Subsidy Loan
Beneficiary contribution
EWS 45% 50% 5%
75% subsidy for the EWS beneficiaries, 15% of State's contribution and
10% of Beneficiaries contribution.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 116
LIG 25% 60% 15%
MIG/HIG Nil 75% 25%
3. The present unit cost for different categories of sanitary latrines
is as follows:-
5 user unit Rs4000.00, 10 user unit Rs6000.00, 15 user unit
Rs7000.00 Super structure cost not included.
Provision of subsidy including the superstructure in case of individual
toilets: An upper ceiling of Rs. 10,000/-for complete unit of pour flush
units with superstructure.
4. No provision of IEC component.
It is proposed to include the Information, Education and Communication
(IEC) component with 1% of the total central allocations under the
scheme in each of the financial year with the Ministry. In case the funds
retained are not utilised, these may be utilised in the projects.
5. No involvement/ participation of NGOs at implementation
stage.
NGOs may be involved by the State Governments in the implementation
of the scheme in various activities meant for the benefit of EWS
population under the scheme with maximum charges upto 15% over and
above the total project cost to be borne by the Centre and States in the
ratio of 5:1 at different stages of implementation.
6. Technology used for construction and conversion of toilets was
as per HUDCO's pattern/recommendation.
Options like septic tank, connecting to small bore or conventional sewer
network etc. may also be permitted under the cost ceiling. Technology
which can enable to tap local resources should be permitted to be
adopted. State implementing agencies may decide the technology best
suited for the site/ locality which may be adopted.
PLAN MORADABAD
Providers
Sanitation services
& Facilities
Users
6.3.3 COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST
APPROPRIATE OPTIONS
The surveys along with several other tools used in the methodology have significantly contributed to
this particular section. This section also reveals most appropriate options for the city in redeeming to
be highly sanitized and become livable. Instead of creating just infrastructure for no reason is of no
use and is also a burden on the Nagar Nigam. In such case a supply driven approach would be of
greater help but not a perfect solution also as sometime people will be concerned about their own
place and just surroundings but would have not understood the significance of cities sanitation
situation. In such cases the research groups along with the officials arrive at solutions which are
environmental friendly and good for the city as such.
Fig:
Supply Driven Approach for Sanitation
Capital and 'technical'
Expertise
Information on Information
needs and local on possibilities
Situation
Demand for services
Willingness to pay
Local Knowledge
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 118
Recent thinking on service provision stresses that infrastructure schemes must respond to user
demand by providing what potential users want and are willing to pay for. This ‘demand responsive’
approach has replaced the old emphasis on supplying what professionals think is good for users,
regardless of whether the users want what is supplied or are willing to pay for it. While clearly an
improvement on the old supply driven approach, the pure demand-responsive approach is also
inadequate in a number of respects.
� It is based on what intended service users know, thus limiting scope for change and
innovation.
� It ignores the fact that service users are likely to be concerned only with their immediate
surroundings, so that demand for local improvements may be at the expense of the wider
environment.
� In equating demand with willingness to pay, it perhaps overlooks the fact that the main
problem may be either that sanitation providers are unwilling to charge users for the full
cost of services, or that poor people are unable to pay for the full cost of the services.
� It fails to pay sufficient attention to the capacity of service deliverers to respond to demand.
This is a particularly important point where existing service delivery systems are weak.
The market correlation approach
The approach assumes that sanitation is a commodity that should be sold like any other commodity,
for instance a car. People should therefore be offered a range of sanitation options from which they
can choose. This approach has two basic drawbacks:
� It assumes that individual sanitation users can act independently of one another
with each achieving the optimum result for him or her. In practice, this is rarely the
case and people need to act together if the best results are to be achieved.
� It ignores the fact that different stakeholders may have different objectives. There is
a real danger that the choices of community members will relate to their immediate
needs and ignore the wider environmental implications of their sanitation choices.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 119
The user knows best approach
This approach assumes that sanitation-related choices should be based solely on user preferences
and that the role of professionals is to facilitate those choices. It underestimates the value of
'professional' knowledge. Like the market analogy approach, it assumes that all stakeholders have
the same priorities and will act as a coherent group at the local level. These weaknesses mean that
the approach encourages local ad-hoc activity at the expense of overall planning. For example;
people request for sewerage everywhere but the professionals would know the feasibility of
proposing such an option which is of high cost.
Shared decision-making - a better approach to sanitation selection
The best choices are likely to be those that take into account the knowledge, concerns and priorities
of both professionals and users. When all factors are taken into consideration, there will generally be
a best sanitation option in any given situation. The challenge is for users and professionals work
together and pool their knowledge so as choose this best option. An illustration of the process of
shared choice is given below:
Professional with
Partial information
Community with
Partial Information
Dialogue Leading to
Preliminary Choice of
Sanitation Option
Pilot test of proposal
Fully informed choice based on
experience
Plan
PLAN MORADABAD
RECOMMENDATIONS OF MOST APPROPRIATE OPTIONS
1 Sewerage Moradabad city is already having approximately of coverage with sewer lines
but there is provision of Sewerage Treatment Plant STP. STP is highly recommended for
the safe disposal of effluent/wastewater of the city.
2 DEWATS This is the best option for number of Nallas discharging directly into the water bodies.
DEWATS has a procedure of doing a feasibility test and then come up with a plan. The
detailed write up about DEWATS has already been given in the sanitation option section.
CDD Bangalore and Vijay Vigyan Foundation, Delhi are some of the expert agencies in
constructing and operationalising DEWATS in India.
3 Community Toilet Block-The Sulabh Model Community toilets are constructed in low income residential areas and slum to cater to
the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these
are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of
the local community and promoting improved public health. In Moradabad city, as on-site
sanitation option, thirty seven community toilets are existing. Community toilets not only
provide sanitation facility but at the same time have a demonstrative effect as well. The
people using these become habitual users of toilets, and in turn realize the need for
individual household toilets. Community toilets thus are the effective tools for bringing
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 121
behavioral changes amongst the public residing in the slum areas as well as in generating
a demand for the use of the individual toilets. As of now there are slum/LIG areas/villages
on the outskirts of the city without any community toilet arrangement in Moradabad. A
list of places where community toilets have to be built is given in the gaps and
requirement section of the sanitation plan.
4 Sulabh Shauchalaya Sulabh Shauchalaya is a low cost pour flush water-seal sanitary latrine. It is an improved
version of the designs already available in the country based on research conducted by
different organizations and institutions on pour flush water-seal latrines. The designers of
Sulabh Shauchalaya sought to provide an appropriate, efficient, cost effective and
affordable excreta disposal system and to free scavengers from having to collect night soil
and carry it on their heads. This has to be promoted at the individual level in Moradabad
so that the low cost attracts the customers and the option is also in comply with the
pollution control board standards. This specific option has to be communicated effectively
throughout the city so as to promote possession of individual toilets at the household
level in city as well as in slum & LIG areas.
5 Shared Latrine In areas where there is not enough space for individual household latrines particularly in
core city, the sharing of latrines between several families may provide a useful solution.
The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the
houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. Costs of pit emptying and
other repairs can be included in the rent, but this can cause problems if the owner does
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 122
not live there. Alternatively, residents can collaborate to clean the latrine and collect
money to get it emptied and cleaned when necessary. Pour Flush toilet with double leach
pit technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more
environmental friendly manner with less cost. Information on technology and its
feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference.
6 Pour Flush toilet with double leach pit This is an appropriate technology for promoting individual toilets in the city. This
technology would enable the household to use it for long term as well as in a more
environmental friendly manner with less cost. A careful Septage management would
make this system a success. The Nagar Nigam should go with a strong IEC campaign and
make sure that people go for individual toilets. Information on technology and its
feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference.
7 Septic tank with soak pits This is a wide speared option which is used in apartments or in houses with multiple
portions. It is a fact that there are several apartments which have septic tanks but not
soak pits. Septic tank without soak pits is a dangerous trend and it has to be avoided. The
construction of septic tank with soak pits can be made sure with the system of building
laws making it mandatory. Regular monitoring and evaluation with a proper Septage
management would also fetch required results. Information on technology and its
feasibilities are given in the sanitation technology section for further reference.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 123
Special focus on community toilets due to space constraints and its capacity to deal with needs of the urban poor
Large and sizable investment has been made for the construction of community toilets, which have become either hazardous, unhygienic or abandoned due
to poor construction and planning, or lack of water supply or lack of proper maintenance. At the same time it must be understood that community toilets
are specifically important for slum, especially where it may not be possible to construct individual household toilets due to the non-availability of space.
The reasons for failure of community toilets
TECHNICAL ISSUES FINANCIAL ISSUES INSTITUTIONAL & BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES
Faulty construction, not conforming to norms of
availability of sustainable water supply, ventilation,
natural lighting etc.,
Insufficient funds for running the system Non-consultations with community on design and
location of Community Toilets
Lacking in special provision for children and
handicapped /disabled persons
Non-availability of funds for
augmentation, rectification and up
gradation of facilities.
Lack of motivation and non-generation of felt need
towards sanitation
Lacking in safety and security for women Lack of public health and hygiene education among
poor sections of society
Lack of operation and maintenance. Lack of sensitization on gender issue.
PLAN MORADABAD
Under these circumstances not only the construction but devising measures for strengthening
operational and maintenance aspect of the community toilets becomes all the more important. This
scenario necessitates initiatives not only in the construction but over and above in the ‘Operation &
Maintenance’ (O& M) of community toilets.
Involving user groups in maintenance is another measure tried successfully in southern part of the
country. The chances of success of these groups are more when women are actively involved. This
was learnt from the experiences of one of the Municipal Corporation Trichy in Southern part of the
India. The women of the area were involved in construction of community toilets. The women group
“SHE - Team (Sanitation and Hygiene Education - Team)” was formed to take up the maintenance
responsibility of the community toilet under pay and use system. The women group soon could able
to earn money out of the toilet maintenance and further invested the money in renovation of an
abandoned community toilets nearby which was earlier used by men. They replaced the damaged
water closets in the men’s community toilet and attended other repair and renovation works in the
toilet. The men of the area started using the renovated community toilet and avoided open
defecation in the slum. For children, the community has decided to construct a separate toilet
adjacent to the pay and use latrines meant for men and women. They could design and construct a
child friendly toilet. The child friendly toilet is being used by the girls and boys of the slum who are
below 6 years old. Therefore, community participation especially of women has great chance of
successful O &M of community toilets.
Therefore, a system based on empowerment of users, owning, operation & maintenance and
collection of service charges by user groups seems to be a sustainable solution for rehabilitation of
defunct community toilets and also for the construction of new ones.
6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Institutional arrangement is one of the most crucial aspects of sanitation. It is a common factor in all
urban local bodies that infrastructure would be put in place with the support of respective state
government and national government at different levels of finance and implementation support. It is
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 125
observed and proven that, over a period of time the responsibility is taken by none and the
infrastructure remains unused or the infrastructure and its conditions deteriorate so much it
becomes a dead investment. No agency concerned in the city vicinity would be in a position would
be in a place to monitor it. This has been a crucial issue in sanitation which has hampered the growth
in terms of sanitation and also has pushed the cities to look unhygienic by redundant services.
Therefore, having a sound institutional arrangement would enable the infrastructure to be used in a
proposed manner to its fullest capacity.
Many a times the institutional arrangements cannot be confined with one agency in an urban local
body as the activities come under multiple agencies which would make it more cumbersome. This
issue of multiple agencies handling the same issues can be resolved only with a good number of
convergent meetings and responsibilities to deliver are to be guided by the state government. Each
agency handling its own thing is also important but in turn they should also have co-ordination to
make sure that the duties do not limit themselves to their circles but the duties should enable the
city to look more hygienic in terms of living conditions. For Example: Slums although directly come
under DUDA, the Nagar Nigam also has greater responsibility in making sure that the slum receives
all the urban basic services required. In this type of situation, a combined effort from DUDA and
Nagar Nigam would make better living for the slum dwellers rather each agency handling the
situation in its own way. In the same way the Nagar Nigam has the responsibility of constructing
community toilets in the slums, this can happen in the best manner only if both the agencies come
together.
PLAN MORADABAD
Stakeholders Multiple Stakeholders and
required co-ordination
Role to be performed
Civil Society Household level
CBO’s
Resident Welfare Associations
Civil society has to play a crucial role in promotion and maintenance of
sanitation situation in the city. This is a first of a kind exercise where in the
institutional arrangement civil society is added. The justified reason would be
that most of the time the responsibility of operation and maintenance of
sanitation services are left on the Nagar Nigam or any other government
agency. This attitude has to change and civil society should own the
infrastructure given by the government. The Nagar Nigam should make special
moves in this regard as to make sure that the civil society takes the
responsibility of maintaining the given infrastructure.
Apart from this, regular involvement in IEC campaign in the city and keeping
the awareness on sanitation movement in the city is of greater responsibility
of the civil society as this cannot be done by local government alone.
Educating the violators on sanitation also falls in the larger preview of the civil
society as sanitation has greater dent in behavior change.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 127
Local NGOs Health Based NGO’s
Sanitation Based
Development Based
Education Based etc.
The local NGO’s have crucial task to perform as they would know the city
better than anybody within their own sector. NGO’s, apart from their routine
work of carrying out different projects, should get involved in other activities
by giving handholding support to the corporation in monitoring and evaluation
of sanitation activities. The NGO’s also should guide the corporation with their
rich experience in the field in right direction as to approach communities
according to the need.
The NGO’s also should get involved extensively in sanitation IEC activities as to
make the effort more fruitful and effective. Regular reporting of the situation
of different sector in the city also helps the corporation take appropriate
measures enable proper services.
Elected representatives
MP
There are greater responsibilities to performed by the elected representatives.
The elected representatives would know the problems and the scenario of
particular community better than anyone else. So it is in this regard the role of
elected representatives become crucial. They have to be proactive and
monitor the development work at regular intervals as to bring it to the notice
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 128
MLA
Corporators
Ward Members
of the commissioner or responsible authority to make sure that the works
happen in a systematic manner
The elected representatives should also get engaged in IEC activities taken up
by the concerned ULB as to bring awareness among the people to go for
better sanitation. Their appeal and presence would make larger difference
with regard to sanitation scenario.
Nagar Nigam Moradabad Jal Sansthan/Kal
DUDA
JDA
Health Department.
Education Department
Nagar Nigam Moradabad has a vital role and responsibility in sanitation apart
from the other things it handles. There is a requirement of co-ordination
between different stakeholders in the NNM. This is a herculean task.
� As the responsibility of different sectors rests with different agencies,
the nagar nigam has to regularly monitor and keep itself informed.
� Issues of amending the building bye laws and any other policy matters
Nagar Nigam has to have co-ordination with JDA as to make sure it
happens with consensus.
� Nagar Nigam & JDA has to work together to construct more public
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 129
toilets.
� Nagar Nigam and DUDA should take combined responsibility of bringing
sanitation facility to the slums. As slums form the crucial section in
sanitation, a greater co-ordination is expected.
� The Jal Sansthanl support the Nagar Nigam in planning and execution of
water supply works. So there is a requirement of larger co-ordination
between the agencies.
� A considerable amount of co-ordination is required between Nagar
Nigam and Health Department as health indicators also form a major
portion in sanitation ranking. Regular reporting of health indicators from
the health department would enable the Nagar Nigam to take
appropriate actions in this regard
� Nagar Nigam should have a better co-ordination with school education
department as school sanitation is also a priority in overall sanitation.
The co-ordination should be in assessing requirements, making demands
and getting funds from the concerned agency to make school sanitation
better in the corporation limit.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 130
� Nagar Nigam should also take adequate interest in insisting the hospitals
to discharge the bio medical liquid waste after a primary treatment. This
can be decisive with regard to public health. The Nagar Nigam should call
for a meeting with the health department officials and pollution control
board to make sure that the hospitals adhere to BMW Rules 1998
There are some general responsibilities of the Nagar Nigam in making city a
sanitized city are as follows:
� Planning, and execution of sanitation projects on its own or through
agencies;
� Operation and maintenance of environmental sanitation services;
� Enable participatory approaches for provision and maintenance of
environmental services.
� Implementation and creating awareness for health and hygiene
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 131
State Government
Urban Development Department
Directorate of Urban Local Bodies
� Financing and implementation strategy
� Ensuring availability of land in slums and poor settlements for sanitation
� Put in place enabling laws, by-laws and Rules for environmental sanitation
� Devolving of power, authority, finance & personnel to the ULBs and
finance, ensuring accountability of para-statals to the ULBs
� Promote capacity building of ULBs through technical assistance and training
to the ULB staff
� Steering of Programme implementation
� Creating enabling policy regime for PPP and
� Monitoring of Programme implementation
Pollution Control Board Setting standards for environmental pollution
Public Health Engineering
Department
Planning and implementation of specific sanitation projects in cities and towns
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 132
Health Department Ensuring public safeguards and outcomes
Para Statals and Urban
Development Authorities
Planning, financing and implementation of environmental sanitation services
National Government Ministry of Urban Development
Ministry of Housing and Urban
Poverty Alleviation
Policy Guidelines for planning, financing and implementation
Monitoring and evaluation of implementation
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 133
Apart from these roles and responsibilities at the informal level there are certain specified responsibilities the agencies have to perform. Below list would
give clear indications on institutional arrangements:
Sector/Component Regulating Authority Present arrangement Required arrangement
Planning and
Construction
Operation and
Maintenance
Water Supply Nagar Nigam Jal Nigam Jal Kal Water supply is regulated through Nagar Nigam
recently. Prior to that the Jal Kal was called as Jal
Sansthan and it was directly under the State
Government. Now with the additional department
with Nagar Nigam, the Jal Kal should be able to
provide safe drinking water with better quality with
regular checks on the tests done on water quality. A
grievance redressal mechanism has to be put in place
for tracking water pollution and contamination apart
from public complaints on water supply. There should
also some regular check on quality of the water bodies
This can happen only with Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal+Public
coming together.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 134
Solid Waste Management Nagar Nigam PPP/Private PPP/Private SWM regulating authority is Nagar Nigam and with the
recent PPP on SWM the construction along with
operation and maintenance has gone to the private
sector. Nagar Nigam with its officials should have a
check on the performance of the private sector as to
see that the SWM is completely take care. SWM
cannot happen overnight and it requires help from
different groups at different levels. The people have to
be educated through IEC campaigns on source
segregation and importance of SWM. NGO
participation is very much sought as they have better
communication strategy to approach. The community
should be prepared to pay for the services and this can
happen over a period of time by educating as well as
doing a pilot work and showing the performance to
bring change in the mindset of the people.
The arrangement would be:
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 135
Nagar Nigam+Private Agency +DUDA+NGO’s+Resident
Welfare Associations
Community Toilets Nagar Nigam NGO NGO Although community toilets are regulated by the
Nagar Nigam but it is the NGO’s who are really taking
care of it. As it has been recorded in the situation
analyses most of the Community Toilets are in very
bad condition leading to difficulty for the communities
to use it in the absence of individual toilets. There
should be a periodical checking of the status of
community toilets by the Nagar Nigam officials as to
make sure that the facilities are in place. This also calls
for a more robust grievance redressal mechanism.
The arrangement would be:
Nagar Nigam+NGO+DUDA+RWA
Public Toilets Nagar Nigam PPP/Private Nagar Nigam There are very few public toilets are available in
Moradabad city. Due to operation and maintenance
problem, public toilets remain unuseable most of the
time. The O&M of public toilets has to be converted
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 136
into BOT model and regular checks on the
maintenance should be done by the Nagar Nigam
officials.
Septage Management Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Nagar Nigam Septage management solely rests with the Nagar
Nigam. As of now cleaning of septic tanks and pits is
done by the Nagar Nigam only. The sludge is thrown
into bigger nallahs without treatment. There are many
toilets which are directly connected to drain. This has
to be monitored and Nagar Nigam should take the
help of Jal Kal to make treatment arrangement and
ensure safe disposal of Septage.
Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal
School Sanitation School Education
Department
SED SED This is one component which is of greater importance
and greater magnitude also. There is required
attention for upgrading school sanitation. The Nagar
Nigam also should take active role in school sanitation
by extending sanitation options and Septage
management support to the School Education
Department as this has direct bearing on sanitation
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 137
situation and public health in the city
SED+Nagar Nigam+Jal Kal
Bio-Medical Waste Nagar Nigam/Health
Dept.
Private Private Bio Medical waste is a prominent issue although not
projected at that level. The liquid BMW is let out to
the nallas or drains without treatment. The liquid
waste has to be treated within the hospital and then
let to the sewerage. This can happen with Nagar
Nigam taking serious note and has to co-ordinate with
the health sector to bring forth the change. The solid
BMW is collected by the private agency but often
dumped in open places in the outskirts of the city
leading to serious public health issues. The Nagar
Nigam should regularly monitor and ensure proper
treatment of BMW.
Nagar Nigam+NGO+Hospitals+Jal Kal
Industrial Waste Nagar Nigam/PCB Jal Nigam Jal Kal The pollution control board has greater role to play in
insisting on safe disposal of industrial waste.
Nagar Nigam+PCB+Industries
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 138
6.3.5 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
An implementation arrangement for sanitation is crucial as defining an agency to implement would be easier but to assess the situation and maintain after
completion would be a much higher task. Institutional capacity to carry forward and the required preparation before putting system into place plays the
vital role. This section has identified some crucial requirements for successful sanitation in the city. Some of the issues to be addressed before
implementing and in the process of implementing have been identified as below:
Sl.no Implementation arrangement Responsibility
1 Creating a State Level Steering Committee (SLSC) for both driving the programme and establishing a
coordination mechanism for orchestrated action of multiple actors involved in the programme. The
State level committee should also be in a position monitor and give interim report to the concerned
ministry. The steering committee should not limit itself to monitoring but also give timely support in
terms clarification and advice on sanitation issues. The committee should act a modem to put forth
the success and difficulties a ULB faces and also provide adequate support in policy issues pertaining
to sanitation
State Government
2 Creating a City Sanitation Cell comprising of Nagar Ayukt, Commissioner, Environmental Engineer,
CMO, Health Officer, Sanitary Inspectors and Sanitation Workers. The ‘Environmental Engineer’
should be made over all responsible to coordinate the sanitation activities on day to day basis and
directly report to Nagar Ayukt.
Nagar Nigam
3 The City Sanitation Task Force which already exists in city should be ask for the periodic reviewing of
progress made in achieving the sanitation mission. As it is not feasible for the CSTF to meet very
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 139
regularly but the Mayor should be updated about the progress as the political representatives are kept
informed which is very crucial for the achievement
Nagar Nigam
4 Capacity Building for the Nagar Nigam officials is a greater requirement. The municipal officials may
not be aware of the technical, financial, environmental and institutional requirements attached with
sanitation. So, before the implementation begins, the officials have to be trained at different level
from different expert institutions. The state government has to make investment on this but it would
be worthier investment as they would remain as assets in achieving the goals set for sanitation. There
are some National Resource Centres identified by the Ministry of Urban development and Ministry of
Housing and poverty Alleviation all over India and their help can be sought in capacity building. There
is a requirement for field visits for the municipal officials including the Nagar Ayukt and this would
give them hands on experience of the good practices in sanitation.
State Government and Nagar
Nigam
5 Strengthening information and performance monitoring systems State Government and Nagar
Nigam
6 Capacity building for NGO’s and CBO’s is also essential before implementing sanitation programme.
This capacity building in turn would help the ULB in operation and maintenance after the
implementation
Nagar Nigam
7 Legal Framework is very important for the sanitation mission to take place. There will be requirement
of amending the building bye laws and other municipal laws to enable the implementation process to
be successful
State Government and Nagar
Nigam
8 A fixed tenure for the officials to remain in the same Nagar Nigam is also one of the requirements of State Government
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 140
successful sanitation initiative. The officials including the Nagar Ayukt should be given enough time to
understand the Nagar Nigam and work accordingly. This would facilitate implementation and
performance of Nagar Nigam in sanitation sector in a better way.
PLAN MORADABAD
6.3.6 LINKAGE WITH STATE SANITATION STRATEGY
The State Sanitation Strategy like the National Urban Sanitation Policy envisages the vision it has laid
out at the national level of making all the cities highly sanitized and livable. Sanitation being a state
subject has to be dealt with utmost care in implementing. The piecemeal approach to sanitation has
not fetched any results so far. The state sanitation strategy envisages supporting the sanitation plans
of the cities by duly acknowledging the financial constraints a ULB goes through. The state strategy
urges the urban local bodies to make public aware of the financial constraints it goes through and
help in providing basic necessities in a appropriate way by making provision for payment of the taxes
on time. On the other hand it should encourage and facilitate the cities to take up numerous IEC
activities in the city through audio visuals and video documentaries to bring awareness among the
general public in achieving sanitized city status.
The city sanitation plan of Moradabad has brought forth all these issues meticulously with numerous
tools of methodology and suggestion in the form of IEC to be in accordance with the State Strategy.
The IEC component has emerged in every section beginning from situational analyses to the last
section of the plan that of IEC action plan with indicative budget.
Apart from these components the other processes put forth and recommended in the State
Sanitation Strategy has been followed.
Sensitization Workshop Yes All stakeholders & municipal officials from all the
department attended the workshop
Profiling of the ULB Yes A team of experts visited the city and collected the
baseline information of Moradabad city
City Sanitation Task Force Yes Constituted as per guidelines of NUSP and held the
meeting
Situational Analyses and Mapping
current status
Yes Was done extensively with a primary survey and the
results shared in a stakeholders workshop
Problem Analyses and Gaps
Identification
Yes Was done and gaps identified with suggested
solutions
Developing consolidated CSP Yes Was done and stakeholders suggestions have been
taken
Formulation of action plans and
finalization of CSP at stakeholder
workshop
Yes Would be done after the draft CSP is presented and
suggestions are incorporated
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 142
The plan also recommends the State Government and Nagar Nigam should take up sanitation in a
mission mode and achieve the required standards. Although the state strategy does not mention
about taking up sanitation drive in a mission mode, the plan suggests it to as the UP cities need
immediate attention so that the city will also take it as a priority and achieve goals one by one as to
fall in comply with the national vision of NUSP. Needless to mention, the plans attract huge money in
terms of grants and in terms of donation from international donors apart from the existing financial
structure for promoting sanitation at the ULB level.
6.3.7 IEC AND AWARENESS ACTION PLAN
In the process related parameters of city sanitation rating methodology, sanctions for deviance on
part of polluters and institutions clearly laid out and followed in practice find their place. Of the total
4 points given to this category, Moradabad has scored no point. Here is where initiating IEC and
awareness programmes can help the municipality gain some important points. A sustained
grassroots campaign couple with adequate mass media exposure is a mix that will deliver the
required results. Community participation backed by improved municipal services can help.
Neighborhood groups such as women’s self help groups and school children can be sensitized.
Having a community monitoring system has been found to be very effective in several cities.
Process Related
NO INDICATORS TOTAL
POINTS
POINTS
SECURED
G Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is
clearly laid out and followed in practice
3 0
Water quality in water bodies is another area of focus for the Nagar Nigam as it is yet to score in this
category too. Further IEC can help in generating awareness required to bring down the level of
pollution in water bodies. The City Sanitation Ranking methodology has given weight to water
quality. The IEC campaign can take up water pollution as key theme. This would include water-borne
diseases, other communicable ailments including skin diseases to make it more comprehensive.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 143
Outcome Related
NO INDICATORS TOTAL
POINTS
POINTS
SECURED
B Water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to baseline
7 0
In addition to the two pressing issues, an integrated communications campaign to promote
awareness and seek participation consisting of the following will comprehensively tackle the issue of
sanitation. Campaign against taking water connections directly from the raising main and other
illegal connections. Illegal connections cases losses of water and revenue to the Nagar Nigam;
Campaign for Solid Waste segregation at source; Campaign for community participation in
community toilet maintenance.
Strengthening the existing computerized public grievances redressal system at Nagar Nigam
Moradabad would served the citizen more effectively and efficiently. Citizens could use various
means to communicate their complaints such as phone, SMS, internet etc. As of now most citizens
(67%) complained directly through face to face interactions. Computerized complaint resolution
system will keep records of all complaints and can be an effective tool for the Nagar Nigam to
monitor trends in complaints to find areas of weakness.
Channels
1. Conducting circle wise meeting in the 05 sanitary circles.
2. Mass media, newspapers, FM radio, local cable TV channels .
Partners
NNM, Jal Kal, local NGOs, Gyan Jyoti Siksha Samiti, local print media agencies
Public Participation
1. Advisory Committees: These are constituted to ensure Multi-Stakeholder involvement in
sanitation projects. Members of such bodies can include prominent personalities from
academia, arts, culture, social sector, media etc, representatives of donor agencies, Mayor,
relevant heads of departments, and even leaders of sanitation workers union. City Sanitation
Task Force (CSTF) is one such body at the city level. NUSP guidelines have established the
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 144
role and responsibilities of CSTF. An innovative idea gaining traction is of Ward level
Sanitation Action Committees. For Moradabad such a body can be constituted at sanitary
zone level. It is desirable to take governance as close to people as possible. This ensures
effective public consultations and possibly community participation. A ward level body can
be headed by Corporator and comprise of ward members, Safai karamcharies,
representatives/officials from Nagar Nigam, Jal Kal, RWAs, NGOs, Self Help Groups (SHGs)
2. Public Hearings: The system of public hearings is known to be effective in monitoring project
progress, resolving citizen grievances. What we propose here is that public consultation is
essential during designing of projects. The chances of success of a project are enhanced, as
this makes sure the project is designed to benefit as many people as possible. Seeking inputs
from people will make them believe that the Nagar Nigam is seeking genuine partnership.
More importantly this will help to develop trust. Public hearing can help launch and
integrated campaign against open defecation, illegal water connection,
The timeframe of the recommended communication strategy is relevant for a period of two to three
years from the beginning of implementation. The process can evolve with the implementation to
incorporate any mid course improvements required. Once initiated, it can take up a wide range of
other issues as per the requirements of the city. There is every likelihood of such a process be
institutionalized with Public Relations officer stationed in the municipality taking the lead.
Given the growth and rapidly changing social and economic environment of the cities, it would be
imperative for Nagar Nigam to develop capacity to assess changes in the situation and adapt
strategies accordingly. Timely implementation of the recommendations made in this document will
ensure that desired results flow in a sustained manner.
PLAN MORADABAD
Phase 1 (1-12 months)
Awareness Raising Phase
Phase 2 (12-24 months)
Process Phase: Feedback
Phase 3 Compliance phase: (24-36 months)
Consolidating gains and sustaining behavior
change
Short (1 to 12 month) phase aimed at
generating high awareness and taking
steps to build trust among
stakeholders.
1. Health and Hygiene and
Government programmes and
processes-Goals of City Sanitation
Plans etc for all stake holders
2. Status of community toilets, solid
waste management, water supply
and drain cleaning. Setting out
goals and exploring all avenues of
improvement including
community participation and
consultation with officials.
3. Regular upkeep & maintenance of
water bodies
4. Industries and slaughter houses be
made aware of the compliance waste
management.
12-24 month phase to enhance trust
between stakeholders. Information and
educational approaches are employed
to stress the importance, among other
things, of properly designed community
toilets, septic tanks and periodic septic
tank inspections and desludgings every
3-5 years. Seeking feedback from the
residents on status of community
toilets their design, solid waste
management practices etc. Imposition
of user fee on commercial
establishments for improved municipal
services.
Offering awards and imposing penalties for
undesirable behaviors. This phase is a
continuing education and promotional phase.
Mobilized public opinion is important to push
for compliance. Continue promotional activities
to trigger the actual adoption of the practices
being marketed. Building sustaining process to
open channels of communication between
NNM and citizens. Compliance should be
sought from industries and slaughter houses.
Imposition of user fee on commercial
establishments for improved municipal
services.
CITY SANITATION PLAN MORADABAD
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 146
� Organise interactive programmes,
participation of all stakeholders in
heritage walks, walks to local
monuments, Meeting/workshop with
stakeholders Shopkeepers, RWA,
NGOs etc
� Making use of the Municipal
council to further goals of city
sanitation plan, Discussion between
various departments for increased co-
ordination. Exploring institutional
arrangements for such co-ordination.
Media options:
� Local Cable TV ads (30 secs)
� Local newspaper ads
� Billboards
� Tarpaulin posters mounted on
mobile vans
� Leaflets for those attending
meetings
� News releases in print, radio
and TV
� Discussions on radio
� Organise interactive programmes,
participation of all stakeholders in
heritage walks, walks to local
monuments, Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs,
etc to monitor the progress made
� Seeking feedback from Corporators
to help effective implementation.
Media options:
� Local newspaper ads
� House-to-house visits
� Radio/ local cable TV public affairs
show
� Short film/video showing in
theaters
� Continuing billboards,
tarpaulin posters
� Continuing news releases in
print, radio and cable TV
� Feature articles in media
� Organise interactive programmes,
participation of all stakeholders in transact
walks, Meetings with stakeholders
Shopkeepers, RWA, NGOs etc for sustaining the
progress made
�Encouraging further discussion between NNM
and elected representatives to, furthering co-
ordination between various departments for
better attainment of CSP goals.
Media options:
� Continuing radio, TV, print ads
� Continuing house to house
visits
� Continuing short film showing
in theaters
� Continuing billboards
� Continuing but less frequent
assemblies, SRF meetings
� Continuing news
releases on all platforms
� Continuing feature articles
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 147
Conclusion
Keeping in view the issues and concern expressed by the citizen during the CSTF and other
stakeholders meeting and scope of city sanitation plan it is opined that less emphasized area of
communication holds a vast potential for behavioral and mindset change of people . There are three
important components to the communication strategy:
1. Inter-personal communications: Using opinion leaders
2. Engaging media and NGOs as partners in promoting sanitation consciousness
3. Adapting and developing multimedia IEC materials for sanitation campaigns
Interpersonal means are known to be very effective in behavior change communications. These are
tedious processes to carry out but offer better returns. It is important to understand the needs of
the local community and select opinion leaders who could influence the community to further
sanitation consciousness. These opinion leaders could be local NGOs, cooperators, school teachers
or any other respected elder. A newspaper ad or a public service message on TV without ground
level work through opinion leaders will fail to be sustainable in the long run.
6.3.8 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Strategic planning should not be considered in isolation, but should rather be seen as a continuing
process. Circumstances change, outcomes do not always occur in quite the way expected and it is
therefore important that plans are adaptable. This will not be possible unless you have sound
information upon which to base decisions to amend and adapt plan components. This suggests a
need for effective monitoring and evaluation of plan components. Monitoring and evaluation of
sanitation progamme is of higher importance as Urban development Ministry, Government of India
publishes city sanitation ranking based on the cities performance. Before this happens it is the ULB’s
requirement to have a sound monitoring and evaluation tool.
Continued emphasis and allocations to sanitation from finance ministries depends on an ability to
demonstrate improved sanitation outputs and outcomes. This would only be possible if effective and
accurate monitoring systems are in place at all levels of government. Monitoring is also needed to
determine budget utilization, actual resource flows from different sources, and value for money
actually achieved. Despite its importance, while developing performance monitoring for sanitation it
is necessary to address constraints related to difficulty in measuring health and hygiene related
outcomes and their attribution to sanitation measures. Given the household and community focus in
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 148
sanitation appropriate institutional mechanisms are also needed for their participation in
performance monitoring. Emphasis on performance monitoring is also required because of limited
experience in scaling up approaches. Thus, synthesized feedback provided by a good performance
monitoring system to policy makers is essential for continuously assessing their effectiveness and
making the necessary mid-course corrections.
Monitoring is a management tool that is intended to provide managers with information about how
an initiative or process is performing. Monitoring takes place at intervals throughout the life of the
sanitation initiative or process. Examples include monitoring of the quality of materials used in the
implementation of a new sanitation initiative and monitoring of the effluent quality produced by a
treatment facility.
Evaluation takes place after the completion of an initiative or programme. It aims to answer such
questions as were the intended objectives achieved, was the expenditure as expected and did the
right people benefit as intended.
The key functions of agencies in the sanitation sector are policy formulation, regulation, investment,
operations and maintenance of sanitation facilities, and the commercial activity of supplying the
needy with desired sanitation services. Traditionally, these functions have been carried out in most
of the cities in a supply-driven way with a high degree of centralized control, little local
accountability, and little involvement of consumers. The consequence has been failure to cope with
the growing problems of urban sanitation.
Monitoring and evaluation of city sanitation plan has three purposes:
� To evaluate the effectiveness of the planning process, or assess the effectiveness of the
phases in the preparation of the city sanitation plan, including sanitation mapping, defining
the sanitation development framework, and preparation of reports. The results of the
evaluation will be used to improve the preparation of citywide sanitation plan in the next
cycle. Monitoring and evaluation is also used to assess coordination within the sanitation
working group. This type of monitoring and evaluation is generally qualitative, interactive,
and participatory.
� To evaluate the implementation of sanitation development activities, or assess the progress
and level of achievement of sanitation development activities. This monitoring and
evaluation uses indicators set at the time the sanitation activities were proposed.
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 149
Quantitative results will be used to evaluate whether goals and targets have been reached.
The results of the evaluation will be used to improve action plans for the following year.
� To evaluate the benefits of sanitation development, or assess the impact of sanitation
development programs against trends in sanitation conditions and general environmental
conditions, level of sanitation coverage, sanitation behaviour of the community, public
health conditions and environmental health risk in each section of the city. The results will
be compared with the baseline conditions of the city periodically.
In sanitation of the city the component of monitoring and evaluation plays a crucial role as it enables
the ULB to know its position from time to time against the baseline condition or prior to sanitation
initiative.
Fig:
The aim is to develop monitoring systems for simpler activities and schemes and use experience
gained with these to develop systems for more complex processes. When evaluating initiatives, one
should not forget to ask the users what they think. They are the people most intimately affected by
the success or failure of a scheme and their opinions should provide valuable information. The
evaluation also can be carried out through expert agencies as there is a tendency to feel good when
it is done by the ULB itself. Regular evaluation also gives added value to the project as to plan and
restructure if there is a requirement in the plan for further progress.
Development of
City Sanitation Plan
Implementing plan
Components
Evaluation
Monitoring
Reviewing progress of
Plan at Regular Interval
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 150
ROAD MAP
The city has the potential to generate several proposals in the form of different sanitation options.
As the city has no sewerage coverage there have to be alternative arrangements to make the city
more sanitized and achieve the required standards. This is also a primordial condition for the Nagar
Nigam to go for viable options and make the city more livable.
Sanitation programs must also use a menu of different approaches, such as financing at the
household level and a range of affordable sanitation options for potential consumers. This may
require working with a range of new partners, including public health officials, grassroots
organizations, and private sector, something that should not be seen as a deterrent.
Knowing well the resource constraints, the conventional wisdom is that a phased-development
approach is ideal. The further one goes up the “sanitation ladder”, the greater the benefits for
people and the environment. As economic growth permits, communities can then gradually improve
the quality of sanitation services with higher-cost options.
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 151
The phased development can be achieved in the form of short-term, mid-term and long-term goals.
This would also enable the Nagar Nigam to achieve some of the components of the sanitation policy
without making heavy financial investment. A list of initiatives to be taken up is given in below table.
Sl.No Timeline Initiatives
1 Short-Term Community toilets
� The Nagar Ayukt can constitute a small team headed by the Environmental
Engineer along with other officials who can make a rapid review of the
existing community toilets and their condition with pictorial evidences.
� The Nagar Ayukt based on the report can call for a meeting with the
agensies/NGO’s involved in operation and maintenance of the community
toilets in the city and give them a timeframe to put the system in place and
provide facility on regular basis.
� Minimum financial assistance to some existing infrastructure but in
requirement of a facelift can be facilitated to make them usable.
� An IEC campaign that can educate the public in usage of community toilets
in proper manner and bring awareness to use community toilets in case of
no individual toilet available at the household level instead of Open
Defecation
Public Toilets
� There are very few public toilets in Moradabad and all the toilets are not
used due to maintenance. Measures should be taken to make sure that the
toilets are opened for the public regularly and used.
Open Defecation
� An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens,
school children and NGO’s to eliminate open defecation by showing the
health hazards involved in OD in slums and other potential areas.
� Documentaries and audio visuals to inform people on day to day basis till
the message reach the public and there are signs of change in practice.
Waste Management
� The city faces huge problem with waste being dump in and around the city.
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 152
This problem can be solved by the administration by calling the Safai
Karmacharis involved in SWM for meeting and making them aware of the
hazards caused by open dumping of the waste. They in turn should
communicate the same in the colonies where they go for collecting SW,
street sweeping and cleaning the drains.
� Strict message should be sent across the municipal employees involved in
transportation of SW not to dump the waste in the city outskirts but only
at designated site.
� There is also a major problem of the cattle dung in the city. For this
investment for Bio-Gas can be explored under PPP model. The other option
would be asking the SWM Company to clean and use them in the
composting yard.
� An effective IEC campaign with the involvement of concerned citizens,
school children and NGO’s to adopt good practices through documentaries
can be taken up.
Environment pollution
� Most of the nallas and drains are directly discharging the wastewater into
the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment of the city .
This can be controlled to an extent by ensuring the routine upkeep and
maintenance by the Nagar Nigam.
� The water bodies can be cleaned with the help of an IEC campaign and by
taking the help of resident welfare associations in the vicinity.
Bio Medical Waste
� There is big threat from the hospitals due to the way they handle Bio
Medical liquid waste. The hospitals are not fully aware of the BMW rules
and they have to be oriented and asked to comply with the rules and do a
primary treatment at the hospital level before leaving the liquid waste in to
the nallas or drain.
� The private agency handling BMW should be called regularly to update the
Nagar Ayukt on the situation of BMW in the city and how the collection
and conveyance is happening. Burning or throwing the BMW in the vicinity
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 153
and anywhere should be strictly punished.
Storm Water Drainage
� Institutionalize the upkeep & maintenance of nallas/drains
� Polythene bags are major cause of clogging the nallas/drains and so
use of polythene less than 20 microns as per UP Act
should be banned.
Grievance Redressal Mechanism
� Grievance redressal mechanism has to be more robust and responsive to
the public. This also would bring in good governance and effective delivery
of basic civic services.
Monitoring & Evaluation system
� The Nagar Nigam has to put in place an M&E system for tracking Open
Defecation incidences in the city and update the data available to assess
sanitation coverage and find option to move towards Open defecation Free
city.
2 Mid-Term Individual and Shared Toilets
� Construction of individual toilets must be promoted with financial
assistance from different sources. The concept of privacy and dignity has to
be made a major component of propaganda and through a constant IEC
campaign this can be achieved over a period of time.
� The option of shared toilets has to be promoted through the CBO’s in
places where less community toilets are there and there is place constraint
to construct individual toilet. This also requires extensive IEC campaign.
Community Toilets
� Space constraint would remain as one of the major problem for sanitation
at the individual level. The Nagar Nigam should identify some place in each
slum and potential places to construct community toilets. At least one slum
one community toilet should be followed and best would be providing
community toilets according the population ratio.
DEWATS
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 154
� By taking help of an expert agency feasibility study should be initiated in
the short term and then plans for constructing DEWATS should be
promoted.
� As the construction would not cost so much like a typical sewerage system
the Nagar Nigam should find finances for promoting DEWATS
� The community should be prepared to own the DEWATS system at their
community level and take minimum technical support from the Nagar
Nigam and external agency
3 Long-Term Sewerage Network & STPs
� Sewerage is kept in the long term goals for the obvious reason of high
investment which cannot be met by the Nagar Nigam and external funding
also does not come very often. Different sewerage networks and STPs can
be planned based on the geographical layout of the city.
Integrated Storm Water Drainage
� Integrated Storm Water Drainage system should be planned for the
city.
To accomplish this, local government and Nagar Nigam must change their current mindset. Many
still view that water and sanitation investments are too costly and not sustainable or replicable. It is
generally believed that some interventions are all that is possible. The Nagar Nigam does also
disregard the squatter settlements which absorb much of growing urban population. Moreover the
slum communities do not have ownership rights and are “not allowed” to invest in proper sanitary
facilities, even if they have motivation and capacity.
The first step is to provide basic sanitation or toilets facilities in slum and LIG. As mentioned earlier,
these must ensure hygienic separation of excreta from human contact, which means feces must be
confined until they are composted and safe. Regardless of the toilet technology selected, these
systems must also address sanitation all the way “from toilet to river,” meaning that pathogens and
pollutants cannot be allowed to enter nearby water sources, including aquifers. This is where
sanitation becomes particularly challenging, as affordability and environmental cleanliness are often
at odds. The simplest option; a pit latrine must be cleaned or emptied regularly, which is a difficult
prospect in crowded areas. Pour-flush latrines require that an ample water supply is readily
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 155
available, as well as properly-constructed septic tanks, drainage to carry away the wastewater, and
services for eventually dealing with the collection of sludge and transfer to a septage treatment
facility.
Innovative partnerships must be forged to stimulate investments (PPP Model)
To realize higher levels of service coverage and quality, sanitation programs must stimulate
investments from as wide a range of sources as possible, including consumers themselves and the
private sector. Successful public–private partnership (PPP) models can help overcome the limitations
of local governments, which are under tremendous pressure in view of rapid urbanization and fast
growing slum and low-income populations. In the sanitation sector, partnership arrangements
between the public and private agencies, with the involvement of community networks, such as
NGOs and CBOs, have proven to be successful. To realize the vision and plan of city sanitation the
city has to have a look on the available best models in sanitation across the country and also look for
best practices.
The best approach to maintenance is preventative maintenance, carrying out specific maintenance
tasks on a regular basis to ensure that problems are dealt well before they become serious. The
normal approach in our country is reactive maintenance or crisis maintenance, carrying out
maintenance in reaction to problems as and when they occur. The problem with this approach is
that it will generally cost more in the long-run than preventative maintenance. Poor design may
make preventative maintenance almost impossible.
Temporary improvements will not lead to lasting change and may even lead to a long-term
deterioration in conditions. For instance, a covered drain that gets clogged/blocked because of lack
of maintenance will overflow and may create a greater environmental nuisance than the open drain.
Improvements must be sustained over time if they are to have lasting benefits and this implies the
need for management arrangements for operation and maintenance that are workable and
acceptable to all the concerned groups. In this regard the plan of achieving short-term, mid-term and
long-term plan would facilitate much expected sustained development in terms of sanitation. The
Nagar Nigam have to play pivotal role in the entire programme for the simple reason that they are
legally entrusted to provide and maintain the sanitation services.
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 156
Sanitation for All and All for Sanitation
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 157
BEST PRACTICES
Case Study I-The first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums
Tiruchirappalli City Corporation –the first city in India where open defecation prevented in all
slums.
Gramalaya’s work is focused on implementation and filling critical knowledge gaps in the sector,
up scaling community based pro poor approaches through our program and advocacy work. The
2001 census of India put urban sanitation coverage at 61 percent of the population having access
to individual or public toilets. Low coverage of urban sanitation is due to the inability of planned
urban development to provide for sanitation access to the urban poor. Gramalaya started its
urban intervention in the 186 slums of Tiruchirappalli City Corporation as the operational area
aiming at declaring open defecation free zone. The involvement of community based
organizations in the project coupled with City Corporation support in providing Integrated
Sanitatary complexes (ISPs), offering vacant sites for constructing community toilets with
WaterAid, UK funding enabled the project a successfully demonstrated model.
Gramalaya played an active role in declaring India’s first slum Kalmandhai as open defecation free
(ODF) slum in Tiruchirappalli City Corporation in theyear 2002 followed by 168 slums as ODF
announced with the support of Trichy City Corporation and donor agencies. This has resulted in
conversion of dry earth latrines into modern flush out community toilets and eradication of
manual scavenging in the city. In Tiruchirappalli city Corporation, 126 slum Communities are
maintaining sanitary complexes under pay and use system with the support city Corporation. The
Corporation handed over the toilets to women self help groups after new construction or
renovation of the toilet. The Corporation gave the permission letter to the groups for running the
community managed toilet under pay and use system. The Gramalaya experience proved that
adequate involvement of community and training in maintenance of public toilets and earning
from user charge is a revenue model for the slum communities with sustainable approach. It also
generates tremendous confidence among women to partake in slum welfare and day-to-day
decision making.
The review of Community managed toilets and bathing complexes in Tiruchirapalli, six years after
the work began, has shown that achieving clean and healthy slums does not require huge financial
investment. However, what it does require is a city authority sensitive to the problems faced by
slum communities and supportive of community action, dedication of communities and their
support NGOs. It has been proved that communities can manage their own toilet units and when
they do this, the toilet are much cleaner than when managed by municipal authorities. There have
been cases where the entire community can be declared open defecation free. Further, it has
shown that managing toilets leads to empowerment of women with many positive impacts in
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 158
terms of personal and community development. This experience shows that after reluctance,
committees do pay for using toilets and bathing and washing facilities and these services can be
provided at affordable costs, even for the poorest.
Toilets are only a part of the sanitation solution. Sewage, wastewater and solid waste management
must also be tackled by city authorities and this is the area where they must play a lead role.
Tiruchirapalli shows that community managed toilets and bathing complexes provide a model that
can work at city-level when supported by city authorities where declaration of 168 slums as open
defecation free made possible.
Case Study II - Alandur Municipality-Public-Private Community Participation In Implementation
Of Underground Sewerage System
Alandur Municipality has succeeded in providing connections to an underground sewerage system to
all its residents, including the urban poor. This was achieved through a combination of effective
leadership, political will, mobilizing people's participation, financial planning and forging the right
partnerships.
City Profile
Alandur, a selection-grade municipality, is part of Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu. It is adjacent
to CheNNMi, at a distance of 14 km on the southern side, and forms a part of the CheNNMi
Metropolitan Development Area (CMDA). With hardly any industrial base, the town has developed
as a residential suburb of CheNNMi. According to the 1991 Census of India, the town has a
population of 1,25,444, with 32,000 households spread over to 19.5 sq km. Approximately one-
fourth of its population lives in slums.
Context
Alandur municipality had no underground sewerage system. Households had either septic tanks or
holding tanks, and the municipality was responsible for collecting the sewage periodically in tankers
and disposing it off in low-lying areas. To address these problems, an underground sewerage system
was designed for its current population, as well as for an estimated population of 3,00,000 in 2027,
with the objectives of improving the standard of living of the residents; providing for disposal of
sewage through an exclusive drainage network; avoiding recurring expenditure on septic tank
cleaning; and preventing groundwater contamination.
Implementation
In 1997, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided to provide a sewerage system in 12 selected major
urban centers including Alandur, in the context of a World Bank Project. The Chairperson of
Municipality, Mr. R. S. Bharati, took up the task of implementing this. It was decided that Tamil Nadu
Urban Infrastructure Finance Services Ltd. (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company, be
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 159
approached to finance the sewerage scheme. Considering the lack of financial and technical
resources at the municipal level to undertake such an infrastructure project, it was decided by
TNUIFSL that the municipality would undertake the project on a BOQ (Bill of Quantities) basis. The
sewerage treatment plant (STP) would be built on a BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer) basis. The
project entailed a) construction of an underground sewerage scheme with a network of sewer
pipelines and manholes, of 120 kms (including 19 km main and 101 km branch lines); b) construction
of a pumping house and installation of pumping machinery; and c) construction of a sewage
treatment plant with a capacity of 24 MLD (2 units 12 MLD each) on BOT basis to IVRCL and VATec
for a period of 14 years.
The project work was carried out in two phases. In the first phase (the first two and a half years),
50% of the branch sewers, main sewers, pump house including installation of machinery, pumping
main and one 12 MLD capacity sewage treatment plant, were completed and commissioned. The
remaining work relating to the project was to be carried out in the next phase. The particular
challenges addressed were communication and consultations with citizens to secure their buy-in and
contribution to the sewerage scheme, technical bottlenecks such as realignments necessitated by
the construction of subways and MRTS, terrain conditions, and procedural delays in approvals. To
reduce the repayment burden on the local body, it was decided to collect deposits from at least
10,000 residents before calling for tenders; this was also to ensure effective participation of people
in the project. The names of the depositors were displayed in public places to motivate others to
pay. Officials and non-officials, especially the chairperson of Alandur municipality, organised detailed
discussions with the residents of the city and resident associations, in order to explain the project
details and benefits of the sewerage project as part of assessing the willingness to pay. Effective and
timely communication ensured participation of key stakeholders and beneficiaries in the initiative.
An election-style campaign was launched. Television and newspapers were roped in to motivate the
public. Sanitary workers also conducted a door-to-door campaign in support of the project. To
ensure the inclusion of the poor and slum residents, a provision was also made for community toilets
connected to the sewerage system.
The total project cost was estimated at Rs. 34 crores with a break-up shown in the table:
Sources of Funds (Rs. in Cr.)
SOURCE CONTRIBUTION % Of TOTAL
TNUIDCO Loan 16 47.06
Citizen's contribution 8 23.53
TNUIFSL Loan 3 11.76
TNUIFSL Grant 4 8.82
Interest on deposits 2 5.88
TNUIDCO Grant 1 2.94
Total 34 100.00
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 160
Tariff Structure HSC Tariff Domestic Category HSC Tariff Non Domestic - Commercial and Industrial
Category
Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.) Square Feet Monthly Tariff (Rs.)
<500 60 <500 200
500-1500 80 500-1500 400
1500-3000 100 1500-5000 600
>3000 120 >5000 1000
To recover costs of operation, maintenance and debt servicing, the municipality decided the tariff
structure through a consultative process. The tariff included a one-time deposit and a monthly tariff.
They are given in Table 2. On demand from the citizens, the municipality has subsequently reduced
monthly charges from Rs. 150 to Rs. 110.
Impact
Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first
phase, i.e. by 2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of
slum dwellers have opted for and paid for individual sewerage connections. In 2005, 14 community
toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters. By the end of March 2008, all households had
received sewerage connections.
Sustainability
The project is sustainable, as the cost towards maintaining the system is recovered from the users by
means of monthly charges. There has been a regular flow of funds and timely repayment to financial
institutions. Alandur sewerage project is an innovative initiative for sustainable delivery of urban
services in the country. Inspired by the Alandur example, many urban local bodies, including Trichy,
Tanjavur, Tirunelveli, and Ambattur, have initiated similar efforts for underground sewerage system.
The Alandur experience demonstrates that mobilising people’s participation for infrastructure
projects is possible through effective leadership, collective efforts and transparent procedures.
Political will, effective communications, transparency and partnership with community-based
organisations, are the key factors for the success of the project. Inter-departmental coordination and
active involvement of all stakeholders ensured successful completion and sustenance of the project.
http://www.waterawards.in/2008-winner-profile-am.php
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 161
Case Study III - Kalyani Municipality-Community-Led Health Initiatives with Community Led Total
Sanitation (CLTS) As The Entry Point
Kalyani Municipality’s CLTS empowers local communities with the goal of creating an open,
defecation-free environment, especially in slums, through a participatory approach of self-
mobilization and facilitation. This brings about behavioural change to ensure 100% sustained usage
of sanitary toilets, thereby making Kalyani an Open Defecation Free (ODF) area.
Context
Kalyani, located 65 km north of Kolkata in West Bengal, is one of the 39 municipalities under Kolkata
Metropolitan Area (KMA) with a population of 0.1 million, of which approximately 50% lives in 52
slums. These people have mainly migrated from neighboring Bangladesh. Over the past ten years,
more than Rs. 3 crore has been spent on different projects for constructing toilets for the urban
poor, improving the sanitation profile of Kalyani. Despite a lot of investment from different projects,
Kalyani was not open-defecation free (ODF), as this was a common practice even amongst those
given toilets free-of-cost by donor agencies. This led to a lot of health problems amongst other
citizens as well.
Initiative
Against the above background, CLTS was conceived in late 2005 under the Kolkata Urban Services for
The Poor Programme (KUSP), funded by the Department For International Development (DFID). The
chairperson of Kalyani Municipality showed political will and leadership in motivating its councilors
and making Kalyani an ODF town. The Board of Councilors (BoC) unanimously accepted the proposal
to pilot the CLTS project in Kalyani Municipal Area in January 2006. The chief health functionary of
the ULB coordinated and facilitated the implementation of the entire programme.
Initially, the pilot project was implemented in five slums only. However, inspired by the success of
the project, Kalyani decided to make all the 52 slums ODF. A team of experts, including a
Participatory Development Consultant and medical doctors, were involved in the initiative that
conducted a series of awareness-creation workshops. Regular interaction with slum dwellers,
nurturing of community leaders, and continuous monitoring by the CLTS team, made it possible to
make all the slums ODF. Strategies adopted include not providing further subsidy for toilet
construction, providing technical support to slum dwellers on low-cost sanitary toilets, increasing
awareness regarding the ill-effects of open defecation, motivating and mobilising communities
through participatory methods, using PRA tools and incentives for community leaders, and awards
for clean ward/slum/area/school/class etc.
Key Features
The CLTS programme is community-led and not dependent on external support. It results in
sustained behavior change and builds self-respect, dignity and self-confidence, especially in women.
People are encouraged to build toilets with their own resources, creating ownership and sustained
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 162
usage. Unlike free toilets, which are poorly maintained and even abandoned, people are interested
in maintaining these. Proper triggering, facilitation, interaction, motivation and incentives are
necessary initially. There is great potential for replication. Once people realize the need for a
behavioral change to maintain sanitation, and its direct bearing on health, they do it willingly. The
CLTS programme methodology makes people realize the need.
Impact
Kalyani was declared open-defecation free by the state of West Bengal on 29 Jan 2009. It got a cash
prize of Rs. 25 lakhs to expand and continue its health programme on "Correction Of Anaemia"
which is directly related to open defecation. As a first ODF town in India, Kalyani is much cleaner. Its
slums have benefited not only from sanitation, but also from other developmental works. This is
because ODF slums are given priority for all ULB development works. There is the visible impact of
the urban poor recognizing that health is linked to sanitation. Records of the health department
show a considerable decrease in gastro-intestinal disorders, and an increased number of man-days.
Demand has been generated for more pay-and-use public toilets in Kalyani.
http://www.waterawards.in/2009-winner-profile-km.php
City Sanitation Plan Moradabad
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 163
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
Annexure 1.1 City Sanitation Ranking methodology
Annexure 1.2a. Explanation to color coding
Annexure 1.2b. Ranking of cities
Annexure 1.3 CSTF List
Annexure 2.1 List of slums in Moradabad city
Annexure 2.2 Map showing slum locations in Moradabad city
Annexure 2.3 Map showing open defecation areas in Moradabad city
Annexure 3.1 Map showing locations of community toilets in Moradabad city
Top Related