January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 1
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
Submission Title: [Hitachi Direct Sequence UWB Impulse Radio System ]Date Submitted: [January 2005]Source: [(1)Akira Maeki, Ryosuke Fujiwara, Kenichi Mizugaki, Masayuki Miyazaki, Masaru Kokubo, (2)Yasuyuki Okuma, Miki Hayakawa, Shinsuke Kobayashi, Noboru Koshizuka, Ken Sakamura ] Company [(1) Hitachi, Ltd., Central Research Laboratory and Advanced Research Laboratory,
(2) YRP Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory ]Address [(1) 1-280 Higashi Koigakubo Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8601 JAPAN (2)28th KOWA Bldg., 2-20-1, Nishi-Gotanda Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0031 JAPAN]Voice:[+81 42.323.1111], FAX: [+81 42.327.7849], E-Mail:[[email protected]]
Re: [Response to Call for Proposals]
Abstract: [This document proposes Hitachi, Ltd.’s PHY proposal for the IEEE 802.15.4 alternate PHY standard]
Purpose: [Proposal for the IEEE802.15.4a standard.]
Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 2
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Akira MaekiHitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi, Ltd. Proposal for IEEE 802.15.4a
DS- UWB Impulse Radio
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 3
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Contents
• DS-UWB IR Proposal
• Details of the System Evaluation
• Location Awareness
• Summary
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 4
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Direct Sequence UWB Impulse Radio System (DS-UWB IR)
PulseGenerator
PA
Transmitter
PRF=Tens of MHz
t
Impulse Radio
RF
Receiver
BB
DBPSK
PRF :Pulse Repetition Frequency
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 5
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
UWB Pulse and Spectrum
Frequency (GHz)
EIR
P (
dBm
/MH
z)
Example: • 2.5ns Gaussian Pulse• Center Frequency=4.1GHz• 10dB BW=1.4GHz• TxPower (ave.)= -13.3dBm
Initial Target : Arbitrary Pulse in Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz)
Low Band(3.1-5.1GHz)
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-900 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
High Band(6-10GHz)
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 6
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Why DS-UWB IR? • Low Power Consumption : -Very Simple Architecture -Low Rate Sampling ADC : Tens of Msps, 2-4bits
• Low Cost : -CMOS Implementation is Feasible (Peak Power <10dBm) -Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz)
• High Location Accuracy : -Narrow Pulse (2.5ns) ~30cm in 30m region (AWGN)
• Scalability : by Spread Factor 258kbps @30m (cf. ZigBee 250kbps @30-70m) 10.7Mbps @10m (cf. Bluetooth 1Mbps @10m)
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 7
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Evaluation Results• Scalability 258kbps at 30m, 10.7Mbps at 10m • Low Power Consumption Tx=30mW, Rx=120mW
• Low Cost CMOS implementation
• High Location Accuracy 30cm at 30m (AWGN)
<40cm at 40m (CM1)
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 8
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Benchmark
Hitachi Proposal DS-UWB
IEEE802.15.4
#1: commercial chip example#2: Sampling Rate=64Msps
Data Rate & Range
Power Consumption
Location Accuracy (30m range in AWGN)
10.7Mbps @10m258kbps @30m
Tx: 30mWRx: 120mW
250kbps @30-70m
30cm 2-3m #2
Tx: 50-60mW #1
Rx: 50-60mW
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 9
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Details of the System Evaluation
1. General Definitions2. Signal Robustness3. Technical Feasibility
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 10
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
1. General Definitions
-Overview-Parameters for the Simulations-Scalability-Link Budget
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 11
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Overview
PAN coordinator
FFD (Full Function Device)
RFD (Reduced Function Device)
Code 1
Code 2
Multiple Access: CDMA (Slide 18) 31chip M-Sequence
• System Parameters (Slide 12-13)• Frame Format (Slide 19)• System Performance (Slide 22-24)
• Transceiver (Slide 15)
Tx
Rx
Interferer
•Coexistence (Slide 25)
• Tx (Slide 17)• Rx (Slide 28-29)
Location Awareness (Slide 33-40)
Anchor Nodes (Known position)
Sync. Node
Code 3
SOP evaluation Not finished yet
Interference
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 12
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
System Parameters
Hardware specifications:• Crystal =± 20ppm • ADC=32Msps, 4bits (Including Location Awareness)
Nominal
Data Rate Range
Optional
258kbps
10.7Mbps
30m
10m
Data Rate:
2.5ns Gaussian Pulse with PRF=32MHz (Data Rate depends on Spread Factor:124 for 258kbps, 3 for 10.7Mbps)
32MHz (=31ns)2.5ns
1 symbol for 10.7Mbps mode (optional)
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 13
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Scalability with spread factor
Data Rate Modulation Spread FactorNumber of
Pulses / Bit
32.0 Mbps DBPSK 1 1
10.7 Mbps DBPSK 3 3
4.57 Mbps DBPSK 7 7
2.13 Mbps DBPSK 15 15
1.03 Mbps DBPSK 31 31
258 kbps DBPSK 124 124
129 kbps DBPSK 248 248
PRF=32MHz
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 14
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Link BudgetParameters
Value258kbps 30m
Value10.7Mbps 10m
Units
Center Frequency 4096 4096 MHz
Average Transmit Power(2.5ns Gaussian Pulse)
-13.3 -13.3 dBm
PRF 32 32 MHz
Spread Factor 124 3
Data Rate 258 10666 kbps
Path Loss at 1m 44.7 44.7 dB
Distance 30 10 m
Decay coefficient 2.0 2.0 -
Additional Path Loss at 30m,10m 29.5 20.0 dB
Implementation Loss 3.0 3.0 dB
Antenna gain -3.0 -3.0 dBi
Required Eb/N0 @PER=1%, 32B 14.0 9.8 dB
Noise Power Density -174 -174 dBm
Receiver Total NF 7.0 7.0 dB
Margin 5.4 2.9 dB
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 15
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Transceiver Architecture
Pulse Generator
I
Q
LPFDigital Block
Data
LNA
Transmitter
ReceiverLPF
0/90 PLL
Modulation & Spreading
ADC
ADC
Digital PHYAnalog RF MAC
Data•Matched Filter•Signal Acquisition•Tracking•Rangingetc.
ANT.SwitchBPF
PA
4.1GHz
<100kgates32MHz, 2-4bits
Xtal
20ppm
Antenna
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 16
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Modulation and Spreading
Items Specifications
Pulse Shape 2.5ns Gaussian Pulse
RF Frequency 4096±700MHz (10dB BW)
PRF 32MHz
Modulation DBPSK
Spreading Direct Sequence
Despreading Matched Filter
Sequence M-Sequence
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 17
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Modulation and Spreading
Length value
1 1
4 1,1,0,1
8 1,1,1,0,0,1,0,1
DSpread Sequence 2
Spreading
PG
Spread Sequence 1
Differential Coding
Length Value
1 1
3 1,1,0
7 1,1,1,0,0,1,0
15 1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0
31 1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0
Spread Sequence 1 Spread Sequence 2
DATA
Nominal Data Rate 258kbps Spread Factor =124 :Spread Sequence (4, 31)Optional Data Rate 10.7Mbps Spread Factor= 3 :Spread Sequence (1, 3 )
Spreading
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 18
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Multiple Access
Multiple access : CDMA• Each Piconet has its own sequence (One sequence / Piconet)• 31 chip M-sequence has 6 nearly orthogonal sequences.
Sequence 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Sequence 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Sequence 3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sequence 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Sequence 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
Sequence 6 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
Auto Correlation
Cross Correlation
Cross Correlation
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 19
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Frame Format
PPDU
Octets:
PHY Layer
Preamble
20 1
FrameLength
SFD
1
SHR PHR PSDU
MPDU
Data: 32 (n=23)
FrameCont.
Seq. # AddressData Payload CRC
Octets: 2 1 0/4/8 2
MAC Sublayer
n
MHR MSDU MFR
For ACK: 5 (n=0)
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 20
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
System Throughput
Time for transmission
Nominal mode (X0 = 258 kbps)
Throughput: 100 kbps
…HDR PSDU
3222
HDR
ACK
522
DATA Frame 1 tACKtLIFS DATA Frame 2
HDR PSDU
3222
Acknowledged transmission
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 21
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
2. Signal Robustness
-Multipath Immunity-Simultaneously Operating Piconets-Coexistence
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 22
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
System Performance in AWGN
0ppm ideal
40ppm ideal
-40ppm ideal
-40ppm worst
40ppm worst
PE
R
Eb/N0 (dB)
Error factors considered (IQ mismatch etc.)
PSDU: 32Bytes
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 23
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
CM1 (Residential LOS)
CM5 (Outdoor LOS)
System Performance in Multipath Environment
PE
R
Eb/N0 (dB)
0ppm ideal case
Crystal Frequency Stability
PSDU: 32Bytes
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 24
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
System Performance
Data Rate AWGN CM1 CM5
258 kbps 56m 27m 24m
10.7 Mbps 14m * *
Results obtained using 4a channel model (doc #04/581r7).
CM1: Indoor Residential (LOS), CM5: Outdoor (LOS)
Crystal=0ppm, NF=7dB, Implementation Loss=3dB, Zero Margin
* Under evaluation
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 25
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
CoexistenceThe band allocation of 3.1-5.1GHz allows the coexistence with Wireless LANs & PANs (802.11a/b/g and 802.15.1/3/4)
Frequency (GHz)
EIR
P (
dBm
/MH
z)
Low Band(3.1-5.1GHz)
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-900 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
High Band(6-10GHz)
UNII notch for “desired criteria” coexistence
Meet the Desired Criteria in the 15.3a(Interferer at 0.3m)
BPF: Rejection=30dB (@2.4GHz and 5GHz)
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 26
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
3. Technical Feasibility
-Transceiver Architecture-Synchronization-Complexity-Evaluation by a Test Bed
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 27
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Transceiver Architecture
Pulse Generator
I
Q
LPFDigital Block
Data
LNA
Example:
Transmitter
ReceiverLPF
0/90 PLL
Modulation & Spreading
ADC
ADC
Digital PHYAnalog RF MAC
Data•Matched Filter•Signal Acquisition•Tracking•Rangingetc.
ANT.SwitchBPF
PA
4.1GHz
<100kgates32MHz, 2-4bits
Rejection=30dB @2.4GHz&5GHz
Xtal
20ppm
Antenna
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 28
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Synchronization
×
~C
OR
R
LO
ADC×
90
CO
RR
ABS+
Detector
TemplateGenerator
Th
resho
ld
D
etector
ADC MF
MF
Timing Control
Code Correlator
ABS
Pulse CorrelatorAnalog Domain
Digital Domain
Two Step Synchronization:• Pulse Correlation: Sliding Correlation • Code Correlation: Digital Matched Filter
Example:
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 29
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
2.5ns
Tw=31.3nsRx Signal
Template
=0.5ns
Sliding correlation for pulse synchronization
ReceivedSignal
TemplateWavelet
Sampled data
Sampling Timing
OutputOf MF
Time
Tw
Symbol: Ts
Acquisition
Two Step Synchronization
No pulse sync.Pulse sync.
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 30
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Unit Manufacturing Complexity
Preliminary Evaluation
Analog RF **
Size*
*0.18m Standard CMOS Process
Digital PHY ***Base Band
Ranging
External Components
** Analog RF : LNA, Mixer, PLL, ADC (Slide 27)*** Base Band : Acquisition, Tracking etc. (Slide 27) Ranging : 1GHz Counter (Slide 38).
•Crystal =± 20ppm
•BPF ([email protected]&5GHz)
•Antenna -Ceramic Antenna -Pattern Antenna
100 kgates
1 kgates
12 mm2
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 31
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Manufacturability & Technical Feasibility
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 32
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Feasibility Study by the Test Bed
HDR PSDU
3222
1000 Pseudo Random Packets
Tx Rx
Variable ATT.
Propagation Loss
PER Measurement
-Send 1000 Pseudo random packets through the variable attenuator (Variable attenuator represents Propagation Loss)-Measure the PER
PER<1% for 258kbps at 30m and 10.7Mbps at 10m
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 33
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Location Awareness
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 34
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Location Awareness
• Trilateration for Location Awareness - 3 Known-position Nodes (+1 sync. node) - Synchronization by a reference signal - TDOA (Time Difference Of Arrival) based
• High Location Accuracy : AWGN: 30cm in 30m Range Indoor Residential : <40cm in 40m Range
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 35
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Active-TDOA
• One-way Ranging
Can relax the RFD specifications
Can save power consumption
High Accuracy for mobile node location
• Accuracy
Accuracy depends only on the clock at the FFD
RFD
FFD(Anchor)
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 36
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
System Configuration
System Configuration for 2D location measurements
Node
Server & Data Base
Monitor Terminal
Anchor Node 3
Anchor Node 1
Anchor Node 2
T2
T1
T3
TDOA(t1-T1)
TDOA(t2-T2)
TDOA(t3-T3)
Wireless/Wired Network
Time of Arrival: t1
t2
t3
“Calculation of the Node Location based on the TDOAs and the Reference Locations”
For Sync.
---Synchronization by a node--
-Expand the Range
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 37
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
TDOA Based Measuring
time
Signal from a node whose position is known
time
Anchor 1
Anchor 2
time
The Location is calculated by the Time Difference those
Signal from a node for location
Anchor 1
Anchor 2
Anchor 1
Anchor 2
Anchors are not synchronized
Temporary synchronization
Measure the time difference of arrival
Reference time
---Synchronization by a node--
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 38
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Receiver Architecture
Counter Memory
Detection
Timing Counter
Sync. Demod.
• Count the time difference of arrival by the Counter• The Counter and Memory are the additional circuits to the Rx (Gate size: About 1kgates)
Receiver
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 39
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Parameters for Simulations
Packet Format: same packet as data transmission
Channel Model : Indoor Residential LOS (CM1)
Counter clock : 1GHz
ADC : 32Msps
Crystal Accuracy : 0ppm (ideal)
Number of trial : 100 for each distance
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 40
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Simulation Results
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Distence (m)
Err
or
valu
e
(m)
Channel Model : Indoor Residential LOS (CM1)
Frequency Stability: 0ppm
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 41
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Summary
•DS-UWB IR is Simple, Scalable and Reliable 258kbps at 30m (Nominal), 10.7Mbps at 10m (Optional)
•Location Awareness: 40cm in 40m region (CM1) In a regular packet transmission, with one additional counter.
Proposed DS-UWB IR - fc=4.1GHz, BW=1.4GHz at Low Band (3.1-5.1GHz) - 2.5ns Gaussian Pulse with PRF of 32MHz - DBPSK Modulation - TDOA for Location Awareness
January 2005
Akira Maeki, Hitachi, Ltd.Slide 42
doc.: IEEE 802.15-04-0715-02-004a
Submission
Conclusion
• Still have evaluations to do…• Can show the feasibility in March
by the Test Bed and TEG chip
- Scalable data rate up to 10.7Mbps at 10m- High Location Accuracy of ~40cm in 40m range are the main differentiation from the 15.4 system
Hitachi DS-UWB System
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