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Type I Type II Type III
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DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS
JETTING BIT
1. One nozzle is fully blanked (big Boy), the rest
are plugged or restricted
2. Orient the blank nozzle to designed direction3. Jetting the formation with hydraulic and with
none rotating pipe
4. Once the deviated hole pattern have been
formed, rotating pipe to make a new hole
5. Repeat the jetting/rotating sequence until
inclination is achieved
6. Good for soft and unconsolidated formations
7. Good for anti-collision purpose
Steps
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WHIPSTOCK
1. Run Whipstock to the KOP depth
2. Drill and deviate rat hole
3. Pull out the Whipstock4. Drill with hole reamer, hole opener and/or
drill bit to make the new hole
5. Whipstock still applicable in present day
for cutting window in Casing and
sidetracking purposes
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS
Steps
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DOWNHOLE MOTOR WITH BENT SUB
BENT SUB was used in earlyStage when Down hole Motor
had first been introduced.
It was presently an obsoletetool in directional drilling dueto the limitation of rotating thepipe combine with an advancedTechnology on down hole Motorsof which extensively high efficiencyand more steerable friendly.
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS
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DOWNHOLE MOTOR (STEERABLE)
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS
BENT HOUSING(SUB) FIXED ON THE BODY
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Flow
Rotation
DownholeTurbodrill
Turbine motors are used both for directional drilling and straight-hole drilling.
A turbine-type motor
Driven by the drilling fluid
- like the PDMMulti-stage blade-type
stator and rotor sections
A thrust bearing section
A drive shaft
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Top Sub
Turbine Section
Bearing Section
Stator/Rotor-
One Stage
Rotor (Rotating)
Stator (Stationary)
Turbine Section
Typical
turbine
design.
PDC or Diamond Bit
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DownholeTurbodrill
Number of rotor/stator sections
may vary from ~25 to 250
Stator remains stationary - itsmain function is to deflect the
mud to the rotor blades
The rotor blades are connectedto the drive shaft, which is
connected to the bit
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DOWNHOLE MOTOR (STEERABLE)
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS
MAIN COMPONENTS (Top to Bottom)
•Top Stabilizer (optional)•Bypass Vale•Flexible Bent Sub (optional)•Rotor/Stator Housing (power sub)•Flexible Bent Sub (Standard)•U-joint Housing
•Bearing Assembly Housing (outsideBody is Near Bit Stabilizer)
•Bit Box
MWD
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DOWNHOLE MOTOR (STEERABLE)
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
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Building
Hole Angle
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Holding
Hole Angle
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MONITORINGDIRECTIONAL DRILLING
PRESENT TECHNOLOGY
FOR ROTARY ASSY.
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MONITORINGDIRECTIONAL DRILLING
LATEST TECHNOLGY
FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
An advanced BHA that steers itself During continuous drill string.
Electronic control 3-pad Stabilizer onthe sleeve which is programmed wellPath controlling.More smooth in well bore than drillwith Motor.
Product Propaganda
“Auto Trak” - Baker Hughes
“Power Drive” – Schlumberger
“Geo-Pilot” – Sperry Sun, Halliburton
ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEM
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MONITORINGDIRECTIONAL DRILLING
LATEST TECHNOLGY
FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
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Tool Face Angle
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Inclination Angle
q, a, I
Direction Angle
f, e, A
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N18E
N55WS20W
S23E Azimuth
Angle
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Directional Drilling Measurements
• The trajectory of a wellbore is
determined by the measurement of:
inclination q, a, I
direction f, e, A
measured depth DMD, DL, L
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Directional Drilling Measurements
• A tool-face measurement is
required to orient:
A whipstock
The large nozzle on a jetting bit
A bent sub or bent housing
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Directional Drilling Measurements
• Tools available
Single-shot magnetic or gyroscopicMulti-shot magnetic or gyroscopic
Magnetometers, accelerometers,
MWD tools
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Survey Methods
• Single-Shot
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• Multishot
Survey Metho ds
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• Steering Tools
Survey Methods
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Steering Tools:
• When a mud motor with a bent sub isused, it may be more economical torun a steering tool than tocontinuously run magnetic singleshot surveys.
• An instrument probe is lowered by awireline unit and is seated in themule-shoe orienting sleeve.
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Steering Tools - cont’d
• The wireline can be passed through acirculating head mounted on thedrillpipe. Every 90 ft the tool is
retrieved so another stand of pipe maybe added.
• Alternatively, a side entry sub may beused for the wire. A stuffing box thatprevents fluid leakage is built into theside of the sub.
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Steering Tools - cont’d
• With this setup, several hundred ft. ofhole can be drilled without pulling thetool.
• Electronic means are used to measuredirection and inclination.
• Direction is measured withmagnetometers that measure theearth’s magnetic field in the X,Y, and Zplanes.
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Tool-face indicator
located on the drill floor
Drift
Azimuth
Hole Direction
Tool
FaceR90
oL90
o
180o
32.7
o
114o
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Steering Tools - cont’d
• Most steering tools continuouslysense
– inclination– direction
– tool-face angle
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Steering Tools - cont’d
• The steering tool takes the guess-workout of correcting the tool-face angle forreverse torque.
• A steering tool is one of the mosteconomical means of making a trajectory
change when a mud motor and bent subare used for drilling, especially when rigcosts are high.
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MWD (Measurement While Drilling)
• While drilling it is possible to transmit tothe surface downhole information on:
inclination temperature
direction weight on bit
tool-face angle torque on bit
gamma ray sonic velocity
resistivity
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MWD - cont’d
• Inclination, direction, and tool-face angle areof particular interest in directional drilling. Alower cost MWD tool can be used if onlydirectional drilling information is required.
• Information is typically transmitted throughthe mud column by:
• + ve or - ve pressure pulses, or• pressure pulse modulation
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Recorder
Bypass
Valve and
Sensor
Package
Rig
Floor Display
Terminal Computer
Mud Pump
Typical MWD system
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Basic types of mud pulsers
~ 3-5 minutes per update
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Basic types of mud pulsers
~ 3-5 minutes per update
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Basic types of mud pulsers
Mud Siren - 0’s and 1’s
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In the BUILD
Section
Dx = r (1 - cos I)
Dy = r sin I
DL = r Irad
degIr 180
=L ÷÷
÷÷÷
÷ pD
BUR*
000,18r
p
=
Dx
Dy
I
I
r
r DL
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42131 xr r andxr
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42131 xr r andxr
3D Wells
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I, A, DMD
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* The actual well path hardly ever coincides with the plannedtrajectory
* Important: Hit target within specified radius
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CLOSURE
LEAD ANGLE
(HORIZONTAL) DEPARTURE
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• Average Angle
• Balanced Tangential
• Minimum Curvature• Radius of Curvature
• Tangential
Wellbore Surveying Methods
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The table below gives data from a directional survey.
Survey Point Measured Depth Inclination Azimuth
along the wellbore Angle Angle
ft I, deg A, deg
A 3,000 0 20
B 3,200 6 6
C 3,600 14 20
D 4,000 24 80
Based on known coordinates for point C we’ll calculate the coordinates of point D using theabove information.
Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations
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Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations
• Point C has coordinates:
• x = 1,000 (ft) positive towards the east
• y = 1,000 (ft) positive towards the north• z = 3,500 (ft) TVD, positive downwards
Dz
E (x)
N (y)C
DDz
N
D
C
Dy
Dx
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Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations+
• I. Calculate the x, y, and z coordinatesof points D using:
• (i) The Average Angle method• (ii) The Balanced Tangential method
• (iii) The Minimum Curvature method
• (iv) The Radius of Curvature method• (v) The Tangential method
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Find the coordinates of point D using
the Average Angle Method
At point C, x = 1,000 ft
y = 1,000 ft
z = 3,500 ft
80A 24I
20A 14I
DD
CC
=
=
ft400MDD,toCfromdepthMeasured =
The Average Angle Method
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80A 24
20A 14I
ft400MDD,toCfromdepth
D
CC
==
==
=D
D I
Measured
Dz
E (x)
N (y)
C
DDz
N
D
C
Dy
Dx
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The Average Angle Method
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This method utilizes the averageof I1 and I2 as an inclination,the average of A1 and A2 as adirection, and assumes the
entire survey interval (DMD)to be tangent to the averageangle.
2
III 21AVG
=
2AAA 21
AVG =
AVGAVG AsinIsinMDEast D
AVGIcosMDVert D
AVGAVG AcosIsinMDNorth D
The Average Angle Method
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The Average Angle Method
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AVGIcos400Vert =cos19400z =
AVGAVG AcosIsinMDNorth D
ft84y =D
50cossin19400y =
ft 378z =D
The Average Angle Method
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• At Point D,
• x = 1,000 + 100 = 1,100 ft
• y = 1,000 + 84 = 1,084 ft
• z = 3,500 + 378 = 3,878 ft
The Average Angle Method
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The Balanced Tangential Method
This method treats half the measureddistance (DMD/2) as being tangent toI1 and A1 and the remainder of the
measured distance (DMD/2) as beingtangent to I2 and A2.
2211 AsinIsinAsinIsin2
MDEast =
2211 AcosIsinAcosIsin2MDNorth =
12IcosIcos
2
MDVert =
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The Balanced Tangential Method
DDCC AsinIsinAsinIsin2
MDEast =
oooo 80sin24sin20sin14sin2
400
ft x 97=D
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The Balanced Tangential Method
DDCC AcosIsinAcosIsin2
MDNorth =
oooo 80cos24sin20cos14sin2
400
ft y 60=D
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The Balanced Tangential Method
CD IcosIcos2
MDVert =
oo 14cos24cos2
400
ft z 377=D
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The Balanced Tangential Method
• At Point D,
• x = 1,000 + 97 = 1,097 ft
• y = 1,000 + 60 = 1,060 ft
• z = 3,500 + 377 = 3,877 ft
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Minimum Curvature Method
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• This method smooths the two straight-line segments of theBalanced Tangential Method using the Ratio Factor RF.
• (DL= b and must be in radians)
RFAcosIsinAcosIsin2
MDNorth 2211 =
RFAsinIsinAsinIsin2
MDEast 2211 =
RFIcosIcos2
MDVert 21 =
2tan
2 b
b = RF
Minimum Curvature Method
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)2080cos(124sin14sin1424cos o00ooo
)AAcos(1IsinIsinIIcoscos CDDCCD
cos b = 0.9356
b = 20.67o
= 0.3608 radians
The Dogleg Angle, b, is given by:
Minimum Curvature Method
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Minimum Curvature Method
• The Ratio Factor,
2
tan2 b
b
= RF
=
2
67.20tan
3608.0
2RF
o
0110.1RF =
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Minimum Curvature Method
RFAsinIsinAsinIsin2
MDEast DDCC =
0110.180sin24sin20sin14sin2
400 oooo
ft x 98=D
ft 98011.1*66.96 ==
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Minimum Curvature Method
RFAcosIsinAcosIsin2
MDNorth DDCC =
ft y 60=D
ft 60011.1*59.59 ==
0110.180cos24sin20cos14sin2
400 oooo
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Minimum Curvature Method
RFIcosIcos2
MDVert CD =
0110.114cos24cos2
400 oo
ft z 381=D
ft 3810110.1*77.376 ==
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Minimum Curvature Method
• At Point D,
• x = 1,000 + 98 = 1,098 ft
• y = 1,000 + 60 = 1,060 ft
• z = 3,500 + 381 = 3,881 ft
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The Radius of Curvature Method
2
CDCD
DCDC 180
AAII
AcosAcosIcosIcosMDEast
p
=
2oooo 180
20801424
80cos20cos24cos14cos400
p
=
ft59x =D
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The Radius of Curvature Method
2
CDCD
CDDC 180
)AA()II(
)AsinA(sin)IcosI(cosMDNorth
p
=
2180
)2080)(1424(
)20sin80)(sin24cos400(cos14
p
=
ft80y =D
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The Radius of Curvature Method
p
=
180
II
)IsinI(sinMDVert
CD
CD
ft783z =D
p
=
180
1424
)14sin24(sin400 oo
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The Radius of Curvature Method
• At Point D,
• x = 1,000 + 95 = 1,095 ft
• y = 1,000 + 80 = 1,080 ft
• z = 3,500 + 378 = 3,878 ft
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The Tangential Method
ft400MDD,toCfromdepthMeasured =
80A 24I
20A 14I
DD
CC
=
=
80sinsin24400=
DD AsinIsinMDEast D
ft160x =D
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The Tangential Method
24cos400=
ft365z =D
ft28=D y
oo 80cos24sin400
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The Tangential Method
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Summary of Results (to the nearest ft)
• x y z
• Average Angle 1,100 1,084 3,878• Balanced Tangential 1,097 1,060 3,877• Minimum Curvature 1,098 1,060 3,881• Radius of Curvature 1,095 1,080 3,878• Tangential Method 1,160 1,028 3,865
Q i
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Question
Plan a build and hold trajectory where thekick-off depth is at 2000’, and thetarget bull’s-eye is 5500’ from thesurface location at a TVD of 8100’. Usea build-up rate of 2 deg/100’. Your planshould include maximum inclination
angle, measured depth to the end of thebuild and to the target depth andhorizontal departure to the end of the
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