Development of the
Envelope Criteria
Merle McBride, Ph.D., P.ESenior Research Associate
Owens Corning
ASHRAERepresentative At Large
Orlando, FL
February 7, 2005
Agenda- Objective- Problem Statement- Background- Approach- Analysis- Results- Conclusions- Recommendations- Q & A
Objective
Develop prescriptive criteria that will result in a 30% energy savings relative to
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999.
Problem Statement
Include in Analysis:
- Envelope
- HVAC
- O.A. Damper Controls
- SWH
- Interior Lighting
Exclude from Analysis:
- Exterior Lighting
- Plug Loads (Office Equip. & Appliances)
Background 90.1 Development
• LCC Economics
• Classes of Construction
• Base Energy Usage– Climate Zones– Constructions– Size
Classes of Construction• Roofs
– Ins. Above Deck– Metal Building– Attic and Other
• Walls, Above Grade– Mass– Metal Building– Steel Framed– Wood Framed & Other
• Floors– Mass– Steel Joist– Wood Framed & Other
• Walls, Below Grade
• Slab –On-Grade– Unheated– Heated
• Opaque Doors– Swinging– Non-Swinging
• Fenestration (U, SHGC)– 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%
• Skylights (3% max.)– Curb, Glass– Curb, Plastic– No Curb
U.S. Weather Data and 90.1 26 Climate Zones
0
900
1800
2700
3600
4500
5400
6300
7200
8100
9000
9900
10800
11700
126000
90
0
18
00
27
00
36
00
45
00
54
00
63
00
72
00
81
00
90
00
99
00
10
80
0
11
70
0
12
60
0
13
50
0
14
40
0
15
30
0
16
20
0
17
10
0
18
00
0
18
90
0
19
80
0
20
70
0
21
60
0
22
50
0
23
40
0
HDD65
CD
D50
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
12
13
15
16
18
1921
22
23 24 25 26
11
14 17
20
6
8 Climate Zones, 15 Cities
0900
1800270036004500540063007200810090009900
10800
0
1800
3600
5400
7200
9000
1080
0
1260
0
1440
0
1620
0
HDD65
CD
D50
1
2
3A,B
3C 4 5 6 7 8
Approach
Floor Area 5,000 ft2 20,000 ft2
No. Stories One Two
Roof Wood Framed Ins. Above Deck
Walls Wood Framed Mass
Foundation Unheated Slab Unheated Slab
WWR 20% & 40% 30% & 40%
Analysis
• Couple economics and energy savings
• Design of Experiment (DOE)
• Simplified Energy Regression Models– Heating, Cooling, SWH, Fans, AUX
• Iterative Solution Technique– 30% Energy Savings by Climate Zone
• Merge 5,000 ft2 and 20,000 ft2
LCC EconomicsINCREMENTAL ENERGY SAVINGS > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (1)
HEATING + COOLING > INCREMENTAL FIRST COSTS (2)
(U1–U2)*Hcoef*HDD65*Ph*SR + (U1–U2)*Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc*SR > FC2–FC1 (3)
Hcoef*HDD65*Ph*SR + Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc*SR > (FC2–FC1) (4)
(U1–U2)
(FC2–FC1) = ΔFC/ΔU (5) (U1–U2)
[Hcoef*HDD65*Ph + Ccoef1*CDD50*Pc]*SR > ΔFC/ΔU (6)
dFC/dU
Opaque Envelope Components
05
101520253035404550
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70R
dFC
/dU
1-Attic
2-Above Deck
3-Single Rafter
4-Slab-Heated
5-Slab-Unheated
6-Mass Floor
7-Wood Joist Floor
8-Metal Frame Wall
9-Wood Frame Wall
10-Metal Joist Floor
12-Mass Walls
13-Below Grade Walls
14-Perlite Overlay
15-Metal Bldg Roof
16-Metal Bldg Wall
17-Sw inginhg Door
18-Non-Sw inging Door
DOE-2 Simulations
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
HDD65
DO
E-2
To
tal E
ner
gy
- (M
MB
tu)
Base Advanced Ltg+Fan+SWH 30% Savings Target Ltg+Fan+SWH+OA Damper Controls Sensitivity Runs
Heating Regression Equation
HEATING = UoAo*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF)
+ 1.08*ACH*VOLUME*24*HDD65/(AFUE*CF)
- WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*%HEAT/CF
- WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*%HEAT/CF
- WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*%HEAT/CF
- WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*%HEAT/CF
- (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*%HEAT
- People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*%HEAT/CF
%HEAT = HDD65/(HDD65+CDD50)
where:
Heating5,000 ft2
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
DOE-2 Heating (MMBtu)
Re
g.
Mo
de
l H
ea
tin
g (
MM
BT
U)
Cooling Regression Equation
COOLING = UoAo*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF)
+ 1.08*ACH*VOLUME*24*CDD50/(EFF*CF)
+ WALLg*WWR*(N.Area-%)*SHGCn*PFn*SOLARn*(1 - %HEAT)/CF
+ WALLg*WWR*(E.Area-%)*SHGCe*PFe*SOLARe*(1 - %HEAT)/CF
+ WALLg*WWR*(S.Area-%)*SHGCs*PFs*SOLARs*(1 – %HEAT)/CF
+ WALLg*WWR*(W.Area-%)*SHGCw*PFw*SOLARw*(1 – %HEAT)/CF
+ (Lighting + Plugs + Fans)*(1 – %HEAT)
+ People*Sensible*55hr.wk*52wk/yr*(1 – %HEAT)/CF
Cooling5,000 ft2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Actual (MM btu)
Reg
ress
ion
(M
M b
tu)
Fans
FANS = INTERCEPT + (HDD65 + CDD50) + WWR + Ufen + PF + Ufen*WWR + Ufen*PF + (HDD65 + CDD50)*Ufen*PF*WWR
O.A. Damper Energy Savings5,000 ft2 and 20,000 ft2
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1000
0
1100
0
1200
0
1300
0
1400
0
1500
0
1600
0
HDD65
OA
Dam
per
En
erg
y S
avin
gs
- M
MB
tu
5000 ft2 5000 ft2 20,000 ft2
20,000 ft2 Linear (20,000 ft2) Linear (5000 ft2)
AUX5,000 ft2
y = -0.0235x + 1.8657
R2 = 0.9328
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Tannual
AU
X
SWH5,000 ft2
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Actual (MM btu)
Reg
ress
ion
(M
M B
tu)
Figure 6 Total Energy
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500
Actual (MM btu)
Regr
essi
on (M
M b
tu)
Scalar Ratio for 30% Savings
Bin City 5,000ft2 20,000ft2 Criteria1 Miami 10 8 102 Houston 12 8 123 Memphis 12-20-22 12-18-22 144 Albuquerque 10 14-18 145 Boise 10-14 8 146 Helena 12-16 8 127 Duluth 14 10 148 Fairbanks 12-20-26 10 20
Results
- Tables of Prescriptive Criteria for 8 Climate Zones- Same Format as 90.1- Roof – Surface reflectance/emittance (0.65 initial/0.86)- WWR – 20% to 40% max.- SHGC – North has separate criteria- Window Orientation – (Zones 1-5)- (An*SHGCn + As*SHGCs) > (Ae*SHGCe + Aw*SHGCw) - Exterior Sun Control – Projection Factors (Zones 1-5)- How-To-Use (EN1- to EN-42)- Appendix A (R-values and U-factors)
Conclusions
- Collaborative Effort
- Multiple Organizations
- Many Individuals
- Challenging
- Rewarding
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