2013-03-13 Chart 1
Developing Multimodal Freight Transport Among The OIC Member Countries
Rainer Mertel email: [email protected]
Samer Ghandour email: [email protected]
3rd Meeting of the COMCEC Transport Working Group Ankara – March 13th, 2013
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First Stage:
■ Identify the basic concept of MFT, its role in enhancing trade and factors affecting its success.
■ Investigate the latest trends in MFT in the world
Objectives
Multimodal Freight Transport (MFT) Study
Second Stage:
Identify the current status of MFT practices in the OIC Member States Determine the implementation barriers (political, legal, institutional,
fiscal, and physical infrastructure) for enhancing better utilization of MFT practices in the OIC Member States
Propose recommendations for improving MFT practices
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■ Overview on Rail Freight & MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
Agenda
■ Situation of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
■ Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
Arab Group Asian Group African Group
■ MFT good practice in OIC Member Countries
■ Recommendation for implementing MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
■ Overview on MFT Services
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Two main MFT market segments
Overview on MFT services
Intermodal container hinterland transport: the transport of marine containers carrying inter-continental goods between seaports and inland locations arriving at or departing from seaports by an ocean journey. The intermodal chain of transport usually comprises of a rail (inland waterway) and road leg.
Continental intermodal transport: the transport of goods between land-based origins and destinations in a transport chain typically involving an initial road leg, a rail transport and a final road leg.
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Intermodal container hinterland transport
Domestic service
International service
Seaport Seaport terminal
Inland terminal
Inland terminal
Overview on MFT services
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Unit for inter-continental trade: Freight Container (ISO Container)
Source: KombiConsult
Overview on MFT services
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Continental intermodal transport
Domestic service
International service
Inland terminal
Inland terminal
Inland terminal
Overview on MFT services
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Source: The Intermodal Container Web Page
Units for continental MFT: Domestic Container, Swap Body, Semi-trailer
Source: KombiConsult
Source: Kombiverkehr
Overview on MFT services
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■ Overview on MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
Agenda
■ Situation of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
■ Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
Arab Group Asian Group African Group
■ MFT good practice in OIC Member Countries
■ Recommendation for implementing MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
■ Overview on MFT Services
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Overview on MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
OIC Member Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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39 out of 57 OIC Member Countries with existing rail freight services
Overview on MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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20 out of 57 OIC Member Countries with regular MFT services
Overview of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Case studies of 23 OIC Member Countries
Overview of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
15 countries with regular MFT services
8 countries without existing regular MFT services
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■ Overview on MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
Agenda
■ Situation of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
■ Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
Arab Group Asian Group African Group
■ MFT good practice in OIC Member Countries
■ Recommendation for implementing MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
■ Overview on MFT Services
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Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Djibouti
Egypt
Jordan
Morocco
Oman
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Case studies of 7 OIC Member Countries
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Main container seaports
At least one main container port per country
Largest port in area: Port Jebel Ali in Dubai (UAE) ~13.2 m TEU
No landlocked country
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Container throughput of main container ports
2010 2011 2012
Jebel Ali UAE - 13,000,000 13,270,000Jeddah Saudi Arabia 3,830,900 4,018,800 4,738,000Khor Fakkan UAE - 3,230,000 3,996,000Port Said Egypt 3,805,000 4,182,000 3,834,000Salalah Oman 3,482,400 3,200,700 3,620,000Tanger Med I Morocco 2,058,400 2,093,500 1,826,400Dammam Saudi Arabia 1,333,100 1,492,300 1,619,700Alexandria Egypt 1,375,500 1,358,000 1,434,500Damietta Egypt 1,191,500 929,400 -Casablanca Morocco 769,100 812,200 839,700Aqaba Jordan 605,700 705,600 817,400Doraleh Djibouti 399,200 688,500 728,500
Seaborne container throughput (TEU) Port Country
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Regular current MFT Services in Morocco and Saudi Arabia
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Ports of Casablanca & Tanger I in Morocco
Port of Dammam in Saudi Arabia
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Characteristics of regular MFT Services
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Characteristic Morocco Saudi Arabia
Geographic scope Domestic Domestic
Trade lanesCasablanca - TangerCasablanca - KenitraCasablanca - Marrakesh
Dammam - Riyadh
Type of MFT services Container hinterland Container hinterland
Rail production Dedicated MFT services Dedicated MFT services
Typical train capacity 55 - 70 TEU 200 TEU
Transport volume p.a. not available 470,000 TEU (2012)
Special features - Double-stack container trains
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Why no more MFT services in Arab Group Countries?
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
No rail infrastructure for freight (Oman, UAE)
Rail line only for conventional rail freight traffic (Jordan)
Poor state of rail infrastructure (Djibouti, Egypt))
Lack of efficient rail access to key ports
Tough competition from road hauliers
Lack of regulatory framework ensuring fair/equal terms of competition between rail and road
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Development of container ports
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Enlargement investment plans for virtually any major container port
Construction of new ports in process or planned
Increase of throughput capacity by 2030: 27 m TEU
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Main developments of rail infrastructure
Key rail infrastructure investments:
Set-up of GCC rail network including links to main container ports
Construction of Jordan rail network
Integration of networks by building missing links & cross-border lines
Rehabilitation of Djibouti rail network
Improvement of rail access of seaports
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Main developments of MFT services
Plans for establishing or extending MFT services in every country
MFT services considered as key target sector or one of the main rail freight markets: Clear focus on container hinterland services Both domestic and international MFT services Market potential for continental services in Middle East area
Construction of intermodal terminals
Construction of logistics centres
Procurement of state-of-the-art locomotives and intermodal wagons
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
The future of MFT in Arab Group Countries
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Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Afghanistan
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Iran
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Malaysia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Case studies of 10 OIC Member Countries
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Largest port in area: Port Klang (Malaysia) with ~10 million TEU
Majority of ports linked to national rail network
Ferry rail container terminals in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan
7 landlocked countries
Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
Main container seaports
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
Main container seaports
2 1 3 4 5 6
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2010 2011 2012
Klang Malaysia 8,871,700 9,603, 900 10,001,500Tanjung Pelepas Malaysia 6,530,000 7,502,000 7,700,000Tanjung Priok Indonesia 4,714,900 5,649,100 6,200,000
Ambarli Turkey 2,540,000 2,686,000 3,097,500
Tanjung Perak Indonesia 3,030,000 2,643,500 2,849,100Shahid Rajaee Iran 2,592,500 2,839,300 2,317,600Chittagong Bangladesh 1,329,000 1,392,100 1,405,500Mersin Turkey 1,030,400 1,113,900 1,263,450Penang Malaysia 1,106,100 1,198,800 1,160,000Johor Malaysia 985,900 1,165,700 -Izmir Turkey 726,700 - 810,000
Port CountrySeaborne container throughput (TEU)
Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Container throughput of main container seaports
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Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Regular current MFT Services
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Iran
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Malaysia
Turkey
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Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
Characteristics of regular MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
CharacteristicAzerbaijan Iran Kazakhstan Turkey
Geographic scope International International DomesticInternational
DomesticInternational
main trade lanes Baku - Kazakhstan/ Georgia
Bandar Abbas - CIS countries China/ Europe/ RU/ CIS countries
Istanbul - Europe
Type of MFT services Continental Container hinterland Continental Container hinterlandContinental
Rail production Dedicated MFT services Dedicated MFT services Dedicated MFT servicesShuttle services
Dedicated MFT services
Typical train capacity - - 80 - 100 TEU -
Transport volume p.a. - 80,000 - 100,000 TEU
540,000 TEU 650,000 TEU
Western Part
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Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
Characteristics of regular MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
CharacteristicBangladesh Indonesia Malaysia
Geographic scope Domestic Domestic DomesticInternational
Trade lanes Chittagong - Dhaka Java region Penang - ThailandType of MFT services Container hinterland Container hinterland Container hinterlandRail production Dedicated MFT services Dedicated MFT services Dedicated MFT servicesTypical train capacity - 28 TEU -Transport volume p.a. 700,000 TEU - 250,000 TEU
Southeast Part
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Why no more MFT services in Asian Group Countries?
Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
No rail network (Afghanistan)
Rail line mainly for conventional rail freight traffic (Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan)
Poor infrastructure condition (Pakistan)
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Enlargement investment plans for virtually any major container port
Construction of new ports in process or planned
Increase of throughput capacity by 2030: 30 m TEU
Development of container ports
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Main developments of rail infrastructure
Key rail infrastructure investments:
Set-up of TRACECA rail network including links to main container ports
Integration of networks by building missing links & cross-border lines
Rehabilitation of rail network
Improvement of rail access of seaports
Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Main developments of MFT services
Plans for establishing or extending MFT services in every country
Establishment of international container block trains (Viking, ECO)
MFT services considered as key target sector or one of the main rail freight markets: Clear focus on container hinterland and continental services Both domestic and international MFT services
Construction of intermodal terminals
Construction of logistics centres
Procurement of state-of-the-art locomotives and intermodal wagons
Harmonization of consignment notes
Establishment of dedicated combined transport framework regulation
Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Situation of MFT Services in Asian Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
The future of MFT in Asia Group Countries
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Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Burkina Faso
Ivory Coast
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Uganda
Case studies of 6 OIC Member Countries
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Main container seaports
Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
At least one main container port per country (except landlocked countries)
Largest port in area: Lagos (Nigeria) with ~1.5 m TEU
5 landlocked countries
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Container throughput of main container seaports
Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
2010 2011 2012Lagos Nigeria 1,128,171 1,413,276 1,500,000 *)Abidjan Ivory Coast 561,535 546,417 633,917Dakar Senegal 349,231 415,592 401,803Lomé Togo 340,000 350,000 350,000 **)Cotonou Benin 316,700 334,800 348,200Douala Cameroon 290,000 340,000 340,000 **)San Pedro Ivory Coast 77,730 118,071 246,187Libreville Gabon 153,700 162,415 169,000Freetown Sierre Leone 50,000 75,000 75,000 **)* KombiConsult estimate** 2011
Port CountrySeaborne container throughput (TEU)
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Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Regular current MFT Services
Burkina Faso
Ivory Coast
Nigeria
Senegal
Uganda
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Characteristics of regular MFT Services
Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Characteristic Burkina Faso Ivory Coast Nigeria Senegal Uganda
Geographic scope International DomesticInternational
International International International
main trade lanes Ouagadougou - Abidjan
Abidjan - Bouake Abidjan - FerkessédougouAbidjan - Ouagadougo
Lagos - KadunaLagos - Kano
Dakar - Bamako
Mombasa - Kampala
Type of MFT services Container hinterland
Container hinterland Container hinterland
Container hinterland
Container hinterland
Rail production Dedicated MFT services
Dedicated MFT services Dedicated MFT services
Dedicated MFT services
Dedicated MFT services
Typical train capacity 12 - 14 TEU 12 - 14 TEU 40 TEU 50 TEU 10 - 12 TEUTransport volume p.a. - - - - -
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Why no more MFT services in African Group Countries?
Situation of MFT Services in Arab Group Countries
No rail infrastructure (Niger)
Poor state of rail infrastructure
Ageing rolling stock
Lack of efficient rail access to key ports
Tough competition from road hauliers
Lack of regulatory framework ensuring fair/equal terms of competition between rail and road
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
Development of container ports
Enlargement investment plans for virtually any major container port
Construction of new ports
Increase of throughput capacity by 2030: 4 m TEU
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Main developments of rail infrastructure
Key rail infrastructure investments:
Set-up of regional rail network including links to main container ports
Integration of networks by building missing links & cross-border lines
Rehabilitation of rail network
Improvement of rail access of seaports
Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Main developments of MFT services
Plans for establishing or extending MFT services in every country
MFT services considered as key target sector or one of the main rail freight markets:
Clear focus on container hinterland services
Both domestic and international MFT services
Construction of intermodal terminals
Rehabilitation of locomotives and intermodal wagons
Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Situation of MFT Services in African Group Countries
2 1 3 4 5 6
The future of MFT in African Group Countries
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■ Overview on MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
Agenda
■ Situation of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
■ Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
Arab Group Asian Group African Group
■ MFT good practice in OIC Member Countries
■ Recommendation for implementing MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
■ Overview on MFT Services
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Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
Main Barriers
Policy & Regulatory Framework
Infrastructure
Equipment technology
Market situation & operational
systems
Cross-border MFT
2 1 3 4 5 6
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2 1 3 4 5 6
Transport policy and regulatory framework
Lack of
recognition of
pivotal role of
MFT services for
enhancing trade
and integrating
country in global
supply chains
Priority of transport policy on road
Infrastructure investments mainly in roads
Negligence of rail infrastructure
Lack of fair & appropriate regulatory framework on MFT
Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
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Infrastructure
2 1 3 4 5 6
Lack of rail access to ports and near-dock intermodal terminals: Extra costs for trucking service and double handling of containers
Poor state of rail network (if any): Low axle load, limited train weight and length Poor state of maintenance (track-bed, bridges, switches) causing speed
limits on many sections
Terminals with short and non-harmonized handling tracks
Lack of dedicated inland intermodal terminals Source: MoT Senegal, JOGMEC
Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
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Infrastructure
2 1 3 4 5 6
500 TEU
400 TEU
300 TEU
200 TEU
100 TEU
OIC EuropeSaudi Arabia
North America
Train capacity Cost per TEU
Lack of economies of scale
Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
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2 1 3 4 5 6
The vicious circle of poor equipment technology
Ageing & badly maintained rolling stock
Low speed, frequent break-
downs
Blocking of of rail lines
Delays & suspension of services
Low performance; non-competitive
service level
Lack of financial resources
Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
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Market situation, MFT operational systems
2 1 3 4 5 6
Short transport distances between ports and main origins/destinations of containers
Inefficient rail operations impede capture of market shares
Lack of consolidation centres (dry ports, ICDs) in economic centres with good road and rail access
Tough competition with road haulage: Overloading Infringement of working time limits Corruption
Although often more cost-efficient than road MFT services are not selected
Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
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Market situation, MFT operational systems
2 1 3 4 5 6
Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
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Situation of cross-border MFT services
2 1 3 4 5 6
Break-of-gauge between adjacent countries owing to “heritage” of different track gauges raises costs and transit time
Extensive border crossing processes (checks and controls) jeopardize competitiveness
Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
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■ Overview on MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
Agenda
■ Situation of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
■ Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
Arab Group Asian Group African Group
■ MFT good practice in OIC Member Countries
■ Recommendation for implementing MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
■ Overview on MFT Services
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Good practice in and lessons learnt from MFT services
Transport policy and regulatory framework
Governments across all Groups have set up programmes for developing MFT services thus recognizing its role for enhancing the economy
Public-Private-Partnerships (Jordan, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Senegal, Turkey, and UAE)
Authorization of privately-owned MFT service providers though using state railway for traction (e.g. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Uganda)
Turkey‘s transport policy goes even further: Development of specific regulatory framework on intermodal services Financial aid for start-up of services Competition on rail freight services by separating rail infra management Establishment of dedicated department at MfT
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Heavy rail infrastructure investments in process or on the horizon, preparing for state-of-the-art rail technology and interoperable systems (Arab and Asian Group)
Double-stack container trains (Saudi Arabia, GCC)
Rehabilitation and modernization of poorly maintained lines, signalling systems or operation control centres (African and Asian Group)
Rehabilitation of existing rolling stock (eg African Group)
Construction of rail access to container ports is in focus of many OIC countries
Good practice in and lessons learnt from MFT services 2 1 3 4 5 6
Rail infrastructure and rolling stock
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Dedicated intermodal block trains across all countries shows that railways have recognized the critical function of efficient production systems for competitiveness with road haulage
Operation of intermodal shuttle trains on short distances in the hinterland of ports appear to be cost-effective if managed properly (Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria)
High-frequency container hinterland services (Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh)
Good practice in and lessons learnt from MFT services 2 1 3 4 5 6
Market situation, MFT operational systems
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Fast cross-border container trains between Malaysia and Thailand based on Joint Traffic Agreement and customs clearance within 3 hrs
Harmonization of consignment notes (CIM/SMGS) especially for intermodal transport between Asia and Europe
Bilateral & multilateral agreements to pioneer MFT services (eg. TRACECA, ECO, Viking)
Operation of a single railway on international corridors avoiding border crossing processes between railways (Kenya/Uganda, Senegal/Mali, Ivory Coast/Burkina Faso)
Good practice in and lessons learnt from MFT services 2 1 3 4 5 6
Cross-border MFT services
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■ Overview on MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
Agenda
■ Situation of MFT Services in OIC Member Countries
■ Main barriers for implementation of MFT Services
Arab Group Asian Group African Group
■ MFT good practice in OIC Member Countries
■ Recommendations for implementing MFT Services
2 1 3 4 5 6
■ Overview on MFT Services
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Results and conclusions
Recommendations for implementing MFT services
Clear evidence on implementation barriers
Identification of a range of good practice actions and instruments , public and private actors have gathered knowledge on MFT
However, two critical actions are missing: OIC Member States lack of disseminating and exchanging good practice;
this study may contribute to raise the awareness The intermodal stakeholders are not used or not familiar with applying
the whole arsenal of effective solutions but only some discreet measures. This prevents them from relishing the fruits of a full-blown MFT system.
With respect to key success factors displayed in Stage 1-Report the following catalogue of suggestions shall help to establish more and more competitive MFT services
2 1 3 4 5 6
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Recommendations for implementing MFT services
Policy, regulatory framework
Infrastructure and rolling stock
MFT services and operations
Cross-border MFT services
• Terms of competition between modes
• Shift of priority of budget to rail/MFT
• Dedicated regulatory framework for MFT as if a single mode
• State finance of public terminals
• Establish competition between MFT service providers
• MFT department in Ministry as signal
• Quality infrastructure
• Efficient operation technologies
• Efficient and reliable rolling stock
• Good rail access to ports including near-dock terminals
• Harmonized layouts and parameters for MFT terminals
• Reduction of technical and operational inter-faces (eg. Shunting)
• Employment of standard train sets
• Coordinated planning of MFT services
• Set-up of MFT services with key clients
• Integration of MFT into supply chains
• Training of hauliers for pick-up/delivery
• Ensure interoperable rail infrastructure
• If break-of-gauge, shift wagonload to MFT services
• Reduction of border stops by transfer of checks & controls to inland terminals
• Bilateral/multilateral agreements
Efficient, competitive & sustainable MFT Services
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THANK YOU
KombiConsult - Advisors To The Intermodal World
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