Biodiversityindeepsea
HiroshiKitazato
(TokyoUniversityofM
arineScienceandTechnology/JAMSTEC,
JAPA
N)
Researchdriversforbiologicalsciences:iodiversity
• WhatarethepaJ
ernsofbiodiversityinthedeep-sea?How
manyspecies?W
hataretherepresentaOvevsdisO
ncOve
habitatsinthedeep-sea?(inconnecOontoEBSA
s)Whatisthe
temporalvariabilityofdeep-seabenthicandpelagicecosystem
s?• WhatarethepaJ
ernsofconnecOvitybetw
eendeep-seaecosystem
sandbetweenthedeepandshallow
water?WhatpaJ
ernsofevoluOon,geneflow
andgeneOcstructureare
exhibitedinthedeep-sea?Whataretheim
plicaOonsofpopulaO
onconnecO
vityinthedeep-sea?
• How
dodeep-seaecosystemsfuncO
onandwhat
ecosystemservicesdotheyprovide?
Whatecosystem
servicesareprovidedbythedeep-seaandhow
importantaretheytotheEarthsystem
andtohumankinds?
PosiO
onReportNo.22,(EM
B,2015)
BiasedesOmaO
onofnumberofm
arinespecies
New
s (/new
s)
Novem
ber 16, 2016 - Nick H
iggsdeep sea
biodiversity
Deep-sea b
iod
iversity - a kno
wn
un
kno
wn
?By N
ICK HIGGS
How
does biodiversity in the deep oceans compare to that of shallow
er seas and terrestrial environments? The answ
er is fundamental to understanding how
many species exist because
the deep sea is widely regarded as one of the largest reservoirs of undiscovered biodiversity on Earth. But there is a w
ide range of estimates
(http://ww
w.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S0960982212011384) of just how m
any species species there are left to be discovered. To help decide which of these is likely to be
correct we m
ust understand the large scale patterns of diversity in the oceans.
One of the m
ost basic properties of biodiversity patterns is the size of species’ geographical range, i.e. their distribution across the face of the Earth. What w
e know about this feature of
deep-sea species is summ
arised in an excellent review by Craig M
cClain and Sarah Mincks H
ardy (http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1700/3533.short). Current evidencesuggests that species seem
to be broadly distributed across the deep sea in general, compared to their shallow
water relatives. If correct, this suggests that species density is probably
lower on average than in shallow
er waters. In our paper Biases in biodiversity: w
ide-ranging species are discovered first in the deep sea(http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fm
ars.2015.00061/full) we set out to test w
hether this prevailing view is representative of reality or w
hether we m
ight have a biased viewof deep sea biodiversity.
During m
y masters research I exam
ined the relationship between a single dim
ension of species ranges (depth) and patterns of diversity in deep-sea brittle stars. I soon began to realisethat it is quite difficult to know
what the true geographical range of a species is. There are all sorts of problem
s, especially related to sampling. H
ow can you be sure that you have
sampled enough to to truly capture the full range of a species? This leads on to bigger questions about how
good our knowledge of species distributions really is and how
this might
affect our picture of biodiversity.
It was several years later that I began thinking about these questions again. I saw
a tweet from
marine m
acroecologist Tom W
ebb (https://twitter.com
/tomjw
ebb), asking if anyone knewof a study dem
onstrating that wide-ranged species are discovered earlier than narrow
-ranged species. While I didn’t im
mediately have a reference to hand, w
e had a short exchangew
here I suggested that you could use geographical data from O
BIS (ww
w.iobis.org) to look at this.
This got me thinking about how
species range size might have affected species discovery, particularly in the deep-sea. I had recently been w
orking to create a deep-sea subsection of theW
orld Register of Marine Species (http://w
ww
.marinespecies.org/deepsea) using depth data from
OBIS. I knew
that you could extract geographic data on species occurrences from O
BISand the date that species w
as described from W
oRMS. I did just this and the data show
ed a strong negative correlation between the date that a species is described and its geographic
range (actually a rough proxy of range-size).
This raises an interesting paradox because the direction of causality in this relationship can work both w
ays. Usually, the correlation is taken to show
that widespread species are
discovered earlier than geographically restricted species, because they are more likely to com
e up in samples (the ‘encounter hypothesis’). But the relationship could be equally explained
if recently described species have simply not been around long enough to be recorded enough tim
es to have the true extent of their ranges determined (the ‘records hypothesis’).
Understanding w
hich of these two m
echanisms is the dom
inant cause of the correlation is important because it changes how
we view
undiscovered species diversity.
The diagram below
illustrates why. It show
s trends in the mean range size of new
ly described species over time. The solid red line show
s an apparent decrease in the mean range size of
newly discovered species over tim
e as did our data. The encounters hypothesis suggests that the trend will continue into the future (solid grey line) and that m
ore and more of the new
lydescribed species w
ill have (on average) smaller ranges.
Higgs,2016N
ovemberO
BISwebsite
Cruisesandprojects
• QUELLE2013Yokosuka(m
id-IndianTJ,ffBrazil,CaribbeanSea,Tonga-Kerm
adecTrench,2013)•
HADEST.G
.Thompson(Kerm
adecTrench,2014)•
SO-237Sonne(PuertoRicoTrench,2014-2015)
• HADESFalkor(M
arianasTrench,2015)•
PAPsustainedO
bservatoryDiscovery(N
EAtlanO
c,2016)•
PAPsustainedO
bservatoryDiscovery(N
EAtlanO
c,2016)•
IIOE-IIExp1SagarKenya(IndianO
cean,2015)•
IOE-II
xp2SagarKenya(BayofBengal,2016)•
IOE-2Exp3SagarKenya(BayofBengal,2016)
• SokhoBioLavrenO
ev(SeaofOkhotsk,2015)
• Kuram
BioIISO250(KurilTrench,2016)
• JC136Jam
esCook(RockallTrough,2016)•
“FISH”2017Shinyo-m
aru(MarianasTrench,ChallengerD
eep,2017)•
DanishH
ADEScruiseTangaroa(Kerm
adecTrench,2017)
• USA
,France,Germ
any,P.R.China,Russiaandothermajorcountries
Alotofcruisesw
ereoperatedbymanycountries,bothatabyssalplains
(blue)andconOnentalm
argins(red).
ManyofcruiseshavenotoperatedforBlueSkyScience,butforM
ission-orientedScience
• Climatechanges:clim
atesystems,clim
atevariability,oceanacidificaO
on,oceanichypoxia,
• Anthropogenicdisturbances:deep-seafisheries,
bio-prospecOng,oilandgasextracO
on,waste
disposal,geo-engineering,deep-seaminingand
others
FlowchartforD
isasterRiskManagem
ents(PrevenO
on,ReducOon,M
iOgaO
onandRestoraOon)
Data&
ObservaO
on
Database,
modeling&
synthesis
InformaO
onproducts
Delivery
AcOon
FlowchartforD
isasterRiskManagem
ents(PrevenO
on,ReducOon,M
iOgaO
onandRestoraOon)
Data&
ObservaO
onModeling&
synthesis
InformaO
onproducts
(habitatmaps)
Delivery
AcOon
Inter-disciplinarity
Trans-disciplinaritySocial Applications of Scientific results (ex. ecosystem
managem
ents, socio-ecological restoration、
advanced and sastainable fisheries and others)
ScienOficacO
viOes
DisasterRiskM
anagementsatdee
-searealms
(PrevenOon,ReducO
on,MiOgaO
onandRestoraOon)
Data&
ObservaO
on
Database,
modeling&
synthesis
InformaO
onproducts
Delivery
AcOon
OBISandother
database
#MulO
-funcOonal
cruise(ObservaO
on-Measurem
ent-Experim
ent)#N
ovalmethods
(plakorm
s,sensors,analyses(D
NAbarcoding),
networks))
Habitatm
appingOpendata
OpenScience
#StrategicSeaareamanagem
ents#Ecosystem
managem
ents#M
PAs
Relevantplakorm
s,sensors,networksforobservaO
on
• Plak
orms:researchvessels,H
OVs,RO
Vs,A
UVs,gliders(hadal
drone),LandersandmonitoringstaO
ons•
Netw
orks:cablenetworks(N
EPTUNE,D
ONETs,EU
RONETs
andothers),researchnetworks(IN
DEEP,D
OSI,H
ADESand
others)•
Sensors:biogeochemicalsensors(C,H
,O,N
,S,P,Cl,andothers)
developmentofultra-sensiO
vesensors(O2 ;Larsen
etal.,2016)•
AnalyO
calmethods:D
NAbarcoding,environm
entalDNA-RN
A
andothergeneOcsà
molecularbiodiversity(discrepancy
withm
orphologicaldiversity,buteasytoconstructBigData)
Keyspaces
• WherearehotspotsforbioO
cevoluOon?
---Symbioseshaveacceleratedatchem
oclinesuchasventandseeps,sedim
ent-waterinterface
• WherearesensiO
veareasformonitoring
globalclimatechanges?
---Polaregion(A
rcOc/A
ntarcOc),oxygenm
inimum
zoneArabianSea,BayofBengal,off
Peru),CCD+lysocline,
hadaltrenchesandothers
• WherearesensiO
veareasformonitoring
humanacO
viOesandtheirim
pacts?---slopesandcanyons,trenches,abyssalplain,seamounts,andothers
DisasterRiskM
anagementsatdee
-searealms
(PrevenOon,ReducO
on,MiOgaO
onandRestoraOon)
Data&
ObservaO
on
Database,
modeling&
synthesis
InformaO
onproducts
Delivery
AcOon
OBISandother
database
#MulO
-funcOonal
cruise(ObservaO
on-Measurem
ent-Experim
ent)#N
ovalmethods
(plakorm
s,sensors,analyses(D
NAbarcoding),
networks))
Habitatm
appingOpendata
OpenScience
#StrategicSeaareamanagem
ents#Ecosystem
managem
ents#M
PAs
Database:speciesdistribuO
onsfromHOV-RO
Vdivevideorecords
20
16
/11
/02
22
:00
BISMaL M
apper
1/1
ページ
http://w
ww
.godac.jam
stec.go.jp/m
apper/visualizer.jsp
Physico-chemical factors
W
orld Ocean Atlas
Tem
perature (degrees C)
O
bjectively analyzed climatology
0
annual
Line contour
1/32
10
D
isplay n/a
1
center
#taxa
World O
cean Atlas
Temperature (degrees C
)
annual
Objectively analyzed clim
atology
0
Bathymetry
Bathym
etryM
aps & G
raphsH
OM
EParam
eters
Select base map
Physico-chemical factors
Data source
Advanced Search
Select taxa
Select view type and resolution
H
igh resolution analysis: OFF
Tool
D
ownload area
Select ocean area (polygon/rectangle/circle)
Legen
ds
CourtesybyH.Yam
amoto
Needtoconstructdatabasenetw
orkingamongdiff
erentcountries
topography
substrate
geology
debris distribution
Habitat map
Compilation m
ap of different data on map
Differences in garbage removal speed
between GIS and non-GIS GISな
し
Debris distribution map
4月
5月
6月
Flowing debris distribution * その他
アンカー?
コンテナ
( 不明
¡ 人工魚礁・人工魚礁群
7 家屋
木材
F 木片(流出木)
x 漁具・漁網
í 船舶
_ 車両
GIS No GIS
碓井照子らの資料による
Collection of data
For keeping sustainable use of the seas, distribution of organisms, environm
ents and land use inform
ation are projected on one map as Habitat M
ap
BothnaturalandsocietaldataintegraOon:H
abitatmapping
imescalesform
onitoring
• Shortterm
changes:daily,weekly,m
onthly,seasonalandannualchanges
---rapidchangesindeep-sea(eep-seacirculaO
on,internalwaves
oxygendepleOon,foodsupply,andothers
• Long-term
monitoring:10~100yearsorhistorical
changes---industrialrevoluO
on(1850~)---“A
nthropocene”(1950~)
• Accidentalevents:naturalandanthropogenic
hazardousevents---naturalhazards(EarthquakeandTsunam
is,volcanicacOviO
es)---
umanim
pacts(fishery,gasandoilexploraOon,deep-seam
ining,wastedisposalandothers)
aturalhazard:EarthquakeandTsunamis(2011,M
ar.11)
Clam live colony
Clam dead colony
BenthicnepheloidlayerhugeslopedestrucO
ons?
Open cracks and m
uddy nephloid layer at epicenter area (5700m
) with deep-taw
camera system
JAMSTEC
Kawaguccietal.,2012
Site1
Site3
・disO
nct
smell
of
hydrogensulfideandalso
sO
nky
smell
fromdeadorganism
s・
Wehavenot
observedthistypeofbacterialm
atbeforeMQ.
Depth3551m.
Patchybacterialm
atwith3m
wide
and6mlong.
Depth5341m.
20mX20m
wide
bacterialmat
Deadophiuroidsspecim
ens(Ophiura
bathybia).130specimensinonepushcore
(82mmdiam
eter).Thespeciesusuallylivein2870–5680m
Dead
Seaurchin
(Aeropsisfulva
).Th
esp
ecieslive
1465-5200mdepthranges
inthePacific.
Bacterialmatsform
edonbio-mound
Bacterialmatform
edonthefootofsteepescarpm
ent SlopedestrucO
onintroduceddown
slopeturbiditycurrent
Bigturbiditesproducedbio-moundrelatedbacterialm
at
August,2011
Well sorted dead organism
s
MassexO
ncOon
RoJen
smellofH
2 S
,2011
Putquardrateonbacterialmat(depth5341m
)
August,2012
・bacterialm
atdisappeared
・noaddiO
onaldeposiO
onofmud
・alotofophiuroidskeletalfragm
entsareaccum
ulatedinmud
MassexO
ncOon
RoJen
smellofH
2 S
Bacterialmat
RapiddecomposiO
on
withinoneyear
August,2011
Successivechangesinmicrobialm
atonbiomound
Changesinoraminiferalassem
blageatEQepicenter
August,20115348m
ophiuroidmound
siteBolivinapacifica
Fursenkoinacomplanata�
Stainforthiaapertura�Rutherfordoidesrotundata�Uvigerinasen?cosa�Globobulim
inaaffinis�
Chilostomellaovoidea
Nonionellinalabradorica�
NonionellaglobosaOridorsalisum
bonatus�Elphidium
ba?alis*Reophaxm
icaceous*ReophaxspPlanktonicforam
iniferstests�
August,20115342m
normalsedim
entsiteA
ggluOnatedtaxa
Fursenkoina(?)sp.Planktonicforam
iniferstests�
Foraminiferalassem
blageatophiuroidsiteisthesameasthosefrom
lowerbathyaldepth(2000~3500m
).→
foraminiferahadbeendislocatedfrom
lowerbathyaltoabyssaldepthsw
ithturbidite→pioneerspecies(Kitazato1995)
erefoundinsurfacesedimentaDeroneyear
August,20125348m
ophiuroidmound
site(aueroneyear))
*Saccam
minaspp.
*Tecnitellasp.*Recurvoidessubglobosus*Trochm
amminaglobigeriniform
isNocalcareoustaxa
Naturallaboratorygivescasestudiestosolve
anthropogenicdisturbances!!
• Sedimentdisturbancesà
manganesenodule
claimarea(hum
animpacts)
• CalcareousfaunabelowCCD
àocean
acidificaOon(globalchanges)
Somerecom
mendaO
ons
@N
eed4D(spaceandO
me)conO
nentalmarginresearches:
possibilitytofindnewhabitatsduetohighlyvariablegeologic
sexngs.ConO
nentalmarginecosystem
sshouldgetinfluencesfrom
humanacO
viOes.Butsom
edifficulO
esforresearch.BecauseconO
nentalmarginsshouldbelongtoEEZofcoastalcountries.
@M
oreunderstandingofBiodiversityofeukaryoOcand
prokaryoOcm
icro-organismsatstrongchem
oclinesites@M
oremobilem
onitoringthanfixedmonitoring
@N
eedmorem
onitoringwithm
ulO-plak
orms,m
ulO-sensors,
mulO
-networksbym
ulO-countries
ThankyouforyourkindaJenO
on
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