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ARCHIVAL AND' ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT
THE· KITCHEN ANNEXE TO THE MILITARY GUARDROOM
COCKATOO ISLAND
,~~~-~ ~ • I _ ~/3 I
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I. I I I I i I I I I I I '1 I I I I I I I
ARCHIVAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT
KITCHEN ANNEXE TO MILITARY GUARDROOM
COCKATOO ISLAND
W.THORP
Prepared for the Department of
Housing and Construction.
November 1981.
I I I I I I I I I I
I I
I I I I I I I I 'I
1
INDEX ---SECTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TE~
1.0 PREFACE TO THE REPORT:
2.0 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE:
SUB-SECTION PAGE
2
$
1.1 Location 4
1.2 Historic Significance
1.3 Archaeological Involvement
104 Objectives
1.5 Method 5
1.6 Constraints
2.1 General Development of Island 6
2.2 Convict Settlement
2.3 Gaol and Reformatory
2.4 Dockyard Utilisation
2.5 Development of Annexe
2.6 Utilisation
7
9
11
13
2.7 Architectural Development 14
2.8 Notes 16
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE KITCHEN ANNEXE AS OF 27.10.81 18
3.1 Plan and Dimensions
3.2 Elevations:~ternal/External
3.3 Doors 21
3.4 Wihdows 22
3.5 Floor 23
3.6 Roof
3.7 Fixtures
3.8 Wall Finishes 24
3.9 Evidence of Surrounding Structures
4.0 EVIDENCE RECOVERED ON SITE 25
4.1 Description of Schedule
4.2 Description of Materials
4.3 Additional Evidence
5.0 ASSESSMENT,RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Preamble
5.2 Assessment
27
32
5.3 Conclusions and Results 33
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Annexe Superstructure
6.2 Annexe-Guardroom Area
37
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
--- -------------------~ -~~- - -- ---
SECTION
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
SUB-SECTION PAGE -------
6.3 Sub-Surface Structures 38
6.4 Additional Archaeological
Work in Annexe Area
6.5 Additional Recommendations
Cockatoo Island Site
7.1 Books and Theses 40
7.2 Reports,Registers and Returns
7.3 Journal and Press Articles 41
7.4 Correspondence 42
7.5 Plans
7.6 Plates 43
8.0 LIST OF PLATES AND PLANS:SOURCES
9.0 APPENDICES
10.0 PLATES
11.0 plbANS
Note to Plates
8.1 List of Plates
8.2 - 8.12 Index to
17
8.13 List if plans
Plates 7 -
44
45
46
60
List of Appendices 62
9.1 Precis of Half Yearly Reports
9.2 Work Schedule 1981 66
9.3 Report on Masonary
9.4 Report on Mortar
9.5 Artefact Register
68
70
72
73
92
I I I I I I I ,I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To the following people I am extremely grateful for
their assistance and their advice:-
Miss L.Newell who helped in the photographic record of
the site and gave advice on the soil conditions.
Miss G.Marsh who advised me on the type and condition
of the stone used in the construction.
Dr G.Gibbons and Mr R.Varman for their help in the
identification of certain elements used in the
construction.
Mr R.Muir of the G.A.B. for providing additional
documentary evidence.
Mr D.Elsmore of the G.A.B. for his assistance in
determining surface finishes.
Mr B.Roser also of the G.A.B. for his advice on
documentary resources.
Dr J.Kerr for allowing access to his thesis.
Mr J.Partridge of the Department of Corrective Services
who placed at my disposal valuable photographic
material.
Mr A.Wakeman of the Department of Lands who gave so much
of his time to help me find plans of the site.
The members of staff of the following organisations who
gave much time and effort to assist me in the
documentary research: Mitchell Library
N.S.W. State Archives
Maritime Services Board
R.A.R.S. Library
Sydney University Architecture
Library
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I· I I I I
An.Rep.
.ML
NTC
RAHS
SOBL
3
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE_TEXT
NSW Department of Public Works Annual Report
Mitchell Library
National Trust Centre
Royal Australian Historical Society
State Office Block Library
SPF Small Picture File
Stat.Reg. Statistical Records of NSW
SUA Sydney University Architecture Library
I I I I I I I "I I I I I I I I I I I I PREFACE
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
4
PREFACE TO THE REPORT
LOCATION
HISTORIC
SIGNIFICANCE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INVOLVEMENT
OBJECTIVES
The kitchen annexe is one part of
the Cockatoo Island Barracks
Precinct which crowns the ridge
of the island on the south-west
corner. Specifically, the kitchen
is on the extreme south-west tip
of this complex immediately above
Sutherland Dry Dock.
The kitchen annexe is part of the
original construction on the island
of c.1839 and it continued to be
utilised throughout the Biloela
Gaol and Reormatory period. It was
also in use during the early part
of the Government Dockyard phase.
It is unoccupied at the present
time.
The National Trust has registered
it,as part of the Prison Barraass
precinct,as "Classified". Items
221,222 and 224 of the Heritage
Commission Code of Significance
are applicable.
Following plans to demolish and
rebuild the southern wall of the
kitchen annexe as part of the
overall development of the
Sutherland Dock area (Burra Charter
Article No.9) an archaeological
report detailing the operation
was requested by the Commonwealth
Department of Housing and
Construction as per the Burra
Charter Articles 24 and 27. A
consultant was appointed and began
work on 27.10.81.
The primary objective of the
I I I I I I I I I I I I I "I
I I I I I I
1.5 METHOD
1.6 CONSTRAINTS
5
consultant was to record the
demolition operation and,in
doing so, retrieve any information
relating to the initial construction
or subsequent occupation. In
addition an archival search was
carried out to ascertain the
utilisation and architectural
development of the site.
For the permanent site survey a
detailed photographic record was
made of the building before,
duning and after demolition. This
was carried out using Kodacolour
II C135-24 film. Detailed field
and photographic logs were also
maintained. Some details were
recorded in Ilford FP4 black and
white film and all reproductions
of documentary evidence were
recorded with Ilford Pan F black
and white film.
At the time of the appointment of
the consultant demolition on the
southern wall had already begun
with approximately three courses
having been removed and all joinery
except for one section in the
northern window. Any conclusions,
therefore, in these areas must
necessarily be speculative. However,
with regard to the masonry, after
consultation with the stonemason
it would appear that the amount
lost was minimal. It was considered
that the same record could be
retrieved from the remaining lower
co~rses.
- - ---------
I I I
1I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2.0
2.1
6
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISLAND
The general development of Cockatoo Island may
be divided into three phases with the provision
that there is considerable overlap between the
three. These are:-
a)Convict Settlement c.1839-1870
b)Gaol and Reformatory Occupation
c.1871-1909
c)Dockyard Utilisation c.1857-1981
Each of the above pbases is briefly discussed
hereafter to provide a contextual background for
the development of the kitchen annexe.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2.2
7
CONVICT SETTLEMENT ~1839-1870
Until approximately 1838 Cockatoo Island
appears to have been uninhabited/its name not even
appearing in the colony's records until that time.
In that year sixty prisoners were brought from
Norfolk Island and placed on Cockatoo Island under
military guard. They were employed in excavating
a number of underground grain silos (1).
At various times it has been suggested
that the initial settlement on the island was in
1833 (2). There is no documentary proof for this
assertion. None of the government despatches of
time refer to it and Gipps' statement that he had
"caused an.establishment to be formed here" (3)
would seem to indicate that this is the first such
settlement of its kind. It is possible that the
explanation for this uncertainty lies in the early
confusion over the name of this island with that
of Goat Island (4) which was settled in 1833 (5).
By November 1840 the silos had been
completed (6)/however/during the time of their
construction the closur~ of the Port Macquarie
establishment increased the pressure on the
already overcrowded alternative penal institutions.
The decision was made/therefore/to expand the
existing facilities of which the Cockatoo Island
settlement was one (7). By 1842 a total of 323 men
were settled on the island (8) and it ranked as one
of the pre-eminant penal settlements of the
colony.
The organisation and administration of
the penal establishment/even by the standards of
the day/was deplorable. Prisoners of all types
from the criminally insane to those less hardened
were indiscriminately placed together with no
attempt at separation. The administration was lax.
and quite often brutal. There is only one
successfully recorded escape.
By 1851 rumours were beginning to
emerge concerning the conditions on the island (91'
I I I I I I I I I I ,I
I I I 1 I I -I I 1
8
but no action was taken. Indeed,in 1856,
Cockatoo Island became the receptacle for all
prisoners sentenced to work on the roads and
public works of the colony (10).
At this time a number of serious
incidents occurred, including a riot,the effect of
which was to have a Committee appointed in 1861
to investigate conditions on the island. The
findings of the Committee (11) caused some
improvements to be made but, in effect, little
changed in the ensuing years. Finally,in 1870,the
penal settlement was disbanded (12) and the
prisoners taken to be housed at Darlinghurst.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . 1 I
2.3
9
GAOL AND REFORMATORY OCCUPATION c.1871-1909
In 1871 with the change in function of
the establishment at Cockatoo Island the name was
also changed to "Biloela" in an attempt to rid
the place of its convict stigma. The name, however,
was not given to the entire island, only the
girls' school (13).
The first occupants of the new institution
came from the Newcastle Industrial School in the
S.S. Morpeth on May 27,1871 (14) and were housed
in the old convict buildings. It appears from the
records that there was a division in the
utilisation of the establishment at this time
between a reformatory and an industrial school, the
latter being the larger of the two. Indeed,in 1875
the Comptroller-General of Prisons described the
former as lithe small Reformatory School for Girls
at Biloela containing now only nine" (15). Peyser
stat~s that in this early period the Industrial
School enrolled between seventy and eighty while
the Reformatory had a maximum of seven (16).
In approximately 1879 the Reformatory
was closed (17) and the g~rls were transferred
first of all ~o the Shaftesbury Home on South
Head Road and then finally to Parramatta (18).
The Industrial School apparently carried
on until c.1886 when the island again reverted
to the prison authorities. This was due to a need
for further accomodation for prisoners caused by
extensive overcrowding in the available facilities
(19). Both male and female "petty habitual
criminals" (20) were housed here. The females
apparently continued to sew industrial clothing
for the government.
At the beginning of this century the
situation continued much as before with petty
criminals and vagrants occupying the buildings •
In 1906 it was said that "here in one of the
fairest spots on earth, with the pure air of
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
10
heaven around him, many a poor drink-sodden
wretch has for the first time for years tasted
of the pure joys of a healthy, clean life, and,
under the merciful treatment of'today,been
induced to mend hi s w,a,¥s 11 (21) •
In 1907,owing to the disrepair of the
men's accomodation,the male prisoners were all
removed from the island (22) leaving only the
women serving sentences of three to six months
(23). Finally in 1909 these women too were
removed to a newly completed wing at Long Bay (24).
During this same period of the island's
history, although completely separate from the
administration outlined' above,~nother organisation
was also in operation. Between 1871 and 1911 two
wooden sailing ships were anchored off the island
for the purpose of training boys in seamanship.
The original ship,the "Vernon",served until 1890
when it was scrapped and replaced by a larger
vessel, the "Sobraon". In 1911 this ship was taken
over by the Commonwealth Government for use as a
naval training ship and theboys were moved to
Gosford (25).
•
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2.4
11
DOCKYARD UTILISATION 1857-1981
The need for docking and repair
facilities for the royal navy ships had been
recognized from an early period but it was not
until 1846 that Governor Gipps suggested
Cockatoo Island,with its abundance of good stone
and convict labour,as a likely site.
In 1847 approval for this work was
given by the Legislative Council and construction
of the dock on the south-east side of the island
began in 1851 (26). It took six years to. complete,
the first ship serviced in the Fitzroy Dock
being the brig HMS "Herald" in 1857 (27).
On completion the dock was
approximately 300 feet (71.44 metres) long. It was
lengthened on two later occasions to arrive at its
present length of 447 feet (116.2456 metres) (28) •
With the construction of the dock a number of
subsidiary structures were also built to assist
in the servicing (PLAN No.2) •
Towards the end of the nineteenth
century the Fitzroy Dock ha~ become increasingly
inadequate for docking ships which had grown
progressively longer over the years. Therefore,in
1880,approval was given for the construction at
Cockatoo Island of a first class graving dock.
Work began in 1882 and was completed in
1884. Like Fitzroy, Sutherland Dock was also
lengthened twice, in 1913 and 1927,giving its
present length of 690 feet (210.312 metres). It
was also widened once to 88 feet (26.8224 metres)
(29). In the course of construction of this dock
the prison cells on the cliff below ~he kitchen
annexe were destroyed.
In 1913 the dockyard was taken over by
the Commonwealth Government as a defence
establishment and extensions to the facilities
were carried out(30). -In 1921 the dockyard came
under the control of the Prime Minister's
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
12
Department and then in 1923 control and
management were vested in the Australian
Commonwealth Shipping Board (31).
By 1928 the dockyard was in serious
financial difficulties. It was decided in 1933
to lease it to a newly formed Australian'
company, the Cockatoo Docks and Engineering
Company Limited (32). In 1947 Vickers Limited
of London became the major shareholder in the
company. The establishment today remains a
wholly owned subsidiary of Vickers. The name was
changed in 1968 to Vickers Cockatoo Dockyard Pty
Ltd (33).
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2.5
2.6
13
DEVELOPMENT OF THE KITCHEN ANNEXE
UTILISATION
The small building referred to as a
kitchen annexe is not mentioned in any of the
surviving contemporary records of the initial
construction on Cockatoo Island (APPENDIX I). It
is possible that it was constructed in 1842 at
the same time as the guardhouse if the half
yearly return for this year is indeed referring
to the adjacent building to the kitchen (1).
The earliest definite record of it being in
existence is from c.1845 when a plan of that
time (PLAN No.l) shows it as being part of the
"military guardhouse".
In the intervening years to 1854 there
is a similar dearth of references to the
structure and in this year there remains only a
rough sketch showing the same relationship of
the annexe to the guardhouse as described in 1845.
The sketch is not annotated (PLAN No.2) •
The first defintte statement that it
served as a kitchen is on a plan of 1861 which
shows it notated thus (PLAN No.3). At some time
in the Biloela period, probably in the later 1870s,
it was converted to a wash-house (PLAN No.6). By
1886 it was described as a sewing room (PLAN No.7).
In 1892 it is still shown as serving this function
(PLAN No.9).
By approximately 1900 it had become part
of the married officers' quarters of the Biloela
Gaol complex (PLAN No.l0). After the closure of
the gaol the building was used as a shed (PLAN
Nos.11-14). For at least the last twenty years,
and probably longer,it has been unoccupied.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I: I I I I I I
2.7
14
ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT
The earliest evidence for the style of
the building is the 1845 plan ~(PLAN No.1) which
defines a square ground plan with a hip roof and
apparently a central fireplace. It is completely
separate from the guardhouse and this arrangement
was maintained through to at least 1861 (PLAN No.
3) •
By the later 1870s and certainly by
1882 the space between the guardhouse and the
kitchen had been utilised as a laundry (PLAN No.
6). In addition a shed had been attached to the
western facade of the annexe (PLAN No.6). By
1886 this shed had been replaced by others and
a verandah had been placed along the northern
facade (PLAN No.7). One indistinct plan of later
1892 (not included but cf Plan No.NS 67/359)
indicates that a garden may have been added to
this verandah.
The plan of the building in c.1900
shows some kind of small extension on the south
eastern corner of the annexe (PLAN No.10) .This
was a feature in some of the earlier plans
PLAN Nos. 6,7,9) but it is impossible to
determine the nature of it.
A similar arrangement as that of the
nineteenth century prevailed in this century,
however,by c.1913 the verandah had ceased to
exist (PLAN Nos.11,12). At some time between
1916 and 1945 (PLAN Nos. 16,17) the sheds on the
western facade were demolished and the cable
support tower standing today erected.
The only surviving photographs of the
annexe in the nineteenth century are incidental
inclusions in those taken of- Sutherland Dock
(PLATE"Nos. 1,3). Even with enlargements the
details are too indistinct to be of much
assistance. The only practical value is in that
they serve as a confirmation of a central
chimney and what appears to be an iron roof.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
15
Presumably in the earliest period it had shingles
or shakes.
The two enlargements (PLATE Nos.2,4) are,
however,quite helpful in detailing the room
created between the annexe and the guardhouse and
the shed on the western facade of the annexe. One
photograph from 1908 (PLATE No.5) shows the north
east corner of the annexe but it is again too
indistinct to be of any use.
Consequently all that the documentary
evidence provides in the way of information
relating to the style and appearance of the annexe ~
can be summarised as follows:that it had a square
ground plan with additions over the years on all
facades7that it had a central fireplace and a hip
roof probably originally shingled and then
covered in iron or tin.
Of the method of construction there are
no direct references. I~ would appear though from
the half-yearly returns that with very few
exceptions foundations for the buildings were not
dug, the structures being lain over the existing
soil (APPENDIX I) •
There is a solitary reference to the
construction of a lime kiln (Number 9 on PLAN No.
1) and to the whitewashing of one building (2),
also to the cutting of flagging (3). None of these
specifically apply to the kitchen annexe, however,
it is reasonable to assume that it also was
whitewashed and flagged. The limekiln may have been
used for burning shells used in the mortar. In
1874 the buildings are still referred to as
whitewashed and flagged. (4).
This lack of specific documentary .
evidence must necessarily make any conclusions
speculative and it was, therefore, left to
archaeological work on site to provide further
and more definite data.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
2.8
. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11 ..
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
2G> •
21.
22.
16
NOTES TO SECTIONS 2.2-2.4
Parker,R.G., Cockatoo Island:A History., 1
For example cf. Cox,Tanner.,Cockatoo Island:
Alterations to Kitchen Annexe.
Muir,D.W., An Investigation of the , History,Present Condition and Possible Future of
Cockatoo Island.,4.
Gipps to Glenelg. July 1839.
H.R.A. Series I Vol.XX.,217
Parker,R.G., Loc.Cit,..
Reynolds,P., Goat and Cockatoo:Two Islands off
Balmain.
Leichhardt Historical Journal No.9.,1980.,21
Gipps to Glenelg.
Loc.Cit..
Muir,D.W., ~Cit.,12-15
Parker,R.G., Op.Cit.,3
Ibig.,4
Ibid.
Select Committee on Public Prisons 1861.
Parker,R.G., ~Cit.., 5
Ibid .. ,15
Ibid.
Muir,R., Notes From Thesis.,68
Peyser,D., History of Welfare Work in Sydney.
R.A.H.S. Journal Vol.XXV.,186
Muir,D.W., Loc.Cit.
Evening News.,17.6.1908
Ibi~,18.9.1909
Muir,D.W., Loc.Cit.
Wickham,H.Fi, Cockatoo Island and the Docks of Sydney.
Red Funnel April 1906.,240
Evenin~News.,18.9.1909
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
2.9
1.
2.
3.
17
Ibid.,17.6.1908
Parker ,R.G., 0]2 Ci t., 8:-:-9
Ibid.,10
Reynolds, P., ~Cit.,25
Parker,R.G. , ~Cit.,.25
Ibid.,15
Ibid., 16-17
Ibid.,25
Ibid.,.33
Ibid.,41-2
IbiQ.,70
NOTES TO SECTIONS 2.5-2.7
Col.Sec.Letters Received from Col.Eng.
Half Yearly Return April-September 1842
S]2ecial Bundle 4/2571.2
Ibid.,S]2ecial Bundle !L2609.1
Ibid.,Special Bundle 4/2647~
4. Royal Commission into Public Charities., 133
I I 3.0
I I I
! I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I -
DESCRIPTION OF SITE
I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
3.0
3.1
3.2
18
DESCRIPTION OF THE KITCHEN ANNEXE AS OF 27.10.81
The following is a statement of the building as it
was found on the above date after some initial
demolition had taken place. No interpretation is
included. This is left to Section 5.0.
PLAN AND DIMENSIONS
Plan Nos. 17-22
The Annexe is aligned roughly on an
eastern axiS. Hereafter,for convenience,the
elevations will be designated north,south,east
and west. The building has a square ground plan
measuring 5.9 metres per side (external
m~asurement) and has an extant standing height of
3.95 metres.
It stands on a stepped plinth and the
coping for the roof 15 largely extant. There are
two windows, one in the north. and one in the south
elevation and two doors one each in the east and
west elevations. The entire building has thickness
only of one block (approximately 460mm). There is
no roof.
ELEVATIONS:INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
Plan Nos. 18-22
A. NORTHERN EXTERNAL Plan No.18
The plinth at its greatest height is
500mm and at its least 200mm. It has suffered some
damage on the NE and NW corners due to weed
growth and exfoliation.. In addition some damage,
on the NW corner,may be attributed to the \J
demolition of sheds (Plate No.11:3:D).
Above the plinth are eleven courses of
mason~y' the lowest of these also being slightly
stepped out by approximately 60mm (Plate No .• 13 : 5:
A-B). The. blocks a~e set in ashlar style and
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
19
closely bedded in mortar. They vary considerably
in length but are generally 290mm wide with the
exception of the first course which is 350mm. The
mortar bedding averages in thickness between 10-
25mm (Plate No.8:3:C-E). Each block has been
sparrow pecked, some to form a rough border (Plate
No.8:5:D;...E) •
A breach has been made in the wall in
the 'third course apparently to admit a pipe (Plate
No.8:3:F). Another breach has been made in the
coping on the extreme western tip, presumably for
a drain pipe (Plate No.8:5:F). A square section
has been cut in the tenth course on the eastern
extremity to take a timber purlin (Plate No.8:3:A
B). One. metal spike remains embedded in the wall
adjacent and slightly below the northern'window
(Plate No.8:4:C-D).
B. EASTERN EXTERNAL Plan No. I~.
The plinth in this elevation is obscured
due to the build-up of concrete between the
mlli·tary guardroom and the ·annexe. Only the top
200mm of the first course of masonry~? is
visible (Plate No.7:1:A-D). There is some fretting
and exfoliation along. the lowest course ,
particularly in the SE corner (PLate No.8:1:A-D).
In.the extreme NE corner,cut into the plinth,is a
IIpost hole ll 200mm wide (Plate No.8:2:A-B).
The eleven course of mason1t~·.· are still
extant and the dimensions for these and the mortar
bedding are similar to those discussed in Section
3.2A. Between the tenth and elev~nth courses .lead
flashing protrudes (Plate No.7:5:A-F) and there are
eight rectangular breaches cut into the area
bounded by the eigth,ninth and tenth courses which
supported timber purlins (Plate Nos.7:5:A-F17:6:A
C). Some timber is till extant. On the southern
extremity of the eigth course a small breach had
been made in the past and refilled with a shell
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
20
mortar (Plate No.7:6:C).
C. SOUTHERN EXTERNAL Plan No.20
It was not possible to photograph'the
southern elevation in detail due to the impossibility
of gaining the necessary distance. In addition
demolition had already begun on this section, six
courses and the coping having already been removed.
Those courses remaining 'followed the same pattern
as described in Sections 3.2A and B with a stepped
plinth,partially obscured, and ashlar masonry,~ The
plinth appears to have had a step cut into it
(Plate No.13:3:C-D). Photographs were taken from
Sutherland Dock during the demolition to detail its
progress (Plate Nos. 8:6:B-F;9:1:B-F;9:2:~-E).
D. WESTERN EXTERNAL Plan No. 21
By 27.10.81 this elevation had already "
lost two coping stones and approximately eight
building blocks «Plate No.11:4:A-F) in the
current programme. It fulfills the same design as
outlined in Sections 3.2A-C though there is more
damage to the plinth due to the demolition of the
sheds.
The stone also demonstrates more
damage and fretting and is considerably more
stained than the other elevations. There is a large
section of coping removed on the 'southern side,
apparently to allow a drain pipe. On the southern
side of the door graffitti is scratched into the
stone. It appears to be "S.C.? W?_".
E. NORTHERN INTERNAL, Plate Nos. 7:3:B-F
The elevation is flat,lackin9 the stepped
out lower course of the external elevation. There
is some evidence of wall finish on the lower
courses (Plate No.7:3:B) and there is a large
patched area using shell mortar in the NE corner
(Plate No.7:4:A).
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I
3.3
21
Between the tenth and eleventh courses
is a row of fairly regularly spaced metal nails
or spikes set into the mortar bedding. There are
two small metal "spikes" on either side of the
window.
F. EASTERN INTERNAL Plate Nos. 10:2:B-E
Similar to 3.2E though there is some
fretting of the lower courses, particularly in the
SE corner (Plate No.11:5:C-D). Some evidence of
wall finish survives on the central courses of
the northern side (Plate No.9:4:E-F). At irregular
interva.ls timber plates may be seen embedded in
the mortar. The largest observed in 150mm long
(Plate No.9:5:C-D).
G. SOUTHERN INTERNAL Plate Nos. 7:4:B-E.
Similar to 3.2E-F with some fretting in
the SW corner and evidence of wall f.ini sh around
the lower courses (Plate Nos.11:6:B).
H. WESTERN INTERNAL Plate Nos.7:2:C-F
, Similar to 3.2E-G.
DOORS
A.QEASTERN Plate Nos.9:5:E-F~9:6:A-F~10:1:A-E
This is the original entrance to the
Annexe. It is in the centre of the eastern
elevation and is 1050mm wide and 2323mm high (this
is measured from the top of the present concrete
surface) •
The door jamb is 150mm wide. On the
south side it is sqUare cut for the internal return
(Plate No.10:1:B). On the north, however, there is
a chamfered edge to the internal return (Plate No,
9:6:B) and this would suggest that the original
door opened inwards and to the north.
There are two "cuts" on either side of
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
3.4
22
the door on the internal elevation (Plate Nos.
9:6:A-B;10:1:B-C) and these may have been
utilised in supporting an architrave. All the
wooden joinery had been removed as of 27.10~81
though presumably a similar construction to that
used for window joinery was applied (cf Section
3.4A)
B. WESTERN Plate Nos.10:5:E-F;10:6:A-D
Similarly to the eastern door it is
situated in the centre of the elevation though
this is not an original opening. Logically it
was opened when access was needed to the area
beyond the western facade and presumably this
was when sheds were constructed here in the later
1870s or early 1880s.
To achieve this the wall was simply
cut through, the blocks levelled off,a metal
frame inserted (though this may be a I,later addition
again, wooden architraves apparently added (Plate
Nos. 11:1:E-F;8:1:C-E1. It is impossible to
determine the swing of the door. It is 900mm
wide and 2200mm high.
WINDOWS
A. NORTHERN Plate Nos. 8:4:C-F;8:5:A-C,;10':4:D-F
This was part of ,the original
d,esign centred in the northern ,elevation. It is
900mm wide and 1500mm high. The internal jambs
ar~ cpamfered (Plate No.10:5:A). Only one
section of joinery was in situ, the upper section
of the jamb (Plate No.8:4:E-F) which displays a
dowelling type construction for the lateral
jamb components.
There is no evidence for the type of
window used and it is considered possible that
there may have been none, that two shutters may
have closed the opening on the inside, and been
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
3.5
3.6
3.7
23
fastened open to the metal cauches (partially
intact) inside the annexe.
B. SOUTHERN
At 27.10.81 this section of the southern
elevation had already been demolished. After
consultation with the mason it is apparent that
it was the same in detail as that described in
Section 3.4A. Sections which had been removed and
could be identified were identical to those in
situ in the northern window (Plate No.12:5:A-C).
FLOOR
Both the internal floor of the Annexe
and the area between the Guard Room and the
Annexe were covered in concrete, generally in
good condition. There was no apparent evidence
of a hearth.
ROOF' --"
The roof was not extant, all that
remained were timber plates ~ttached to the
coping (Plate No.10:3:A-F). The 'coping projected
over the walls and the exposed sections were
badly stained (Plate No.7:5:A;12:1:A). The
sections slopin9 obliquely inward were clean.
FDITURES
The large breach in ,the lower northern • I' I •
elevation suggests the admission of some kind of
pipe, and the breaks in the'coping on the eastern,
western and northern elevations suggest the same.
The two mortar patches in the northern
and eastern elevations may have been caused by
cutting for pipes b~t this is far less certain.
. The timber 'plates' mentioned in Section
3~2F may demonstrate evidence of shelving.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
3.8
3.9
24
WALL FINISHES
The walls at present are virtually
bare sandstone, howev;e:E,·there are patches
remaining showing former surface finishes.
Predominantly these are numerous coats of white
wash applied to the bare wall. The final layer is
~ ~aint of a type of ox-blood red (Munsell 5R 2.5/4)
Mr D.Elsmore is of the opinion that this dates
from approximately the turn of the centmry.
EVIDENCE OF SURROUNDING STRUCTURES
A. HUTS ON THE WESTERN ELEVATION Plate No.11:3:B-C
The area at present is much overgrown
and severely disturbed by the construction of
the cable support tower, however, there is clear
evidence of the structures built onto this facade
from the 1870s onwards.
B. NORTHERN VERANDAH Plate No.13:1:F;13:2:A
There is abundant evidence visible on ,"
the surface' of the structure of' the verandah and ,
the steps extending along the northern facade of
the Annexe and the Guard Room. It would appear
that there is some damage but primarily the
structure would appear to be intact.
C. CELLS TO THE SOUTH Plate No.13:3:C-D
As Plans 1.4 and 6 'indicate the cell
block was in close proximity to the Annexe and a
single line of remaining bricks on the southern
side of this building would appear to relate in
some way to this structure destroyed during the
construction of Sutherland Dock.
~-- -~-
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I
I I EVI DE NC,E RECOVERED
I
I I I I I
I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
4.0
4.1
4.2
25
EVIDENCE RECOVERED ON SITE
DESCRIPTION OF DEMOLITION SCHEDULE
The current programme was carried out
by a maximum of three masons during the period
24.10.81 and 16.11.81. The work was primarily
manual, demolition of the wall and a section of
the flagging, rebuilding and repointing and
~emoving concrete screed from the rest of the
floor in the Annexe and the area between the
Guard Room and the Annexe. A precis of the work
programme is included .as APPENDIX 9.2.
(Plate Nos.12:6:A-F;13:6:A-B;14:3:B-F)
DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS
A. STONE
The basic building material involved
in the construction is local island sands~one . Hawkesbury). It is grey/white with some streaks
of red and oxidizes to a light yellow. It has a
coarse g~ain size with a high percentage of
quartz.
In general the blocks are well cut
though some have been cut against the grain of
the bedding. Despite being exposed to the
atmosphere and salt spray on all sides the
structur~ is in generally good condition with
only a few areas of fretting, exfoliation and
weed damage. Most of the walls are rain washed
and clean, though the western elevation is an
exception. This is probably due to the close
proximity of the Power House. Exposed sections
of the coping are also stained as are some
sections of the lower plinth, the latter due to
humic action. (Cf.APPENDIX 9.3 Report on Masonary).
B. MORTAR
With some exceptions of small areas of
patching the mortar is pale creamy-buff in colour,
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
26
sound and fairly hard with ten percent shell
fragments. In general it may be termed a silty
sand type. The approximate proportions after
testing indicate a 3:3:1,lime/pand/shell mix.
Following analyses it was considered
that the lime-rich mortar (taken from between the
sixth and seventh courses of the southern wall) is
typical of the period 1830-1850. Within the
structure it appears to have acted as a
IIsacrificialll mortar, drawing water away from the
stone and hence weathering more rapidly than the
surrounding blocks. In general, however, the condition
is good. (Cf. APPENDIX 9.4 MORTAR ANALYSISl
c. TIMBER
As it has been stated in previous sections
the majority of the timber joinery had been
removed. The only largely extant examples of timber
were the roof plates still in situ on the walls.
Samples were taken and analysed.
Although many were decomposing enough
were intact to determine that the timber used was
tallow wood (Eucalyptus Mi'crocorys). This was often
'used in early construction practice for members
intended to last and to be weather resistant.
(Cf. Plate Nos. 17:1:D-F~17:2:A-E~17:4:D)
D. METAL
It proved to be impractical to analyse
every piece of miscellaneous metal inherent in
the structure,'hence only the following examples
were considered.
~The flashing,clearly seen on the eastern
external elevation,is of lead and must logically
be of the initial construction period. Also
considered to be of the initial construction are
the nails found in situ in the timber plates on
the walls. They are hand forged, made of nail rod
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
4.3
27
iron and are of local production. They are very
weathered but it is still possible to observe
that they have been placed in a bore which ,
therefore, gives a post-Macquarie period date
(personal communication Mr R.Varman).
In the same plates a number of metal
spikes may be seen that anchor the timber to the
coping. Within the stone and wrapped around the
spikes are sheets (?) of lead. The split end of
the spike is hammered flat onto the timber thus
securing it. No other examples of this technique
have been observed to date and it is considered
to have been part of the original construction.
(Cf Plate Nos. 12:2:B-Ci17:1:A-Fi17:2:A-Bi17:3:E-F)
ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE RECOVERED
During the programme four areas yielded
information which, until this time,was unknown.
These were:- A. The deposit under the flagging.
B. The flagging and hearth area.
C. The area between the kitchen and
guard room.
D. The stone hlocks with regard to
construction techniques.
Each of the above is considered
separately in the following pages.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
28
A. THE DEPOSIT UNDER THE FLAGGING
With the removal of a small section of
flagging on the southern side of the Annexe it
was possible to determine the nature of the
underlying deposit.
The material is very shallow being no
more than 150mm and lies immediately on the cliff
top. It is very moist and there is some evidence
of recent plant root activity. It has a gritty
quality due to a large percentage of sand
contained within it.
There is no stratigraphy'as such,a darker
sand mix (Munsell 10YR 3/3) and the finer sand are
intermittently mixed. ,The darker material is very.
similar to the lighter sand and may in fact be
the same, the colouration being due to humic
activity.
The moet remarkable quality associated
with the deposit is its extremely high PH reading
(8-9). The extreme alkalinity of the soil may be
due to a burn off of the site as part of the
preparation for the initial construction but it
is considered to be more likely that it is due to
, rain water seeping through the lime-rich mortar,
leaching into the soil.
The flagging is laid directly over the
soil. The deposit was sterile with the exception
of a black grog bottle base recovered from under
the wall in the extreme sw corner.
Cf. Plate Nos. 14:3:D-E
14:4:A-D
14:5:A-E
14 :'6:A-F
18
Plan No. 23
APPENDIX 9.5
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
29
B. THE FLAGGING AND HEARTH AREA
During the last stages of the programme
the concrete screed was removed from the kitchen
annexe floor. This revealed sandstone flagging
over the entire area.
The flagging was in good condition
generally though it was uneven and showed evidence
of wear patterns particularly in the SE corner near
the door. In addition it could be confirmed that
a hearth had been present 'in ,the centre of the rooom,
this area being unflagged and deposits of ash and
charcoal could be observed on the surface of the
underlying deposit. It was not possible to determine
the ;style of the hearth.
Cf. Plate Nos. 11:1:C-D
14: 1 :A-F.
14:2:B-F
15:1:A-F
15:2:A-F
16:4:C-E
I 30
I I I I I , I
I I I I
C. THE AREA BETWEEN THE KITCHEN AND THE GUARDROOM
As part of the current programme it had
been proposed to remove the concrete screed from
this area as had been done inside the Kitchen
Annexe. A small test trench (PLAN NO. 16) was
opened by workmen and excavated by the consultant.
It was found that at least two layers
of concrete were present overlying a thick (300mm)
layer of sandstone rubble. Below this, along the
wall of the guardroom,a shallow dish drain was
revealed and sandstone paving. This is undoubtedly
of the original construction.
Between the paving and the drain a
shallow depression contained a deposit of silty
-material (similar to that discovered below the
flagging in the Annexe),very dark in coiliour
(Munsell 10YR 2/1). It is probably stained by
humic activity. Small pieces of charcoal were also
present. Some small artefacts were also L
recovered but are not of identifiable date.
Cf. Plate Nos. 15:3:A-F
I 15:4:A-F
I I I I I I I I
Plan No.
15:5:A-F
15:6:A-F
16:1:A-F
16:2:A-D
16:6:B-F
16,22
APPENDIX 9.5
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
-- ---
31
D. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
During the course of demolition it
became apparent that evidence of initial
construction techniques were to be observed in
the blocks being demolished. Later on
corroborative evidence was found from those
stones still in situ.
It was found that on the uppermost side
of each block, in the centre,"wedges" had been cut
of uniform length (100mm) and generally uniform
depth (also 100mm). These are also to be found
on the coping stones.
It is reasonably certain, therefore,
that this must be evidence of either the
technique used to place the large and heavy blocks
in position, using the wedges as a grappling
point probably with a .pulley system or, it has
been suggested alternatively, that the wedges may
have served as a bedding point for mortar ,
similar to the use of frogs on bricks.
It is considered that the latter is less
than likely as the coping stones which received
no mortar had similar wedges cut into their
upper surfaces.
Cfd Plate Nos. 12:1:D-F
12: 2:A
12:3:Co.;F
12:5:F
13:6:C-D
17:4:D
I I
:1
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
ASSESSMENT iCONCLUSIONS ' , r
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
5.0
5.1
5.2
32
ASSESSMENT,RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
PREAMBLE
The following sections assess the
archaeological involvement on site and presents
the information and conclusions reached using
the combined resources of archival research and
on-site archaeological work.
ASSESSMENT
It was unfortunate that some
demolition had already begun on-site' before the
consultant was commissioned. The major loss
resulting from this was the lack of documentation,
primarily pictorial, of the complete standing
southern elevation. However,it is considered that,
despite this loss, the maximum amount of evidence
was retrieved.
The objectives set out in Section 1.4
were successfully achieved. A complete record of
. the site before, during and after demolition was
obtained and evidence available through no other
means than on-site supervision was recovered and
recorded (Section 4.0).
In addition, by working on a small scale,
it has enabled the consultant to appreciate in a
microcosm the archaeological problems and
objectives pertinant to the larger site of
Cockatoo Island.
This was conElidered a relevant factor
when it was found that further work already in
progress on the island at the time of the
appointment of the consultant was threatening
other structures of similar historic significance.
As a result of the experience gained and the
documentation assessed during the work on the
Annexe a~section of recommendations has been
included in Section 6.0 that relate to areas
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
5.3
33
wider than the immediate environs of the Annexe.
CONCLUSIONS AND RESULTS
As a result of the archaeological work
on the Kitchen Annexe it is now possible to
relate in far more detail than previously possible
the construction/history and significance of the
structure. This is as follows.
A. INITIAL CONSTRUCTION
It is evident that the preparation of
the site for the initial construction of the
Kitchen Annexe was minimal. Given that the areas
open for inspection were minimal it still seems
likely that after a superficial clearance and
levelling the foundations for the Annexe were
laid directly on top of the soil deposit on the
cliff/no foundations being dug.
, The flagged floor was also constructed
on this deposit and simply butted the four walls.
Similarly the hearth 'in the centre of the room
was laid on the soil depositiit is still not
possible to determine the style of the hearth/
whether single or double backed. Indeed/it was
considered unusual to find it' placed in the
centre of the room thereby cutting down an already
small working space.
Three openings were let into the
superstructure/the door in the eastern elevation
and two windows/one each in the nOEthern and,
southern elevations. The door apparently opened
inwards and to the north and was presumably of
timber. The windows/the primary source of light
and ventilation/were mos~ likely only closed by
double timber shutters opening and fastening on
the inetrnal elevations. The walls were whitewashed
and it is probable that some form of shelving
was arranged around them.
I I I I I I I I I I I ,I il
I I I
! I
I I I
=
34
The roof was of the hip type with the
chimney opening into the centreiit is likeLy that
there was a stone capping around this. Originally
the ro.of. was probably shingled though later this
was replaced by tin.
Internally it cannot be positively
determined whether the rafters were exposed or
not. It would seem unlikley that the extra
effort and expense involved in providing a ceiling
would be 'expended for this relatively small' and
unimportant building. However/the line of
regularly placed spikes between the tenth and
eleventh courses would seem to suggest that perhaps
a ceiling had been supported at this level.
The materials and techniques used in the
construction were all apparently local. The stone
was quarried on the island and the mortar also
probably originated here/a limekiln was constructed
not far from the Annexe. It is possible, though
less defin.;lte/that the timber was also locally
sawn. The marks of the pit sawing are still
evident. The metal was produced by a local, if not
island/smithy.
It is obvious that very little mechanical
assistance was given to the convict workmen
responsible for the building. The blocks of stone
were manhandled into place and those used in the
walls and coping appear to have been put into
position by means of a pulley system and manual
labour.
. It is probable that the Kitchen Annexe
was set at a slightly (perhaps one step) higher
level to the outside paving. The level. of the
paving block discovered in the test trench is
lower than that uncovered in the Annexe. Likewise
it is probable that a dish drain, similar to the
one seen in the test trench and just visible to
the south of the Guard Room designed to carry run-
*
I I I 'I I I I I I .1 I I I I I I I I I I
35
off water from the roof, is also to be found
around the perimeter of the Annexe.
B. LATER DEVELOPMENTS
It is considered likely that the ceiling
was added later in the century as the building
changed functions and owhers. Walls continued to
be whitewashed though by the turn of the century
they had begun to be painted. The shelving had
obviously been removed during the later
n~neteenth century. Also during this century
another door had been opened into the western
elevation to allow access to the sheds constructed
on this side.
It is probable that the area between
the Annexe and the Guard Room and possibly the
Annexe itself was first covered in concrete in the
later 1870s or early 1880s when this space was
utilised as a laundry and wash-shed. A second
pouring in the Annexe-Guard Room area brought
this to the same level 'as the Annexe. This most
likely occurred at the turn of the century when
the space was utilised as married officers'
quarters in the Biloela Gaol complex. There is
still evidence of the drainage facilities for
a sink noted in the plan of the Gaol '(PLAN No.10)
on the extreme NW external corner of the Guard
Room.
. At the same time that a new floor was
being prepared for the space between the Annexe and
the Guard Room provision was made for a gable roof
to bridge the space. The purlin breaches made in
the eastern elevat±on~ of the Annexe are evidence
of this and PLATE No.2 provides some detail.
Evidently corner uprights were also required as the
"post holes" on the NE corner of the Annexe and
the NW corner of the Guard Room, demonstrate.
With the change to a tin roof and the
I I I I I I
i I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
36
loss of the external ground drain (covered by
concrete) new drainage facilites were required
and the sections cut through the coping suggest
that a guttering and down pipe system was used.
Very little evidence of the verandah
along the northern facade is visible, though it
is considered likely that there is considerable
sub-surface remains. In the last thirty years at
least the building has been abandoned and all the
fixtures,ninishes and roof have been lost, though
very little vandalism has taken place. Until
the current programme the superstructure has
remained virtually intact.
In terms of historic significance
the building is minor in relation to other
monuments of a comparable period. Howeve~,in
the setting of the island and it's development
the Kitchen Annexe is a valuable record on a
number of accounts.
To begin with it is in essence a
faithful record of the materials and techniques
employed in the initial construct~on on,the
island. In the wider context of Australian
technical development this is valuable in'
detailing a relatively unknown period, particularly
for work carried out in the manner that this was.
It is vaI1J.able also in that it remains
on of the relatively untouched examples from
the initial construction on the island and as
such provides a valuable starting point for a
study of the remaining structures of the same
pE;!riod.
Thi!;dly it is in.'small scale an
illustrated history of the changing pattern of
use and function on the island from 1839 to the
present day.
~
I
I I 6,,0
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RECOMMENDATIONS
I
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
6.0
6.1
6.2
37
ANNEXE SUPERSTRUCTURE
That no further alterations to the structure be
carried out.
That any additional work carried out in the current
programme use materials and techniques sympathetic
to the ex'isting fabrics In particular that any
mortar used in repointing or repairs be of a
sufficiently weak mix to react as the original
mortar does to draw water away from the stone.
That the stone be stabilised and protected only.
That no cleaning, painting etc be allowed.
That the timber plates with all nails and spikes
be left in situ, stabilised and preserved.
That allevidence of earlier joinery, finishes and
fixtures be preserved.
That no attempt is made to hide or erradicate
evidence of earlier structures or fixtures. This
is specifically applied to breaches made for
purlins,pipes,guttering and drains.
That the.qandstone flagging now exposed be adequately
protected to prevent damage from water, heat or
vegetation.
That the deposit exposed in the hearth area be
protected and stabilised. That the remaining
underlying deposit be retained intact and undisturbed.
ANNEXE-GUARDROOM AREA
That the concrete cover be retained.
That the small test trench exposed during the current
programme be filled with clean sand and recovered
in concrete.
That if any section of the concrete covering must
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
6.3
6.4
6.5
38
be disturbed an archaeologist must be present to
record any information that comes to light.
SUB-SURFACE STRUCTURES
That all evidence remaining of the sheds on the
west, the verandah on the north and the cells on
the south are to be preserved intact and to
remain undisturbed.
That if it proves necessary to carry out any work
in this area an archaeologist must be present to
carry out work detailed in Section 6.4 or as
considered necessary.
ADDITIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN ANNEXE AREA
The on-site inspection of the Annexe area has
raised a number of questions that could only be
answered by further archaeological work. It is
stressed that the primary recommendation for this
area is that all evidence is to be preserved
intact and undisturbed ,however,if further work
is to be carried out in this area by the client
Department the following recommendations apply.
That all subsurface structures visible be recorded
before the commencement of any work.
That any disturbance of these is to be preceeded
by planned excavation by an archaeologist to
retrieve any information.
If this is to occur it is recommended tnat a long
strip trench be taken fFom the southern parapet
wall along the eastern facade of the Annexe into
the verandah area to investigate the question of
the kitchen height in relation to the surrounding
structures.
ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS COCKATOO ISLAND SITE
That as a matter of primary importance a survey be
carried out by an archaeologist or a team to
I I I I I
I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
39
determine the extent and condition of the
remaining 1839 Gaol buildings and secondarily'
the structures of the' later island development.
Evidence of dumps, work areas and the like are to
be included.
That in any planned or current work on the island
an archaeological input be planned for and
accomodated to minimise the loss of information.
This is to include both structural alterations
and sub-surface activity such as drainage channels
and trenches for cables etc.
I I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 ~
I I I I I I 1 1 I BIBIOGRAPHY
I'
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
7.0
7.1
7.2
40
BOOKS AND THESES
KERR,J. S., Design for Convicts in the Australian
Colonies Durin~e Transportation Era.
(Thesis 1977)
LEIGH,S.T., Cockatoo Docks:SydneLNar ReQord
(ML Q627.3/C 1945)
MUIR,D.W. , An Investigstion of the HistorYLEresent
WHEELER,K.V. Condition and Possible Future of
Cockatoo Island in: Sydney Harbour.
(Thesis 1974 SUA 627.31)
MUIR,R. , Notes from Thesis
PARKER,R.G., Cockatoo Island:A History
Thomas Nelson Aust.Ltd. 1977.
(ML Q991.1/49)
STEPHENSON,P.The Hist~and~escription of Sydney
Harbour.
Rigby. 1966.
(RAHS Library)
REPORTS,REGISTERS AND RETURNS
COX, TANNER. , Cockatoo Island:Alterations to Kitchen
Annexe. PreliminarY Report, 1981.
National Trust R~ister.
(NTC)
NSW COL. SEC. Report From the Board of Enquiry into
the Management of Cockatoo Island
Convict Establishment.
(ML Q365/N 1858)
NSW Department of Public Works Annua~
Reports, 1888-1902.
(SOBL)
NSW Statistical Registers 1867-1887.
(SOBL)
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
7.3
41
Official PublicatiQ!HL188.§.:Dock.§..
Shi22ing and Engineering
Establishments of Port Jackson.
(ML 627 • 3/1A1)
Royal Commission into Public
Charities. Second R~ort.1874.
(ML Q362/N)
Sel~LCommitt~n Public Prisons
(ML 1861)
JOURNAL AND PRESS ARTICLES -----------------. ---------ANON. ,
ANON.,
ANON. ,
ANON. ,
The Last of Biloela
Evening News 17.6.1908
RAHS Press Cuttings Vol.4.,18.
Biloela Blackbirds:The Old Prison
Closed.
Evening News 18.9.1909
RAHS Pr§.§s Cuttin.g2-Vol.17.,24.
History of Cockatoo IslandjQuestions
of Members.
RAHS Journal 30,1930.,488.
Cockatoo Island.
B.P_._Magazi~Se.12temb~--1935., 40, 41, 90
(ML Q059/B1)
BETHEL,W.E., Island Prison:Cockatoos and Gaolbirdsf
RAHS Foster Collection Press Cuttings
Vol. 2.,141-45
CAMPBELL,J. Cockatoo (Biloela) Island-Plan and
Historic Notes.
DICKEY,B. ,
PEYSER,D. ,
RAHS Journal 18,1932.,338ff.
The Establishment of Industrial Schools
and Reformatories in NSW, 1850-75.
RAHS JQ,Yrnal 54.,148
The History of Welfare Work in Sydney
RAHS Journal 25.,186-7
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
REYNOLDS, P • ,
7.4 CORRESPONDENCE
COL. SEC.,
COL. SEC. ,
7.5 PLANS ---
42
Goat and Cockatoo:Two Islands off
Balmain.
Leichhardt Historical Journal No.9
1980.,21-26.
Administration of Cockatoo Island
Penal Establishment.
Special Bundle 4/747.1
Letters Received from Col.Eng.
1840 Bundle 4L'2490.2
1841 ffi~29.4
1842 ffi571~
1843 !a609.1
1844 ffi64:h£ 1845 ffi726.1
1846 ffi726J.
1847 4/2726.1
1848 4/2802.2
Historical Records of Australia
Series-I-Volume XX.,217-18,628
Department of Corrective Services
(Plan 10)
Department of Housin~nd Construction
NS 67/354 (Plan 9)
NS 67/355 (Plan 8)
NS 67/359
NS 67/362 (Plan 11)
NS 67/363 (Plan 12)
NS 67/365 (Plan 14)
NS 67/366 (Plan 13)
NS 67/353 (Plan 4)
Land...,Qepartment
P 134-574'LR (Plan 5)
Mitchell Library M3 811.15/C.Is/1857/1 (Plan 1)
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
7.6 PLATES
43
Illustrated Sydney~ew£ June 17,
1854 (Plan 2)
D0cks~hipping and Engineering
Establishments of Port Jackson.
(Plan 7)
Cockatoo Island War Record
(Plan 15)
Mitchell Library
Slides 20,Number 19 (Platesl-2)
SPF IIHarbour and Islands ll (Plates 3-4)
Evening News 17.6.1908 (Plate 5)
Muir,D.W.,1974
Plate 6
- -----
I ,
I 8,0
I I I
1I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SOURCES: PLATES/PLANS
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
44
NOTE TO PLATES
Plates 7-17 comprise the complete photographic
record compiled by the consultant. They are
provided in the form of proof sheets and the
'notation used throughout the text when referring
to them is as follows:-
The first digit refers to the plate number, the
second to the line number on the proof sheet
and the third to the frame number {A-FJ,hence,
for example, 12:3:B refers to Plate No.12,Line 3,
Frame B.
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
..
45
8.0 LIST OF PLATES,PLANS AND SOURCES
8.1
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
LIST OF PLATES
.DESCRIPTION DATE
Sutherland Dry 1881-89
Dock.
Detail of No.1
Power House and c.1885
Kitchen.
Detail of No.3
Main Entrance to
Biloela Gaol.
South side of
kitchen annexe.
1908
1974
7-17 Separate index following
18
19
Artefacts
Construction
elements.
1981
1981
SOURCE ----
ML Slides 20,No.19
ML SPF "Harbour and
Islands"
Evening News 17.6.1908
Muir,D.W.,1974.
Thorp,W.
Thorp,W.
Thorp,W
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.2
46
PLATE 7 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: Eastern external elevation.
B: As in 7:1:A
C: As in 7:1:A with ranging poles.
D: As in 7:1:C
E: Northern external elevation.
F: As in 7:1:E
LINE 2:Frame A: As in 7:1:E with ranging poles.
B: As in 7:2:A
C: Western internal elevation.
D: As in 7:2:C
E: As in 7:2:C with ranging poles.
F: As in 7:2:E
LINE 3:Frame A: Western internal elevation (long shot)
B: Northern internal elevation (NW cnr)
C: As in 7:3:B
D: As in 7:3:C with ranging poles.
E: As in 7:3:D
F: Northern internal elevation (NE cnr)
LINE 4:Frame A: As in 7:3:F
B: Southern internal wall half way
through demolition.
C: As in 7:4:B
D: As in 7:4:B with ranging poles.
E: As in 7:4:D
F: Eastern external elevation with
coping and lead flashing at NE cnr.
LINE 5:Frame A: As in 7:4:F
B: Eastern external ele~ation:detail
of coping, lead flashing and breaches
made for timber purlins.
C: As in 7:5:B
D: Eastern external elevation:detail
of breach made for timber purlin.
E: As in 7:5:D
F: As in 7:5:D with scale.
LINE 6:Frame A: As in 7:5:F
B: As in 7:6:A
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.3
47
c: Breach made for timber purlin in
south side eastern external
elevation with small patched section.
D: Section along semi-demolished south
wall, facing west.
E: As in 7:6:D
F: Timber plugs in eastern external
wall, south side.
PLATE 8 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: East external elevation,SE cnr
LINE 2:Frame
LINE 3:Frame
illustrating fretting of stonework.
B: As in 8.1:A
c: Western internal elevation.
D: As in 8.1:C
E: As in 8:1:C with ranging poles.
F: As in 8:1:E
A: East external elevation at NE cnr
showing "post hole".
B: As in 8: 2:A
C: North external elevation; detail of
exfoliation-on lower courses.
D: As in 8:2:C
E: North external elevation showing
weathering and weed action on lower
courses.
F: As in 8:2:E
A: North external elevation;detail
of coping on NE cnr with breach
made for timber purlin.
B: As in 8: 3:A
C: North external elevation; detail of
shell mortar in situ.
D: As in 8:3:C
E: As in 8:3:C
F: North external elevation; detail of
breach in wall for pipe.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.4
48
LINE 4:Frame A: As in 8:3:F
LINE 5:Frame
LINE 6:Frame
B: Internal detail of 8:3:F
c: North external elevation~detail
of window sill.
D: As in 8:4:C
E: North external elevation~detail
of window looking up, timber
joinery insitu.
F: As in 8:4:E
A: North external elevation~detail
of window jamb.
B: As in·8:5:A
C: As in 8:5 :A
D: North external elevation~detail
of stone pecking.
E: As in 8:5:D
F: North external elevation, NW cnr~
detail of b~e~k made for drain?
A: As in 8:5:F
B: South external wall during demolition
as seen from Su.therland Dock.
C: As in 8:6:B
D: As in 8.:6:B
E: As in 8:6:B
F: As in 8:6:B
PLATE 9 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: Test exposure.
B: South external wall during
demolition as seen from Sutherland
dock.
C: As in 9:1:B
D: As in 9:1:B
E: As in 9:1:B
F: As in 9:1:B
LINE 2:Frame A: Kitchen and guardroom as seen from
I 49
Sutherland Dock.
I B: As in 9: 2:A
c: As in 9: 2:A
I D: As in 9: 2:A
E: As in 9: 2:A
I F: Section through remaining grain
silo.
I LINE 3:Frame A: As in 9:2:F
B: Gun slit in military guardroom.
I c: As in 9:3:B
D: As in 9:3:B
I E: As in 9:3:B
F: As in 9:3:B
I LINE 4:Frame A: As in 9:3:B
B: As in 9:3:B
I c: East internal elevation, NE cnr.
D: As in 9:4:C
I E: East internal elevation7detail
whitewash and paint finish.
F: As in '9: 4:E
I LINE 5:Frame A: Mortar bedding.
I B: As in 9:5:A
C: East internal elevation7wooden
I bracket inset to wall.
D: As in 9:5:C
E: East internal elevation7detail
I base of door north side.
F: As in 9:5:E
I LINE 6:Frame A: As in·9757 E central section.
I B: As in 9:6:A
C: As in 9:5:E upper section
D: As in 9.: 6:C
I E: As in 9:6:C NE cnr of door jamb
F: As in 9:6:E
I I 8.5 PLAT~10 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: Test exposure
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
50
B: East internal elevation~detail
central section door south side.
c: As in 10:1:B
D: East internal elevation NE cnr door
lintel.
E: As in 10:1:D
F: East internal elevation, detail of
patching on south side of door.
LINE 2:Frame A: As in 10:1:F
B: East internal elevation.
C: As in 10:2:B
D: As in 10~2:B with ranging poles.
E: As in 10:2:D
F: East internal wall NE cnr •.
LINE ~:Frame A: As in 10:2:F
B: East internal elevation~detail
timber plate on wall.
C: As in 10g3':B
D: As in 10:3:B SE cnr.
E: As in 10:3:D
F: North internal elevation,NE cnr
detailing large mortar patch.
LINE 4:Frame A: As in 10:3:F
B: Junction 'of· north and east internal
walls showing junction of timber
plates.'
C: As in 10:4:B
D: Northern internal window.
E: As in 10:4:D
F: Internal elevation of North window
with timber joinery still in place.
LINE 5:Frame A: As in 10:4:F
B: North internal elevation~metal spike
adjacent to window, west side.
C: North internal wall showing breach
for pipe.
D: As in 10:5:C
E: West internal doorway~detail of
evidence 'of former jamb.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------.-- --
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.6
LINE 6:Frame
51
F: As in 10:5:E
A: As in 10:5:F,detail of metal
frame.
B: As in 10: 6:A
C: As in 10~6:B,detail of base of metal
frame.
D: As in 10:6:C
E: West internal elevation7detail of
spikes and damage to stone on south
side of western door.
F: As in 10:6:E
LINE l:Frame A: Coping stone removed.
B: As in 11:1:A
C: NW cnr flagging.
D: As in 11:1:C
E: Metal door frame from west door
after removal.
F: As in 11:1:E
, LINE 2:Frame A: SW Cnr ,flagging7removed during
demoli tion.'
B: Coping stone removed (scale
interval 30cm)
c: Exterior south wall with footings?
D: As in 11:2:C
E: Detail of mortar in situ.
F: As in 11:2:E
LINE 3:Frame A: West external elevation.
B: Foundations to west of kitchen
annexe.
C: As in 11:3:B
D: West external wall NW corner7
detail of footings.
E: Detail of flagging.
F: As in 11:3:E
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.7
52
LINE 4:Frame A: West external elevation, SW cnr.
B: As in 11:4:A
C: West external elevation.
D: As in 11:4:C
E: As in 11:4:C
F: As in 11:4:C
LINE 5:Frame A: South wall in section during
demolition.
B: As in 11": 5:A
C: SE cnr south internal elevation.
D: As in 11:5:C
E: As in 11: 5:A
F:. As in 11: 5:A
LINE 6:Frame A: Test exposure.
B: South internal wall,sw. cnr showing
wall finish.
C: Fretting on east external elevation.
D: As in 11:6:C
E: South internal elevation, mortar in
situ.
F: As in 11:6:E
PLATE 12 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: Coping stone after removal showing
discolouration of exposed area.
LINE 2:Frame
B: Coping stone removed.
C: As in 12:1:B
D: Wedge cut into coping
E: As in 12:1:D
F: As in 12:1:D
A: As in 12:1:D
B: Metal spike inserted
stone.
C: As in 12:2:B
stone.
into coping
D: Timber wedge in stone block.
E: As in 12:2:D
F: As in 12:1:A
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.8
53
LINE 3:Frame A: Demolition of south corner of west
LINE 4:Frame
LINE 5:Frame
LINE 6:Frame
wall.
B: Mortar in situ on removed stone.
C: Wedge cut into block.
D: As in 12:3:C
E: Lintel removed of south window.
F: As in 12:3:E
A: Stone bloc1s:s being removed.
B: As in 12:4:A
C: South wall during demolition, SE
D: Demolition of south corner west
E: Western door during cQurse of
being blocked.
F: As in 12:4:E
A: As in 12:3:E
B: As in 12:5:A
C: As in 12:5:A
D: Coping stone removed.
E: As in 12:5:D
F: Wedge cut into coping stone.
A: Method of demolition.
B: As in 12:6:A
C: As in 12:6:A
D: As in 12:6:A
E: As in 12:6 :A
F: As in 12: 6:A
cnr.
wall.
LINE 1:Frame A: Ferry in dry 'dock.
B: As in 13:1:A
C: West facade guardroom.
D: As in 13:1:C
E: As in 13:1:C
F: Remains of verandah north of guard
room.
LINE 2:Frame A: As in 13:1:F
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
54
B: Parapet wall
c: As in 13:2:B
D: Removal of south section of west
wall.
E: South wall during demolition
looking east.
F: South wall SW cnr near end of
demolition.
LINE 3:Frame A: South side west wall in section
after demolition.
LINE 4:Frame
B: West wall elevation after
demolition.
C: Line of bricksout~ide south wall.
D: As in 13:3:C
E: Lead flashing after removal (scale
30cm)
F: As in 13:3:E
A: SW cnr near end of demoliti.on.
B: West wall in section after .-
demolition.
C: West wall elevation after
demolition.
D: SW cnr near end of demolition.
E: As in 13:4:D
F: Looking west along line of
demolition.
LINE 5:Frame A: Lower profile of building/north
elevation looking west.
B: As in 13:5:A
C: SW cnr at end of demolition.
D: As in 13:5:C
E: South wall near end of demolition.
F: As in 13:5:E
LINE 6:Frame A: SW cnr at end of demolition.
B: SE cnr dm:;ing demolition.
C: Wedge cut int_o block.
D: As in 13:6:C
E: IIpost hole ll at NE cnr. F: As in 13:6:E
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.9
55
PLATE 14 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: Line of new southern wall.
B: As in 14:1:A
C: As in 14:1:A
D: Flagging near hearth.
E: .As in-'14 ~ l':,D'
F: NE cnr flagging.
LINE 2:Frame A: Deposit under southern wall.
B: Pile of flag stones removed and
stacked. (Scale 30cm)
C: As in 14:2:B
D: Flagging removed and stacked (scale
30cm)
E: Line of new southern wall.
LINE 3:Frame A: SE cnr of building after
demolition and refacing.
B: Constructing new southern wall.
C: As in 14:3:B
D: Deposit exposed under souuhern wall.
E: As in 14:3:D
F: Line of bricks outside south wall.
LINE 4:Frame A: Deposit under flagging cleared to
cliff with flag still in place.
B: Looking down to cleared cliff.
C: Deposit exposed under flagging.
D: As in 14:4:C
E: SE cnr after demolition and facing.
F: SW cnr after demolition.
LINE 5:Frame A: Deposit exposed under flags.
B: As in 14:5:A (scale 30cm)
C: As in 14:5:A
D: As in 14:5:A
E: As in 14:5:A
F: As in 14:5:A
LINE 6:Frame A: SW cnr after demolition.
B: SE cnr after demolition.
C: As in 14:6:A
D: Deposit exposed under flags
------------------------------------------------~------------------------------- --_.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.10
56
E: As in 14:6:D
F: As in 14:6:D
PLATE 15 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: NE cnr flagging.
B: Central northern wall flagging.
C: As in 15:1:B
D: Flagging at eastern dooro
E: As in 15:1:D
F: Flagging in SE cnr showing lines
of wear.
LINE 2:Frame A: As in 15:1:F
B: Flagging at hearth.
C: As in 15:2:B
D: As in. 15 : 2 : B
E: As in 15:2:B
F: Flagging cut for line of new
southern wall.
LINE 3:Frame A: Cement cleared from trench at
LINE 4:Frame
LINE 5:Frame
guardroom wall. (Looking north)
B: As in 15:3:A
C: As in 15:3:A looking east.
D: As in 15:3:C
E: Rubble exposed in NE cnr (scale
30cm)
F: As in 15:3:E
A: Drain and paving exposed after
clearance. (Looking east)
B: As in 15:4:A·
C: As in 15:4:A
D: As in 15:4:A
E: As in 15:4:A looking north.
F: As in 15:4:E
A: Damp course and lower part of
guardroom exposed.
B: As in 15:5:A
C: As in 15:5:A
;--
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.11
LINE 6:Frame
57
D: Drain exposed looking east
(scale interval 30cm)
E: As in 15:5:D looking north
F: As in 15:5:E
A: Section (north) showing rubble
cement.
B: As in 15:6:A
C: As in 15:6:A
and
D: Damp course in east wall guardroom
E: As in 15:6:D
F: As in 15:6:D
PLATE 16 INDEX
LINE l:Frame A: Drain exposed looking south.
B: As in 16:1:A
C: Drain and paving from above.
D: As .in 16:1:C
E: As in 16:1:C
F: As in 16:1:C
LINE 2:Frame A: As in 16:1:C
B: As in 16:1:C
C: SW cnr of trench showing double
layer of cement.
D: As .in 16:2:C
E: New coping west wall.
F: As in 16:2:E
LINE 3:Frame A: SW corner after rebuilding.
B: Line of bricks outside south wall
C: As in 16:3:B
D: North and east elevations.
E: As in 16:3:D
F: As in 16:3:D
LINE 4:Frame A: New patches in purlin breaches
east elevation.
B: New patch NE cnr of building.
c 7~' " - -..
,-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
8.12
58
c: Flagging after removal of cement.
D: As in 16:4:D
E: As in 16:4:D
F: New pointing.
LINE 5:Frame A: Position of trench at guardroom.
B: Western doorway after filling.
c: "Posthole" in guardroom ,northern
corner.
D: Remaining line of "flags" between
guardroom and annexe.
E: As in 16:5:D
F: As in 16:5:A
LINE 6:Frame A: Fretting of stonework.
PLATE
LINE
B: Damp course exposed in guardroom.
c: South section of trench.
D: As in 16:6:C
E: South s,ection of trench
E: As in 16:6:E
17 INDEX
l:Frame A:
B:
C,:
D:
E:
F:
Lead
As in
As in
As in
Metal
As in
casing around spike roof plate.
17:1::A
17: l:A
17:1:A (scale 30cm)
spike in situ roof plate
17:1:E
LINE'2:Frame A: Nail in situ rQo~ plate.
LINE 3:Frame
B: As in 17:2:A
c: Window j oine'ry removed (scale 30cm)
D: As in 17:2:C showing dowell hole.
E: Saw marks on wood.
F: Timber p.1ate in situ
A: Line of nails around upper section
of wall.
B: As in ,17: 3:A
C: As in 17:3:A
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
D:
E:
F:
LINE 4:Frame A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
59
As in 17:3:A
Metal spike in situ.
As in 17:3:E
Part of c.1900 plan.
c.1900 plan.
Coping profile.
Timber plate in situ on wall
As in 17:4:D
As in 17:4:D
I I I I ,I
i I I I -I
I I I I I I I I I I
8.13
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
60
LIST OF PLANS
DESCRIPTION DATE
Detail Cockatoo 1845-57
Is. showing
improvements.
Cockatoo Island 1854
sketch.
Cockatoo Island, 1861
detail.
Island and its 1882
approaches, detail.
Permanent Survey,1882
detail.
Biloela,detail. 1882
Plan of Graving 1886
Docks, detail.
Water supply, 1889
detail.
Plan of graving 1892
docks, detail.
Plan of Biloela 1900 • Gaol.
Plan of dockyard 1912
detail.
Plan of dockyard 1914
detail.
Plan of island, 1915
detail.
Plan of water 1916
SOURCE
ML M3 811.15/C.Is.1857/1
Illustrated Sydney News,
June 17,1854.
Department Housing and
Construction plan room.
Department of H. and C.
plan No. NS 67/353
Lands Department plan
P 134-574 LR
Department of-H. and C.
plan No. NS 67/386.
ML Docks,Shipping and
and Engineering
Establishments.
Department of H. and C.
plan No. 67/355.
Department of H. and C.
plan No. NS 67/354
Department of Corrective
Services album.
Department of H.and C.
plan No. NS 67/362
Department of H.and C.
plan No.NS 67/363
Department of H.and.C.
plan No.NS 67/366
Department of H.and C.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
NO.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
DESCRIPTION
Plan of island
detail.
Site plan
Ground plan of
Annexe.
North elevation
East elevation
South elevation
West elevation
Section through
test trench.
Section under
flagging.
61
DATE SOURCE
plan No. NS 67/365.
1945 Cockatoo Island War
Record.
1981 Tender Document.
1981 Tender Document;
1981 Tender document.
1981 Tender Document.
1981 Tender Document.
1981 Tender Document.
1981 Thorp,W.
1981 Thorp,W.
I I 9.0
I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I
APPENDICES I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
9.0
~.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
62
LIST OF APPENDICES
Precis of Half-Yearly Reports Received by the
Colonial Secretary from the Colonial Engineer,
1839-1848.
Abstract of work to be PeFformed on the Kitchen
Annexe,1981 (From Tender Document NA.81/103)
Report-Inspection of Sandstone Masonry.·,Kitchen
Annexe,Cockatoo Island. G.S.Marsh.
Report on CocKatoo Island Mortar.
Dr. G.S.Gibbons.
Register of Artefacts Recovered.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
9.1
63
PRECIS OF HALF YEARLY REPORTS RECEIVED BY COLONIAL
SECRETARY FROM THE COLONIAL ENGINEER:-1839-1848.
OCTOBER 1839-MARCH 1840 (Bundle 4/2490.2)
Roof of prisoners barracks fixed and the wards, rooms
and passages fitted:walls of cookhouse built and
foundations laid of hospital and dining room:six
granaries excavated in the rock.
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1840 (Bundle 4/2490.2)
Cookhouse roofed in:walls built of hospital and
additional ward and mess shed and the building
roofed in:permanent workshops erected:wharf at east
end of island extended 150 feet:jetty carried out
to ten feet deep at low water and road to jetty
completed.
OCTOBER 1840-MARCH 1841 (Bundle 4/2529.4)
Interiors of hospital fitted as well as No.3 ward
andmess:extended wharf and jetty:eight silos
excavated:excavations begun on SE of island.
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1841 (Bundle 4/2529.4)
Eight silos complete and another six dug:ground
excavated for barracks at north end of island.
OCTOBER 1841-MARCH 1842 (Bundle 4/2571.2)
Completed six silos:Iaid foundations and built walls
of guard bouse and barrack for 56 soldiers:
excava,ted ground for cells and south wharf.
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1842 (Bundle 4/2571.2)
Guard house and barrack for 56 soldiers roofed in
and fitted up complete:ground excavated and
principal part of the material prepared for a range
of twelve solitary cells:site of proposed new
barrack excavated to six feet, rubble thrown out to
form south wharf.
I I I
i I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
64
OCTOBER 1842-MARCH 1843 (Bundle 4/2609.1)
A range 6f twelve solitary cells 8 x 5 feet each
with a loft over the whple built with IIjoggled ll
masonary and roofed:No.1 ward of prisoners . ,. . barracks cei~ed:site of proposed new barracks
excavated 5 feet and excavated stone thrown out
for wharf.
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1843 (Bundle 4/2609.1)
" , • r
Painted Superintendan~s quarters:built a limekiln:
made roaq through quarry:built walls round cells ,
and stone 'sentry box at No.6 post:raked out joints
and pointed military barracks:whitewashed prisoners
barracks.
OCTOBER'1843-MARCH 1844 (Bundle 4/2647.2)
Repair of many tools:cleared ground:repairs to
roads and water courses:cut flagging.
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1844 (Bundle. 4/2647.2)
Repair of tools:cleared ground:repairs to roads
and water courses:cut flagging:additions to
Superintendants quarters.
OCTOBER 1844-MARCH 1845 (Bundle 4/2726.1)
Primarily mending tools.
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1845 (Bundle 4/2726.1)
Primarily mending tools.
OCTOBER 1845-MARCH 1846, (Bundle 4/2726.1)
Minor repairs to buildings:repairs to tools.
APRIL-,SEPTEMBER 1846 (Bundle 4/2726.1)
Primarily mending tools.
OCTOBER 1846-MARCH 1847 (Bundle 4/2767.1)
Repairs to tools.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
65
APRIL -SEPTEMBER 1847 (Bundle 4/2767.1)
Repairs to tools.
OCTOBER 1847-MARCH 1848 iBundle 4/2802.2)
Repairs to tools.
I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
9.2
66
ABSTRACT OF WORK TO BE PREFORMED ON KITCHEN ANNEXE
1981 (FROM TENDER DOCUMENT NA.81/103)
DEMOLITION
Demolish southern wall and a section of the western
wall.
T·he stone blocks of the demolished walls to be
cleaned and stacked. To be used to construct the
dwarf walls and to build up the opening in the
western wall.
Demolish stone flagging (as indicated on plan) and
stack ,stones.
Remove cyclone wire fence between Annexe and Guard
room.
Remove concrete screed from stone flagging of Annexe
and space between it and guardroom.
Remove timber plate £rom stone coping.
Remove flashing and any relics of timber purlins
from eastern wall.
Remove timber frames of windows.
Remove any·metal spikes from joints of stonework.
RECONSTRUCTION
Build dwarf stone walls (as indicated on plan)
Build up opening in western wall and replace
damaged stone adjacent to opening.
Repoint existing joints in stonework where indicated.
Dress faces of stonework cut and exposed by
demolition work.
Repair coping on west wall by repalcing damaged
section with a section recovered from demolished
southern wall.
Repair hole in northern wall by. replacing a section
of stone 350mm wide.
Replace sections of timber removed from eastern wall
with sections of stone the same size.
Repair 'damaged corners of east elevation by replacing
damaged stones with new sections.
Replace damaged stone flagging with good flagging
recovered from demolition.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
67
In all repairs to stonework maintain the
continuity of the existing joints.
Facing of new stonework to match the existing
stonework.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
All materials used to conform to accepted tests
and standards.
Mortar to be weaker than the stone and to be such
as to avoid staining. Mortar to be lime mortar
1:4 lime putty-sand by volume.
Mortar used for repointing to be coloured to
relate to original work.
Weeds to be removed from floor •
Protection to be applied to stone coping (as
specified) •
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
9.3
68
REPORT-INSPECTION OF SANDSTONE MASONRY,KITCHEN
ANNEXE,COCKATOO ISLAND.
G.S.MARSH:ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSERVATOR
On November 17,1981 I inspected the ruins of a
section of the old prison buildings on Cockatoo
Island, Sydney Harbour,NSW which was undergoing
alterations and restoration for the Department of
Housing and Construction. My visit was on the
request of Ms W.Thorp,Archaeological Consultant
for the Department of Housing and Construction,
for the purpose of assessing the condition of the
building stone.
The Stone: The buildings appeared to be constructed
of the local sandstone i.e. quarried on the
island. Samples of stone were taken from waste
created by the removal of block,s of the stone by
masons during the alterations. The stone appears
to be a grey/white Hawkesbury sandstone (Triassic).
It contains a high percentage of quartz grains.
Grain size could be classified as Coarse (greater
than O·.5mm and less than 2.0mm:average size
between O.5mm and 1.0mm). It appears to contain
a signifi~ant amount of hematite which causes 'the
stone upon exposure to the atmosphere to act like
"yellow block" sandstone and oxidize to a light
yellow in colour,with a few small streaks of red
also found in a small number of blocks. Some
blocks appear to be fairly homogenous, while others
spowed'bedding.
The Mortar: The mortar appears to be a soft lime
mortar, made with roughly crushed sea shells. No
samples were taken.
Condition Report: The masonry is exposed to the
atmosphere on all sides, and the building has
lost its roof. The walls are well washed by the
rain and appear to be in good condition. Some areas
of stone~however,are badly stained by rust washing
off iron bars in the wirldow areas. The floors show
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
69
some exfoliation (flaking) due to poor drainage
of some sections of the interiors of the
buildings. The mortar appears to have acted as a
IIsacrificialll mortar, drawing the water away from
the ,stone and therefore undergoing more rapid
weathering than the surrounding blocks. This is,
in the long term" beneficial for the building
even though it calls for renewal of the damaged
mortar with mortar of a similar type at
periodic intervals.
------------~---------------------------------- -
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , I
I I
9.4
70
REPORT ON COCKATOO ISLAND MORTAR
DR G.S.GIBBONS
INTRODUCTION
A sample of shell lime from an external wall at
Cockatoo Island has been submitted by Ms W.Thorp
for examination and advice on likely age.
METHODS
In previous studies of early NSW mortars it has
been found useful to determine ratios of shell,
lime and sand as one characteristic of the material,
and to' study the sand type as a second characteristic.
Shell content is determined by visual estimation.
Total lime (including shells) is determined by
treatment w~th acid and weighing of, the residue
(i.e. with lime removed). Sand sizes are.determined
by sieving the residue, either wet or dry. Wet
seiving is more satisfactory with clay-rich sands,
and has been used for the present study.
Sand size analyses are expressed in terms of
percentage dry weight retained on each of a nest
of sieves. For ease of comparison,it is useful to
extract 2 or 3 generali'zed parameters to show
degree of similarity among such analyses. Most
distributions are unimodal,and for all these the
two most useful measures are one indicating the
centre of the distribution,and one indicating the
spread of sizes about this centre. In theory, the
moment mean and moment standard deviation are
ideal, but in practice they are difficult to
determine. For this reason it has been found most
useful to give the median as the centre measure,
and to indicate spread by a crude 11 pigeon-hole 11
classification. The median is the grain-diameter , for which grains larger and grains smaller are of
equal weight. Spread is designated NN (very narrow)
if 60 percent of grains fall in a single size
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
71
class (i.e. between some diameter x and 2x)~N
(narrow) if 50-60 percent are in one class~M
(medium) if there are less than 50 percent in
one class but more than 50 percent in two
adjacent classes (i.e. within diameter range
x to 4x). Class B (broad) applies if no range
x to 4x contains 50 percent or more.
RESULTS ----The mortar sample is of pale creamy-b~ff colour
with 10% shell fragments up to 12mm diameter. The
sample is physically sound and fairly hard. On
treatment with acid, the sample lost 53.6% of its
weight, indicating an initial mix by weight of
one lime to one sand to I-5th part shell. This
would represent approximately 3:3:1 proportions
by volume.
Size analyses of constituent sand gave the following
results:
>1 mm 1.1%
0.5 mm 6.0%
0.25mm 68%
0.125 mm 14%
0.062 mm 3.7%
< 0.062 mm 6.7%
The median size is 0.33 mm, and the grading spread
is very narrow (there being more than 60% by weight
of the sand in a single class size).
Sand of this type has been previously found in
old mortars, and is typical of the period from 1830-
1850. The relatively high mortar content is
consistent with these dates, and suggests that a
date earlier than 1830 is unlikely. However,use of
shell aggregate with a variety of sand types
continued in external walls well after 1850 in the
Sydney area, so this iatter age limit is less
certain.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
72
REGISTER OF ARTEFACTS RECOVERED/COCKATOO ISLAND.1981.
A. GLASS
NO. AREA
G001 Annexe:under wall in
extreme SW corner.
G002 Annexe-Guard Room.
Test Trench in the
depression between the
drain and paving.
B. CERAMIC
POOl As in G002
P002 As in G002
C. METAL
M001 As in G002
M002 As in G002
M003 As in G002
D. SHELL AND FAUNAL
FOOl As in G002
F002 As in G002
DESCRIPTION ---------Fragment of bottle base.
Olive with high kick
base (75mm). Grog.
One small fragment of
dark green bottle •
One small fragment
earthenware. Transfer
printed mid blue floral
pattern.
One fragment 35mm extant
of clay pipe stem and
mouthpiece.
One piece badly rusted
metal fragment. May be
part of knife blade.
One miscellaneous piece
metal. Cup handle?
Window fitting?
One miscellaneous~p±ece
of metal. Use unknown.
Cf. Plate No.18
Five miscellaneous bone
fragments. Unidentifiable.
Three miscellaneous shell fragments. Oyster.
"~--
I I 10.0
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PLATES
I
73
I I I I I I I I I ·1 I I _. ,.. .... '
I .... ~/ ,
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I PLATE NO.1 1881-9: Sutherland Dry Dock.
I
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PLATE NO.2 1881-9: Detail Plate No.1.
I I I I I I,
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, .l I I I I I
!
PLATE NO.3 c.188S: Power House and Kitchen.
I I I
I I I
76
PLATE NO.4 c.1885: Detail of Plate No.3.
I' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I ':'~: :":",
5.1:.,:' .,. . . .:
' . . ' '.,' .' ,
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I PLATE NO.S 1908: Main entrance to Biloela Gaol.
I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I
PLATE NO.6 ------- 1974: Southern side of kitchen annexe.
I N
PLATE NO.7 1981: Separate index.
I N
PLATE N8.8 1981: Separate index.
I t-...
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PLATE NO.9 1981: Separate index.
I
PLATE NO.1a 1981: Separate index.
If)
PLATE NO.11 1981: Separate index.
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~I PLATE NO.12 1981: Separate index.
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PLATE NO.14 1981: Separate index.
11
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I rill ~, HI 1981: Separate index.
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~I PLATE NO.16 1981: Separate index.
"--------- .-------- - ----~ ~
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PLATE NO.1 1981: Separate index.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
M 003
P 002
KITCHEN ANNEXE, COCKATOO ISLAND
NOVEMBER 1981
90
-. M 002
•
G 001
PLATE NO.18 ARTEFACTS
SCALE 1:1 W. THORP
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
~~~~~--------------~.--- - -
ni. -11-:./ . .(
;,I~<t:i:
NAILS USED IN ROOF PLATES
91
KEY
1 SPI KE
2 TIMBER PLATE
3 INNER LEAD LINING
4 OUTER LEAD LINING • g
5 WEDGE
6 COPING STONE
~ ..
6
DIAGRAMATlC REPRESENTATION OF SPIKES USED TO SECURE
flMBER PLATES TO COPING STONES NOT TO SCALE
KITCHEN ANNEXE, COCKATOO ISLAND
NOVEMBER 1981
PLATE NO. 19 ELEMENTS OF CONSTRUCTION
SCALE 1:1 W.THORP
I I 11.0
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PLANS I
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PLAN NO.1 1845-57: Detail of s~rvey map.
I I I I I· I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
PLAN NO.2 1854:
93
Sketch by J.Thomas,engineer (redrawn)_
"I I I I I I I I I I '~
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P'LAN NO.3
94
\ ./
1861: Detail plan of island.
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PLAN NO.S 1882: Detail survey plan.
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Detail plan of Biloela.
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PLAN NO.7
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1886: Detail plan of graving docks.
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plan of ly water supp •
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PLAN NO.9 1892: Detail plan of graving docks.
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PLAN NO.l0 c.1900:
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PLAN NO e 11
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1912 Detail plan of government dockyard.
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PLAN NO.12
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Detail plan of naval dockyard.
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I PLAN NO.13 1915: Detail plan of island.
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PLAN NO.14 1916: Detail plan of water mains.
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PLAN NO.15 1945: Detail plan of island.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
NOTE TO PLANS 16-21
These have been adapted from those found in the
Specification NA 81/103.
I I I , I 1\ I .1 I I I I I 'I I
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KITHEN AN~JEXE,
COCKATOO ISLAND NOVEMBER 1981
107
I I I I
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PLAN NO.16· SITE. PLAN
SCALE 1:100· w. TH ORP
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108
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KITCHEN ANNEXE, COCKATOO ISLAND
NOVEMBER 1981
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I I I I I " I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
109
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KITCHEN ANNEXE ( PLAN NO. 18
COCKATOO ISLAND NORTH ELEVATION
NOVEMBER 1981 SCALE 1:50 W. THORP
".- :.'
;
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KITCHEN ANNEXE, COCKATOO ISLAND
NOVEMBER 1981
110
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PLAN NO 19 EAST ELEVATION
SCALE 1:50 W,THORP
I I I I 1\ I 1 1
:1 I
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I I I I . I
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KIT C HEN ANN E X E, COCKATOO ISLAND
NOVEMBER 1981
111
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PLAN NO. 20 SOUTH ELEVATION
SCALE 1:50 W.THORP
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PLAN NO. 23 SECTION KITCHEN FLAGGING
SCALE 1-·1 W.THORP
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