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Symptoms include:Chlorotic (yellow) needles
Stress cone cropReduced height growth
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Armillaria root disease
caused by A. ostoyae
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Armillaria ostoyae A. mellea
A. gallica A. nabsnona A. gemini A. calvescens
A. cepistipes XI A. sinapina NABS IX, X
Causal Agents:
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Symptoms and signs:- Resin on the bark surfac- white mycelial fan
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Armillariaroot rot
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Species susceptibility to A. ostoyae
Severely damaged Moderately damaged Seldom damaged
East-side Douglas-fir
Grand fir
White fir
West-side Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Lodgepole pine
Western white pineSugar pine
Pacific silver fir
Noble fir
Subalpine fir
California red firWestern hemlock
Mountain hemlock
Engelmann spruce
Sitka spruce
Western redcedar
Western larch
Incense cedar
Port Orford cedar
l d d f l d
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De-laminated wood of laminated root rot
Ph lli s i ii b k f i f t d t
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Phellinus weiriion bark of infected root
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Ectotrophicmycelium
Setal hyphae(red whiskers)
F itb d f Ph lli s i ii
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Fruitbody of Phellinus weirii
S ibili l i d
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Susceptibility to laminated root rot:Highly susceptible:
Douglas-fir
Grand firMountain hemlock
Intermediately susceptible:Subalpine fir
Western larchTolerant:
Lodgepole pineWestern white pine
Resistant:Ponderosa pine
Western redcedar
Immune:All hardwoods are immune
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Annosus root disease
Heterobasidion annosum
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Spores of asexual form of H. annosumon infected wood
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Annosus root diseasefound on all
western conifers
Primary concern is on:
-true fir (s-type)-hemlock (s-type)-pine (p-type)
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I f ti i t t
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Infection in a root system:
Infectionl
evel
Years since infection
death decaytotal rootcolonization100%
Armillaria
Phellinus
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Control strategies include: Reducing inoculum
- < 30% slope- low hazard for mass wasting, erosion, compaction, etc.
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1977 1987
19922002
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Severely damaged Moderately damaged Seldom damagedEast-side Douglas-fir
Grand fir
White fir
West-side Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Lodgepole pine
Western white pine
Sugar pinePacific silver fir
Noble fir
Subalpine fir
California red fir
Western hemlockMountain hemlock
Engelmann spruce
Sitka spruce
Western redcedar
Western larch
Incense cedar
Port Orford cedar
Control strategies (cont.):- Alternate species
*no difference in susceptibility in trees less than 15 years old
St t i ( t )
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Wildfire:
- has little effect on belowground Armillariasp.- may displace fire-intolerant hosts
Strategies (cont.);
Strategies (cont );
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Strategies (cont.);- Fertilization
*Nitrogen - may delay symptoms*Potassium alters root phenol:sugar
St t i ( t )
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Strategies (cont.):- Chemical agents
*effectiveness demonstrated on single stumps.*curatives likely uneconomical.
Other strategies:
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- Biological control
Hypholoma fasciculare
Other strategies:
*Operational effectivenessnot yet proven.
*Inadequate delivery.*No agents yet registered.
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Stan
ddevelop
ment
Chemical control with
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Chemical control withSporax
R
or Tim-BorR
recommended on:
-dry pine sites-all true fir sites-mixed conifer siteswhere true fir is favored
Minimum stump size fortreatment is ca. 10 inches
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Compares:- future stand conditions
and productivity.
- effects of inoculum onmanagement objective
- effects of silvicultural
prescriptions.
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