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Page 1: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

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Cycle of Interplate Earthquake Along the Sagami Trough,

Deduced from Tectonic Geomorphology

Masanobu Shishikura*

Active Fault Research Center, GSJ/AIST

Abstract

A tectonic geomorphological study is one of the best methods of evaluating the timing and the

crustal deformation of pre-historic earthquake. To reveal the cycle of interplate earthquakes along

the Sagami Trough, I investigated the emerged shoreline topography and the fossilized sessile

assemblages in the Miura Peninsula and the Boso Peninsula. The distribution pattern of coseismic

vertical displacement during the +1*- Genroku Kanto Earthquake inferred from the height distribu-

tion of the paleo-shoreline suggests that the fault source model consists of a dual fault system of the

Fault A and B. Fault A is also the source of the +3,- Taisho Kanto Earthquake. The geometry and

ages of the emerged shoreline topography divided into several levels indicate that the characteristic

earthquake generated from Fault A has occurred about every .** years. One of several events, it is

accompanied with a slip of Fault B, which has a recurrence interval of ,***�,1** years.

Key words : tectonic geomorphology, paleo-shoreline, recurrence interval, Sagami Trough, Kanto

Earthquake

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!"�#�$%&'�()*�+ �,-./0123�4567�89:;�<=�>)? �@������A()-B5+ C�DE +*-������>)FGEHI+�,-.��HI�J&�)FGE�K)?LM+NOPOQ��A()2R�S�-B5+ � ���TU<VWXY�����C�D&7=FG��+ �,-.�Z@+ �[[�\6]�^_`ab��c�J&�def�()FG�+ TUgh9-Bijk�&���@()FGE�K)? �lm+ �nSopqY�r�n+ �n-B5+ ��9[��s���+ �A�DE�t ++.�GuvXweY) xyz+ +331 ; {|�+ ,**-

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<�+ �nSopG��@+ p����n2R�SENOP���SopqY�5+ +3,-����r-B xM1.3~ E�A�eY)E+ �w��@�[0@��w)2R�S�-B5+ +1*-����r-B xM 2.,~ ��9IxFig. +~+ [���OM�U ��5��@59�eY9Y? ���+ �r-BE$����U ��A�eKM�>��GY�fl5+ �;�9}-.0��&�@ I��'�XweKM x¡!+ +3,0 ; Sugimura and

Naruse+ +3/.+ +3//9}~? �r-B�C�D5+ ��G����� ,,*��>)FG��+ ,**¢-**�%£GY�¤¥EHI x¦§+ +3119}~+ 6]� GPSb��@T)¨©k��©2ªb���uvXwMC�D7 ,**¢.**��>) x«¬+ +332~? ���+ �,-.��¥"7�wMC�D5+ FwL�­® x+32/~ E�t 2**�+ ¯" x+333~ E /**¢0**�G��0°I+-±#$/0uvG�,-./0uv���²³©2E

* e-mail : [email protected] x´-*/�2/01 µ¶·=Im¸r +�+�+¹º» 1~

- B � � % Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst.

Univ. TokyoVol. 12 x,**-~ pp. ,./�,/.

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Page 2: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

���� ��������������� �� ��������������������������� � !"�#$ �% �&'�()*+,-��./0123�45�������6����7��1������,4891�:� �;<�=���>?���@A��B91�CDA�� %�EF�GH�I,J��� �K/<� ��L/�������M$NOP��QRS,TU91� LV� @A��W�XY/�1�Z��D��[��Z��� \�����,��]� � ^�,�������������_`���^� abQc�Z��de1� f�� !"� �����g�h#i��!"�()*+,j. � ^�$k��� �����#$ l�Z��j%91�

,� +3,-���������� �������mFDA/<�&no'p�(q�rwave-cut benchs�tu�1)v����wi���1� @A/����W�%x1�� ���<�C � y�D�_�*. �z{�1� \������|��N�=�� >?���@A/}D+��C~��%x� r��� +3,/s����C(q�<\�)*��tu���1� ,��-. r+3,0s Miyabe r+3-+s �M1�����������/<� �=��/.��>?��� \��0/����1��/�\1 , m��W����������

����1 rFig. ,s� \�)*��23O�<D�����W-,4� �|$� ��u�=��/</5/�NO�� )�D�_ ,m'p�23 � 6��J�� ����7�1������1� ����� ��M6�Z��D�,�9��,�M$�� ^�O�,�e�u� !"����86����,9�/0� i��$k������u!"�()*+�:;,<1���/01���u�$/<�� &no�%�91%��EFN=y�>�!"�D�[�; r�?�[�s /�1�@���(�An/�1����*�� rPomatoleios

Kraussiis <� BC&�'p/m �F¡g��,¢��£D � E¤ �%�91����� �?�[�� ��F/�1 r¥¦2�� +321s� \������§��W � EFE �����*��<� ~¨/Nm /M�©ª91���/01� ^�O�23<\�)*��!"�� �������W-��G�/�1�

-� +1*-���������� �������<� «H�h¬i��I­�z®3����� \������!"�¯J+°±@�,�²�91³´R+n��/����µ�����1 r¶·K2�� +3113s� ����W�86}D+��C~�N¸L¹�h¬i���1�� ������-�^�23<� ��h#���k/����:M�/�1�

Fig. +. Epicenters of the Kanto Earthquakes along the Sagami Trough.

Locations of the epicenters are based on Utsu (+333). Contour interval of

bathymetric chart is +**m.

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Page 3: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

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-�+ ���������� ��������� !"#$%&'()*+, , -�

./0�1234 ���56�7�,�89�:+.*;+.0m 6�7�, ,.*;,.0m�<� =Fig. ->� 56�7��?@ABCDEFGHI��JAB7��<�� 6�7���4K�L�MEFGH�E�A�N��OPQ4�NB=R�ST +322>� ATA ��� U�VW,�X YW��AT�B� ���AMS

���+.C UZ�[\�B��] 03*;1/* yr BP�N^ U,�Q4B =_`�ab ,**+ a>� KB AD+3,- �c�AB�OPQ4�56�!"#$%&'()�+.C U[d� 9�e(fgf U�Ghi[j�kR�l[�mAB��] kRn+/3o,+ ���B=_` ,**->� �4��p 6�!"#$%&'()�qD� �AD+00-;+21, ���� ri��,CsN, AD+00- tu�v/'w[jA�N����xy�<�� z{IUtu�CGH��|��S}74�X~�34�N��OPQ4�, �������[�^�^��� H�[7-GH�AD+1*- �MEFGHt����BQ�N� AB,��6�#$%&'(),MEFGHI��� �JAB�������N�NP���� , -�./0�!"#$%&'()� 6�

TQ56�[iA�NB�� MEFGHI������4tu CDEFGH�?K�� ,,* ��GH�� !�[���Bwf�0� ![j�� ����"#�v'�f�v��$�� !� $������� .* ����~�� ��d��� �8

-.*/ mm� ����uA�N����34�N�=Ozawa et al., +331>� ��M�CD�GH��7%&���<�B��4� ,,* ����� *.1m�uAB������ � ��� ,'�!"#$%&'()��, *.2m�1234B=Fig. ->��TQ MEFGHI�����( +./m�¡¢34� CDEFGHI�S}%£�<�B����s�� �������¤�¥G¦�7���[��AB��] N§47 +.*;+./m� CDEFGH�%&�)¨��©!AB��,*QT���B =_`�ab ,**+ a>� ��ST �J+ª�7 , «,¬A��p !"#$%&'()����­-®� , ¯��Jv/'w,S}%£����<�B��[j��t:�°±TQ �����MEFGH�CDEF

GH�S}%£G² ![��B�°.��Q4��-�, ���������� �/³���� ´µST =+31.> ,��������

56�«¶� =CD/'·[¸X> �-N� �4,M

Fig. ,. Coseismic vertical displacement during the +3,-

Taisho Kanto Earthquake, based on a re-leveling of

benchmarks. Contours are in meters. Compiled from

Geophigical Survey Institute (+3,0) and Miyabe (+3-+).

Fig. -. Two levels of fossilized sessile assemblages

(Pomatoleios Kraussii) in Jogashima, the Miura Penin-sula. M.S.L. : mean sea level. Scale bar is gradu-

ated in +* cm.

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Page 4: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

������������� ��� �������� �� ���������� !�"#���$��%&��' (�)*+,��-��.���/012�3 (�45' �6 �789������:;��<���2�=�>�%��$2��3 ?@�%AB��C�DE�FC�����7' �G��H������3 �7I8�J +** m�K' �LM1NO'��,�>,�=��%' PQR� �+31.� >STU�N��89����.NK1�<>8V�2�=��W�U�=�>�V� �Fig. .�3 ���$>%' ?@�ABNK��7' X��YZ��[U�\1�K' ]&�����3^B �+333� 7���_ ��Q`��F�' PQR� �+31.� ��a������>' � b�!cd"XGef����%g' ������:h�U�������=���%����3 �%�=��i�7'������hj�kE+�#l�$���mn�%oU�=��' p�qr>st��=�>u�2�3 v�' X��1��.�p��N�&��wx>�W�YZ� �� �yz'R�' +311�3 ��>2���{�X��|}�%g' ��>������.�p~�����% �3 (#���Q:��1' ��d�)�F�����>���$�=�>�%��$2��^B' ,***�3 *��)�7' �Q�(#�p~���+M>,�3,����FC�����-.�7' �.�FC�&�Y/�%' ,./1 mm�!����p~������% �� �Ozawa et al., +331�3 =���-�V' ���)*+,��%������.�,������;���a�� �Fig. /�3 (�45' 89����.�78VO�$K' �60���1 0 m��<��Q'�)�� + m���p~�2�������2�=

�>�%��$2�3-�- ����������:;�45�-�' ��������������U����b�&���3 ==�7���+M���k��D���b�FFN(�����u�'Manshinha and Smylie �+31+� �-����� ¡��3¢£��¤3�7' 89����R¥(t�<¦§¨©���=��%' -4G�89����.�(t�b>�����% �3 (=�' Ando �+31.� �89�����ª«¬�5�' ¢£����<����b�Fault A��­a�� �Fig3 0�3 �®7 -*¯�°±²³�> 0.1 m���3 ´6' ,����7�6 �8V��<��Q' �)�p~�2����µ¶$��·U=��%' ,����� �`¸¹�b>������% �3 =��b� Fault B��º��k��D��­a��3 �®7 ,*¯�°±²³�> +, m���3Matsuda et al. �+312� ���ª«¬1,�����

Fig. .. Two levels of emerged wave-cut benches in Kenbutsu, the Boso Peninsula.

Fig. /. Coseismic vertical displacement during the +1*-

Genroku Kanto Earthquake, deduced from height

distribution of paleoshoreline. Contours are in meters.

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Page 5: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

���������� �� 1*�������� ��������� ���� ��!�"#�$�%�&��'(�������� )�'*+,�-� �.��� /0� 12')�'�3��4�5���67��89:�;��� <= �>���?����

.� ��������� �����������@ABC�DB'12� � E�C�F'"GH� I�JK2"LCM�NOP�QR;��S�T�'"L��U����� VWX�Y Z[�P���-* m\�!�U&� ]9;'^_�-�� `� Imamura a+3,2b Cc� a+3,3b �� E�de"GC�Fde"G'Pf�"G'g����M�Phij�k'lm� L^R9J�f5n�o��� pq�r�j�]'5n� �st��;u� vw'`"G'x��yz�-�� {|�}~;9��J�

.�+ ������������� �!��@AB� � E�de"GP��'�����d��J IK2"L � �� a+32,b �P�� ���������:9 -�'K^����xR9�� ��' I�� � �S�;�9�9 0,***yr BP� .,0**yr

BP� -,+**yr BP���R9� ���F�P�� 1,*** cal

yr BP� /,-** cal yr BP� -,0** cal yr BP��� ����12'"LCM�NO'���<��(�� ]9;'���p��Q��'�����kK��C����+�+./ m'����t�=������]���;���tJ a����0� ,**+bb� �9�9'���'��, �!������ ]9; ��j�k�'�R I�����hij�M?��J]��o��� &�s�@AB� � E�� �Fde"G�T�Y'�k� f"G�� �;g����M���J�5n;9� ���� IK2"L'¡�¢4�£O¤�,'"L��]��;� +¥'�]¦����' I���§�&� ¨t���

.�, "#����������� �!���DB� � E�de"G��Fde"G�"#3©�$'��ª«¬����]��;� ­®¡�a+31.b � '"G�QE�¯"G��F¯"G' ,-'«�°���f5n�o�J� ]9 IK2"L'��L±�;�x&]������DB²³!12'´µ¶K2�� � E���Q·~�.������aFig. 1 ; Sugimura and Naruse,

+3/. ; Yonekura� +31/ ; ¸®� +312 ; ¹®¡�� +32*b�

Fig. 0. Fault source model of the +1*- Genroku Kanto Earthquake. Contours are

theoretical vertical displacements in meter.

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Page 6: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

��� -��������� ���������� ���������� !"#$�%&� $'&(�)*+�,-!./01�23&'14 5�6� 78�9: ;+320< ($'&����=>?@�A&�B%"CD��-! ,E-��C��F�GH#$��I014 $'&�C�(JKLMN���� !"#$�%&� JK)*+�,OPQRCA"STG./01���23&'!"# ;Fig. 2<4 UV % ;+32*<(� �)*+�WX01 .������%&Y�E���Z[�\��+.C]^_`�ab"!�Y�E���./]^�5'c'Y�� : 0,+/* yr BP� Y�� :.,-**yr BP� Y�� : ,,2/*yr BP�de014 5�6�

fg % ;+333< ��-!]^QK�hiA'1jk�Y�� : 1,+/* cal yr BP� Y�� : .,3/* cal yr BP� Y�� : ,,3/* cal yr BP�l-1 ;Fig. 1<4 01�-!�)*+�mnop( ,,***E,,1**]�qr&'#4 st� JK)*+�u"!(� WXv#�s�s�����w�� xyz{|�*��1r]^}`�~0"$�%&� $'�G5�]^(��G�-14

-�,�G��01������W�*+�,O*����� ;Fig. /< �� JKW�*+���� ;Fig. ,<��P�#�� �� JK��ST01*� ;�����<���G���l��JKGST01*� ;x�<��G��0� JKGST01*� ;�V< � -u�*

Fig. 1. Paleo-shorelines on Nishikawana, the southernmost part of the Boso Peninsula. Aerial

photo contributed by Chiba Historical Material Research Foundation.

Fig. 2. Schematic geomorphic profiles of Holocene lowlands in the Boso Peninsula. G : emerged area

during the Genroku-type event. T : emerged area during repeated Taisho-type events. Modified

from Shishikura and Miyauchi (,**+).

�� K�

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Page 7: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

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g����� +*����=>�h��;� ?LiD BR-I9X�jk@ 3�lmXD>��n�o���CI1��1pq���rD>1�� s8i� BR-X�%&AB�(*�:5 !"� Li� BR-I9 IX�BR-X�tu�H3�vw�l�x ����D��;y�y��� %&AB�(�����4�CE :5������ V�� +*���;�sLi�z{|�:=��}~����W� S1/�� ++��%&'�(���D�r�����3Z����;�:������d��W� ����}������������� !����E� ?��t�,**+@� ;-����'w1�����i����'������� ���"� ¡¢H"£#1¤3�lmXD>��¥¦§9¨��©ª$��%5� #�g�&�����«¬5�e�©ª$�©ª�� ?Fig. +*@� #5 �>D�^�©ª$�'E ����(­$¢H"®¯�� )°��%��� V��;3�� *���#¢H"±£��i�(­��'E ©ª5 ���²���=>�� ©ª$�+.C���³´�+�1¤D�:}~������µ¶5���·� 0,2-*90,1,* cal yrs

BP¸N�/,-**9/,*0* cal yrs BP¸e�S1/��-��#�¹=D�S1/�� -�� #5 -,-**9-,+** cal

yrs BP��)5� ¸N� ,,-+*9,,,-* cal yrs BP¸e�

Fig. 3. Seismotectonics model in each area around the Sagami

Trough. G : Timing of the Genroku-type Earthquake. d : rela-

tive vertical displacement. t : time.

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Page 8: CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough ...˘ˇˆ * CycleofInterplateEarthquakeAlongtheSagamiTrough, DeducedfromTectonicGeomorphology MasanobuShishikura* ActiveFaultResearchCenter,GSJ/AIST

+�� +,-** cal yrs BP�� 3** cal yrs BP��������� ��������� ������������������ � !"�#$ +%, m&�'(�) *�� +,-��. &� �������*��/0"123������456789:;�<��"=>�?@������A���B) C� DEF"<G'�HIJK� ����DE �(�&�"LM$(��N� OP$+QR� ST" )U��*'��B�

0� �������VW��'�X�Y+,YZ[L \Fault A] "�^�_`a�b�a�c� X�dC+,d B`�e���R� Z����$fc��ZaB� g��\Fig. 3]� h���i��'�� fc��Z��."j�� +�"kl \m�!n ,,***%,,1**�] '�����"opq[L \Fault B] $�Q� X�d rA���^$Z� ������ ��$`asto�"�u� v*�wxy�������� Fault A"z$�B�{+,d g���.'(� \Fig. 3]� |}c� B~��-��."m�!n@����l� X�d'(��v"�� sto�"�u� v"��@l~�aw�����A���B� )��"�� ��v"��@��� ����������i������"��3�

�b� "-�@���"$ Fig. ++'(�� �J'���� Q"�:;6�� �u<G��"���(�$� ��$��*'�B����@��� �b��X�d +,d"�B@�!3�"B�Y"'(c� ��"�y���3��#��B� )"��_� �u����"m�!n�h�'��R� -,***%+,-** cal yr BP������!"!n$�*`�_��z��� �*��)"��$"�<� rA�� + , m&�"456789:;�<"��$(`� ����aB�¡¢ h£�� \¤%¥*� +33*]� |}c<o�¢��u��� $� �"�"<"�¦�_c§¨y�� ©ª���N� ����"��@BR|*«& �aB�¬'F$(�� �­3(®")B /,***%-,*** cal yr BP

�"¢!'«� � m�!n�*¯+ .**� «EY���� +,-** cal yr BP�°±� X�-��.}'"����'«aYm�!n�+ .**�'(��)"¥*� sto� #^"HIJ#� \�# +/./

m] @+,-��.¡"�b� \+..m] '²,,³�aY-"*¯m�!n"´$.����  #^HIJ"�u��@ 0,2**��� �� � /¡"<�ST_cY ,%-m&�#*`� \Endo et al. +32,] ) *��STµ®�aB����b"²,� +,./%+-./ m'(�� �.!"¶±�� �·"0)"¶±¸� \,./1mm��] @1B� � 0,2**�!"2E' +1./m&�¶±�

Fig. +*. Schematic cross-section of geology and geomorphology in the Iwai Lowland. + : terrestrial deposit, , : aeolian

deposit, - : beach ridge deposit, . : backshore deposit, / : foreshore deposit, 0 : shoreface deposit, 1 : marine clay, 2 :

bedrock, 3 : location of radiocarbon sample (number means cal yrs BP), +* : location of archaeological site. Modified

from Shishikura et al. (,**+).

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%����.�/0 ,,-**�� +� !"�����Q�_��� +,m����� ��4�<�� /.,mm���D��D{�>KLM�?� I�B��J;�KLM�NO�@���r��=� ��AB����B=�3����B� X�� C�8%���� !"�23�4,��D��� q�E�F���G���8��r%�H%��� XjB{|=��B,�D��B���+��

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� Ando, M., +31., Seismo-tectonics of the +3,- Kanto earth-

quake, Jour. Phys. Earth, ,,, ,0-�,11.

Endo, K., K. Sekimoto and T. Takano, +32,, Holocene stra-

tigraphy and paleo-environments in the Kanto Plain, in

relation to the Jomon Transgression, Proc. Inst. Natural

Sciences, Nihon Univ., ,+, -1�/..

Oc ª�U-V«W�¬6XY�Z­®8�[¯°±�+333� \ ]^�²³]^�´µ_¶·����`ab�c� d¸¹lm� -2� .+�/2.

Fig. ++. Timing and relative coseismic uplift of repeated Kanto Earthquakes. Open

rectangle enclosed with dotted line means +.C age samples were not obtained.

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Imamura, A., +3,2, On the seismic activity of Kwanto dis-

trict, Jour. Astronomy Geophysics, /, +,1�+-/.

����� +311� +1*-�������������� �������� � ���� �� ,�� -*� -03�-1..

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>+,-� +333� ��4�A./)�0B��HI�JIK� <=,-� -2� /,/�/-+.

Mansinha, L. and D. Smylie, +31+, The displacement fields of

inclined faults, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 0+, +.--�+..*.

%5��� +32/� �LM��NO4� PQ�R� 1� .1,�.11.

%5���-56S�T7UV�8�9:� +31.� ������ �+1*-�� ���;,-� WX<Y�=+Z�> [���?����C12\ : +1/�+3,� �H]KG

Matsuda, T., Y. Ota, M. Ando and N. Yonekura, +312, Fault

mechanism and recurrence time of major earthquakes

in southern Kanto district, Japan, as deduced from

coastal terrace data, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 23, +0+*�+0+2.

%5���@^A��%�_B�`� C�D5�'��aEF�b� c�%dGS�H^I:�HJ<K�%eLf� +322� gMdNO �PQ�h� �iRj �kSlmnoT 1,***���UVpq�r ,����1sm� �t����,-WX�� 0-� ,� +./�+2,.

Miyabe, N., +3-+, On the vertical earth movements in

Kwanto districts, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo

Univ., 3, +�,+.

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Ozawa, S., M. Hashimoto and T. Tada, +331, Vertical crustal

movements in the coastal areas of Japan estimated

from tidal observations, Bull. Geogr. Surv. Inst., .-, +�,+.

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rs� ��,-WX�� +� 0/�02.

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Sugimura, A. and Y. Naruse, +3/., Changes in sea level,

seismic upheavals, and terraces in the southern Kanto

region, Japan (�), Jap. Jour. Geol. Geogr., ,., +*+�++-.

«¬F^K� ,**-� ­.�g&�®����� �t������0*/�G

«¬F^K���F?K�%J¯�� +311� �����b�������� 0,�� ���°�®±�²�³9��²��}� 3�G

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»5¼�S� +312�������'�A./)'0BNO4�� �!"� /+� -.3�-0..

Yonekura, N., +31/, Quaternary tectonic movements in the

outer area of Southwest Japan with special reference to

seismic crustal deformations, Bull. Dept. of Geogr. Univ.

of Tokyo, 1, +3�1+.

¡4 ¯� +3,3������b�)'0B ������ �!"�/� ++3�+,0.

�Received June ,1, ,**-��Accepted September +1, ,**-�

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