MIPv6 based multiple mobile routers for Cognitive
Network- a review
School of computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology
Gajendra Kumar
final year, School of computing,
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology
Danish Ahmad
final year, School of computing,
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology
Abstract
One of the most important features of internet protocol (IP) is to
achieve ubiquity in the internet
which can be accessed from anywhere without the user facing
difficulties. NEMO (Network Mobility)
aims at providing mobility in the network to a moving device. This
paper aims on MIROC (Mobile
IPv6 Route Optimization for Cognitive Radio Network) using multiple
routes in a cross-layer design
to overcome the problems present in NEMO basic support protocol by
applying RO (Route
Optimization) in CNS (Cognitive Network System)),
Keywords: Network Mobility (NEMO), MIROC (Mobile IPv6 Route
Optimization for Cognitive
Radio Network), CNS (Cognitive Network System), RO (Route
Optimization)
INTRODUCTION
Network mobility is defined as the seamlessness of a device when it
moves
from one home network to another network, that means when a node
moves
from one network to another the user should not experience
any
disturbance.Network mobility is an internet standard protocol
defined in RFC
5177 for allowing session continuity for each node in a mobile
network.As in
this technology prominent worldinternet access has become more
ubiquitous,
demand tosupport for mobility is not bounded to a single terminal
anymore.In
mobility the main concern is to route the data packet to the mobile
node even if
it is not in its home network., which is done by assigning some
sort of address
to the mobile node which adds up the problem. There are other
problems like
route optimization, pinball problem, handoff latency, triangular
routing, security
issues, reverse tunnelling etc.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119
No. 16 2018, 2919-2938 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url:
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue
http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
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Cross layer design [1-5] enables the layers of an OSI model to
transfer the data
of one layer to other making the communication more interactive.
CRN
(Cognitive Radio Network) [19] is more like an intelligent network
technology
which can evaluate the present conditions of the network and can
change its
behaviour accordingly to maximize the throughput. Use of multiple
routes [6-7]
can also reduce the packet loss rate in CRN. With the advent of CRA
(cognitive
radio architecture) a scheme is proposed for spectrum sharing in
cross layer
interaction in the cooperative PCP-OFDM system called
DAO-DSMA
(Distributed adaptive opportunistic Distance Sensing Multiple
Access) [8-20].
As shown in the figure,cross-layer optimization architecture to
allow different
distributed scheduling, spatial diversity with opportunistic
transmissions using
Cognitive radio, and techniques like successive interference
cancellation (SIC)
[18] for a spectrum sharing scheme [9]. At link layer in CRS
priority base
packets transmission [3-,21] is used to access the spectrum. At
network layer,
the number of packet dropped, and delay is reduced by using
multiple routers.
Cross layer TCPthroughput optimization [5] is used at transport
layer for better
performance of CRN. Application layer could select radio bands
automatically,
controlled under delay and over delay DF (decode and forward)
paradigms [23],
throughput of TCP [12], density of active femto-BS [24]. In
cognitive network
internet should be accessed from mobile platform and user needs not
to include
any special mobility protocol, which in turn reduces performance as
there
comes an increase in length of the path. To maintain the
performance RO (route
optimization) is required. This paper aims at providing a RO
mechanism for
CNS.
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This paper presents a design using Cross-layer for optimization of
routes in cognitive
network strictly speaking a heterogenous cognitive network(HCN)
[23] based on using
multiple routing with MIPv6 to overcome the limitations of NEMO
basic support protocol
using an address delegation mechanism and a proxy-MR approach. This
paper includes the
design for route optimization and an evaluation of
performance.
Related Work
The current notion for achieving RO in NEMO is to let MR to
directly inform CN regarding MNP’s
location MIPv6 for network prefixes require to upgrade MRs. The
modifications in MRs and HAs by
the help of IPv6. It should requires Tree Discovery for allowing
MRs for finding out level of hierarchy
for nesting. While leaving packets, it should forward to HA of MR
along the path.
Packets for every direction will go towards one tunnel and HA.
MIRON for nesting mobile network
for 40 bytes (in size) whiletunnelling that can be avoided by end
to end optimization.
One solution[7] is to increase the reliability for mobile networks
to increase the count of MRs by
analysing NEMO with the help of many MRs using possible nodes and
link failure for service attack
for considerations.
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There are two routing metricises [22], first being throughput and
second being cost while PUs
becomes active at routing process. One of the best ways to find
routes is to combine two metricises
globally.
At a time when primary user becomes active to block original route
to go along NODE2 and NODE1
choose for going along combined route made up by node 2,3
collaboration ofnull interference at
primary user.
Modelling of Network
Many types of cognitive network nodes that is primary network nodes
(PNN)
which is also called as local fixed nodes (LFN) which do not move
with respect
to mobile routers (MR). It normally resides in Mobile network and
movesinto
another network and cognitive mobile nodes called visiting mobile
nodes which
get connected to mobile network from different network. Here mobile
routers
are directly connected to Internet through Access router (AR). In
cognitive
network 2 CR1 can access the internet through primary network. In
cognitive
network 2 MR1 can attach to TLMR which can use internet by Access
router
(AR). InCMN1 , the visiting mobile network enables to connect to
the internet
with the help of MR1 (mobile router) nested under TLMR and then
directly
connected to AR (Access router). Cognitive network mobility creates
a bi-
directional tunnel through cognitive node (CNN) which is located in
network
mobility (NEMO) and CoA of mobile router(MR).
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It is proposed to support mobility of host , MIPv6 not including
route
optimization support.
PANA (Protocol for carrying Authentication and network access):
Any
mobile node when comes to a new network, it is needed to be
authenticatedbefore it is allowed to access the network, this is
where protocols
like PANA are used.PANA does this authentication based on EAP
(Extensible
Authentication Protocol) to authenticate data instead of using any
new
mechanism.PANA is deployed as a standard network layer solution as
it is
independent of link layer specifications.
Components of PANA
1. PaCc (PANA Cognitive Client): This is the cognitive mobile node
which
wants to access network.
2. PACA (PANA Authentication Cognitive Agent): This entity is
responsible
for consulting AAA server in order to granting the access to the
PaCc.
3.AAA Server(Authorisation, Authentication and Accounting
Server):
This server has got all the data that is needed to authenticate the
Pac as a
credible user.
4.EP (Enforcement Point): It acts as a packet filtering agent by
implementing
access control functions.
Phases of PANA
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1. Discovery and handshake: PaCc sends and receives solicitation
or
unsolicited messages to start the PANA session to discover PACA and
a
new PANA session can be started after receiving reply from
PACA.
2. Authentication and Authorization phase: In this phase the PACA
sends all
the information of the PaCc to the AAA server to check the
credentials of
PaCc by carrying an EAP payload. AAA server checks it and sends
the
reply.
3. Access phase: If the PaCc is found to be an authorised user then
the reply
coming from AAA server contains the information to establish a
session
like bandwidth allocated, session time, ip configuration
etc.Secondary
users can access the network by making use ofcognitive MAC
protocol
using EP by sending and receiving IP data traffic.
4. Re-authentication phase: The session between PaCc and PACA
is
renewed in this phase.
5. Termination Phase: To terminate the connection PACA or PaCa
can
explicit send message.
Optimization of routes
There are several drawbacks in CRMN basic support protocol because
the
packet sent from correspondent node to the MR in the visited
network has to go
through the Mr-CA bi-directional tunnel. Issues in CRMN are:
A delay is added in the packet delivery whenever a packet is sent
through
the CA following a suboptimal routing.
whenever a packet traverses through MR-CA tunnel, an ipv6
header
which is 40 bytes in length is added which is a non-negligible
packet
overhead.
- path between CN and CA is not available
- path between CA or MR is not available
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In these cases, CA becomes a single point of failure or
bottleneck
In cases like multangular routing when a packet has to traverse by
passing
all the CAs in all mobile cognitive network in the upper level
hierarchy.
Because of these problems present in CRMN route optimization is
needed in
which packet from correspondent node can reach MR in the visited
network
without going through any CA in-between. In MIPv6 route
optimization is done
in a different way that of in ipv4.
Here BU (binding update) is sent to the correspondent nodes by the
CMN
(cognitive mobile node). Correspondent node also has the
information of the
COA of CMN, so correspondent node can directly reach to the CMN
without
going through CA (cognitive agent) of home network of CNM.
Multipath Routing for Cognitive Network communication
For CMN there are several Ro schemes available.
- Prefix delegation
1. Prefix Delegation [15]
To perform RO in MIPv6 TLMRs (Top layer mobile routers) are given a
prefix
using which they advertise to CMN for acquiring COA.
2. Best Path Registration
Delegated prefix is only obtained by MRs. Addresses of packets are
translated
into new ones which is done by MR using delegated prefix to Choose
the best
path for route optimization. Having done with new addresses
translations, these
addresses are then stored in Best Path Registration header to
inform CNN about
the translated addresses which is then used to transfer the packet
from CNN to
CMN through optimized route.
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After obtaining a COA from the visited network, MR disseminates
this COA to
attached CNNs and CMNs, forthcoming communication is done by using
this
COA for PMNs.
In multihop transmission, to maximize end-end throughput the
encoded
packets are delivered on multiple paths which also provides
fractional path
diversity.
Protocol for Route Optimization using MIPv6 for CRMN
A solution for route optimization is provided for CRMN using MIROC
by
providing a direct communicating path between CMN and CNN.
Overview of the protocol
Along with the route optimization to improve the performance of
cognitive
communication MIROC makes sure that data packet passing through the
MR’s
CA should be avoided to follow that path and an extra Ipv6 header
(40 bytes)
should not be added which is an overhead as in CRMN basic support
protocol.
Different kinds of CMNs in RO can be:
Fixed Nodes: Such as laptops, mobile or internal servers, these
nodes do not
have mobility support and are called LFN (local fixed nodes) or PNN
(primary
network nodes).
Mobile Nodes: These nodes have capability to support mobility and
are called
as VCMN (visiting cognitive mobile nodes).
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Nested Mobile network: AS MR of one device is connected with MR of
other
device to form a hierarchy, the MR at the top of that hierarchy is
called TLMR
(Top Level Mobile Router).
Two aspects of RO handled by MIROC
1. Angular Routing: The forwarding of a packet by the correspondent
node to
CMN is done by forwarding the packet via HA of CMN through a HA-MR
bi-
directional tunnel, this causes angular routing in the Cognitive
Mobile network.
Depending on the types of node MIROC handles it in two ways:
- If the CNN doesn’t support MIPv6 (LFN), then MR is given the task
of RO
making the MR acting as a proxy-MR.
- If the CNN supports MIPv6 (VCMN), then to keep VCMNs updated on
each
move of CMN an IPv6 address is provided by MN using the modified
PANA
and DHCPv6.
2. Multiangular Routing: This occurs when a packet moves through
nested
MR bi-directional tunnel. Here in nested CMN, TLMRs get Ipv6
addresses in
the visiting network.
In MIROC, MR only gets some changes while HA and CN remain
unchanged.
Instead of using HA-MR bi-directional path, a direct communicating
path is
established between VCMN and CMN.
Angular RO
When an MR (here CMN) reaches a foreign network,it send a COA to
its HA
acquired from the foreign network it visits using Binding Update
message
which also has the information of the type of node it is, which
should be known
before Ro is done.
1.To find the type of node: There are two types of nodes possible
in CMN
1. CNN: These kinds of nodes do not have MIPv6 support
capability.
2. VCMN: These kinds of nodes have inbuilt MIPv6 support
capability.
2. Optimizing routes for CNN: CNN being a node without mobility
support
Mr has to do all the task in place of a CNN node (CNN node is a
local fixed
node).
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• All the routes that a CNN is using are examined by MR to select
the
routes to be optimized.
• The selected routes which are to be optimized, MR sends RO
signalling
to their CNN-CMN pair.
• This BU information contains information like PNN’s address
PoA
(primary user of address) along with MR’s COA acquired from
visited
network. Also, to verify that the node is able to communicate with
given
COA return routability is checked before BU is sent.
In the solution given in this paper the MR acting as a proxy-MR
does the tasks
in place of CMN which includes sending messages like home test init
(HoTI)
and care-of test unit (CoTI) to CN with CNNs address as a source
address.
Then CN also sends the replies as Home test message (HOT) and care
of test
message (CoT) to MR with COA of MR address as a destination address
along
with a Type 2 routing header.
• After receiving the packets from CNN, source Ipv6 address is set
as the
MR’s COA and Ipv6 HOA as destination option with the address
of
CNN.
After completing RR procedure MR should make sure for two
rules:
• Those addresses only which PNN once had a desired communication
link
with can be initiated for RO procedure for MR.
• For proxy-MR functionalities amount of all the resources like
memory,
bandwidth, processing time etc, should be decided.
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Optimization of routes for VCMN: Since VCMNs are nodes with
MIPv6
mobility support so unlike CNN it does not need MR for optimization
of routes.
VCMNs are connected to the internet with PNN’s TLMR acting as an
access
router and an address that it gets from MNP. RO signals are
generated by
VCMN with its CNS. RO and RR signals cannot be modified by MR.
VCMN’s
HA sends HoTI message protected by IP sec ESP.
IN MIROC to avoid bi-directional tunnel, RO is performed with
CNS
Following rules should be applied:
• The network that TLMR visits should provide a meaningful Ipv6
address.
• For this address a proxy neighbour is needed to be discovered in
the
interface with which the network is attached , is done by MR. Also,
the
route packets for this network should get a host route inserted by
MR.
• Source address routing is performed by MR to directly send
packets by
VCMN.
• Whenever PMN or CMN moves the address of VCMN should be
updated.
This mechanism provides COA whenever MR wants. In VCMN, while
optimizing the routes a node must alter its ip address and should
acquire a new
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special
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one (also implemented in PANA), so a PaCa software is needed in
VCMNs for
RO. To optimize nested CMNs, PaCa software is required. For
supporting RO
for VCMN going in PMN, a PACA software in MR is needed.
Whenever a CMN visits a foreign network, using a new PANA
reauthentication
phase, new Ipv6 addresses requested by TLMR which is then provided
to the
VCMNs linked with CMN. Using DHCPv6 TLMR makes a request to
the
VCMNs for configuring an Ipv6 address which is new. In HCN,
visiting
VCMNs get Ipv6 address by using a different protocol along with
using
reconfigure mechanism of DHCPv6. Some authentication mechanism is
used
between VCMN and TLMR for authorization of TLMR.
The figures show the mechanism utilized by VCMN to generate
an
Ipv6 address using modifies PANA. The moment VCNM connects to
a
NEMO, a PANA session is initiated including PANA discovery
and
handshake, followed by a session between PaCc andPACA for
authentication and authorization using EAP. An Ipv6 address is
acquired
by VCMN by making use of an address configuration mechanism
at
CNEMO [14] using which VCMN can access the primary network.
Now,
the location of VCMN must be known to its HA using a BU. Now
the
CNEMO must be linked with the new VCMN when MR receives BU.
MR starts a new PANA authentication phase by discarding this
BU
message. At the MR a DHCPv6 component gets a request to generate
an
Ipv6 address from VCMN. In the reply of this request from
VCMN,
DHCPv6 component implements the complete server and client
functionality.An IPv6 address which is configured newly is
then
conveyed to PACA in MR using PANA-update-request type of
message.
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Because of the change in the Ipv6 address in VCMN, a process to
update
the location of MIPv6, by sending a BU to VCMN’s HA. The
location
information can be updated by VCMN with communicating CMNs,
by
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special
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considering CNN’s address as next hop address. Routing header of
the
packet is removed by MR, if the next hop address is one of its
CNNs
address. The VCMN performing RR, MIPv6 specifies Ipv6 node
and
sends a BU message to each CMN for optimizing route traffic.
Whenever
a CNEMO visits to a foreign network, the VCMN attached to the
NEMO
gets a new Ipv6 address by MR to initiate a new PANA
authentication
phase to configure a new Ipv6 address using DHCPv6 on the
MR’s
request. HereMIROC to finish handover takes a longer time than that
it
takes in CNEMO as it uses both PANA and DHCPv6
Queuing Model:
Queuing model is used in simulation. It provides the analyst with
a
powerful tool for designing and evaluating the performance of
cognitive network. A queuing model can measure parameters
like
simulation time, Bandwidth, arrival rate of packets, transmission
rate
of packets, node failure rate, rate of packet loss etc.
1. M/M/n queue: This queueing model is multi-server where
packetarrivals
form a single queue system following Poisson process, there are
present
n servers and job service times aredistributed exponentially.
2. M/M/∞ queue: This queueing model is multi-server where every
packet gets
service without waiting a moment. Since there is no scarcity of the
servers so
jobs (packets) need not to wait. Here arrivals are governed by a
Poisson process.
The service time of each job is distributed exponentially. It is a
special case of
the M/M/n queue model where the number of servers n becomes very
large.
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Simulator and other software
NEMO is a software available in Network simulation is being used
here for
calculating parameters like simulation number of routers, mean
delay, node
failure rate etc.
Performance evaluation
It is evident from the observation that with the increase in the
number of router
from ten to twenty, the mean delay is being decreased
remarkably.
Case a: Node Failure rate = 0.002 and Link Failure rate =
0.004
S. No. Number of MRs (Nr) Mean Delay (second)
1 2 17.1
2 3 12.6
3 4 11.3
4 5 10.5
5 6 10.1
6 7 10
7 8 9.7
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Case b:Node Failure rate = 0.005 and Link Failure rate =
0.001
S. No. Number of MRs Mean Delay (second)
1 2 16.9
2 3 12.5
3 4 11.1
4 5 10.4
5 6 10.1
6 7 9.9
7 8 9.6
8 9 9.5
9 10 9.4
Case c: Node Failure rate = 0.01 and Link Failure rate = 0.02
S. No. Number of MRs Mean Delay (second)
1 2 17
2 3 12.6
3 4 11.2
4 5 10.5
5 6 10.1
6 7 9.9
7 8 9.7
8 9 9.6
9 10 9.3
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