Download - CROPPING SYSTEM dan crops-livestock production systems

CROPPING SYSTEMDAN CROPS-

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

SYSTEMSArtharini I

CROPPING SYSTEM Pola dan praktek penanaman dalam

suatu lahan Monoculture vs polyculture

CROPPING SYSTEMS 1. Monoculture (one crop) 2. Polyculture (many crops)

a) crops separated in time: crop rotation, cover crops

b) crops at same land and time: intercropping/mixed cropping

c) combinations: relay cropping

INTERCROPPING

INTERCROPPING

Smith et al., 2001

Row Mixed

TYPES OF INTERCROPPING Mixtures of crops (no rows) Alternate rows or strips Relay cropping – 2nd crop planted during

life cycle of first crop May have various combinations of

these !!

1.2. PEARL MILLET & GROUNDNUT3. BUCKWHEAT COVER CROP IN POTATO CROPPING SYSTEM

MULTILAYER CROPPING SYSTEM

MULTI STOREY CROOPING SYSTEM

FIG. 1. BARLEY, SOYBEAN, AND CORN CROPS IN A 15 FOOT STRIP INTERCROPPING SYSTEM IN NORTHEAST IOWA.

DETERMINING INTERCROP ADVANTAGE –LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO = amount of monocultured land needed

to produce same yield as intercrop

Photo: Thomas Wright Photo: P. E. Hildebrand

LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO = amount of monocultured land needed

to produce same yield as intercrop

LER = RY1 + RY2 =I1 I2---- + ----M1 M2

Yield of crop 2 grown as intercrop

Yield of crop 2 grown as monoculture

LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO = amount of monocultured land needed to

produce same yield as intercrop

If LER > 1 intercrop is more efficient If LER < 1 monoculture is more

efficient

LER = RY1 + RY2 =I1 I2---- + ----M1 M2



LER EXAMPLECorn Soybean

Corn monoculture

4000 0

Soybean monoculture

0 1000

Intercrop 3000 750

(kg/ha)

LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO

LER = RY1 + RY2 =I1 I2---- + ----M1 M2



Corn I/M = 3000/4000Soybean I/M = 750/1000


LER = RY1 + RY2 =I1 I2---- + ----M1 M2

LER = 3000/4000 + 750/1000 = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.50Corn Soybean


LER = 3000/4000 + 750/1000 = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.50Corn Soybean

1.5 ha of land needed to produce same amount through monoculture

0.5 + 0.5 is expected just based on land area

CROPS-LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION SYSTEM

SISTEM PRODUKSI TANAMAN & TERNAK Integrasi yg saling menguntungkan

antara :1. sistem tan. Pangan2. ternak3. tanaman pakan ternak

BAGAN INTERAKSI

TANAMAN PAKAN

TANAMAN PANGAN

TERNAKPUPUKPAKAN

PAKAN

PUPUK & TENAGA

MULSA

PUPUK & ME-I EROSI

Erosion Control

FUNGSI TERNAK Fungsi fisik : mghasilkan daging, susu, telur dsb Tenaga kerja : pengolahan lahan Manure ternak sbg pupuk, bahan bakar dan

bangunan Tabungan :

- long term saving- semi annual suplementary cash income (tambahan) : kambing, domba,babi- instant petty cash/home meat supply

Kelestarian lingkungan : penggunaan pupuk kandang sebagai pupuk untuk mencegah degenerasi lahan dan menjaga ekosistem tanah

TUJUAN PEMELIHARAAN TERNAK Akumulasi modal Menguragi resiko, ternak < usahatani

tanaman Menyediakan jasa (tenaga

kerja,pupuk,bahan bakar) Sumber penghasilan Menyediakan makanan (produk ternak) Meningkatkan status/prestise petani Memenuhi kebutuhan kultural (sesajen,

kurban,dll)

SISTEM INTEGRASI TMT DLM SIST. PRODUKSI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK Integrated tree cropping system Silvi pastural system/agroforestry

system Intercropping (food-food intercropping) Companion crop (food-feed

intercropping) Alley cropping Relay cropping Live fence system Three Strata Forage system

SISTEM INTEGRASI TMT DLM SIST. PRODUKSI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK Integrated tree cropping system

Sistem penanaman tanaman pohon secara terpadu. Contoh :1. penanaman tmt (rumput dan legum) di

perkebunan kelapa2. penanaman tmt semak atau pohon

sebagai naungan di perkebunan kopi dan kakao atau vanili

SISTEM INTEGRASI TMT DLM SIST. PRODUKSI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK Silvi pastural system/agroforestry

systempenanaman tmt bersama-sama dengan tanaman hutan atau penanaman tanaman hutan yg bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak.Contoh :- Penanaman sesbania, leucaena,

akasia,albizia di hutan- Penanaman rumput dibawah/sela2 tan.

hutan

SISTEM INTEGRASI TMT DLM SIST. PRODUKSI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK Intercropping (food-food

intercropping)= tumpang sari = penanaman tan. Pangan secara bersama2 dg tan. Pangan lainContoh :- tan. Padi dan jagung- ketela pohon dengan jagung- kedele dengan jagung- kedele dengan ketela pohon

SISTEM INTEGRASI TMT DLM SIST. PRODUKSI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK Companion crop (food-feed

intercropping)penanaman ta. Pangan bersama-sama dg tmt.contoh :- padi gogo dengan jagung sbg pakan ternak- padi-jagung dg stylo/desmodium

SISTEM INTEGRASI TMT DLM SIST. PRODUKSI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK Alley cropping

penanaman tan.pangan / hortikultura diantara 2 baris tmt

Relay croppingSistem penanaman dimana satu tan. Ditanam sblm tan. yg lain (pertama) dipanenContoh :- padi/jagung dg kedele/kcg hijau- ketela pohon dg jagung/padi gogo

SISTEM INTEGRASI TMT DLM SIST. PRODUKSI TANAMAN DAN TERNAK Live fence system

Penanaman tan. Pakan ternak sebagai pagar hidup (legum pohon)

Three Strata Forage system (STS)