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Coastal Resource Management PLANNING SEMINAR
Ruel S. AlmonedaFisheries Resource Management Unit
Office of the Provincial Agriculturist
Province of Negros Occidental
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Objective:To provide the participants with
CRM basic planning knowledgewhich may serve as guide duringthe formulation of their
municipal/city coastal resourcesmanagement plan.
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coastalresources ?uThreatened food security
u50% of dietary protein for the nation (70% in ruralareas) comes from marine products
uNational economic lossuEconomic benefits from coastal resources in 1996
estimated at $3.5 billion, or 17% GDP
uEconomic losses from coastal resource
degradation estimated at $0.5 billion per yearuGlobal priorities
uMarine biodiversity conservation
uGlobal climate change
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Fish stocks in the Philippines today are 10%of what they were in the 1940s(World Fish Center, 2002)
Manila Bay San Miguel Bay
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MunicipalFisheries decline(BFAR 1997/2000; Bernascek 1994)
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Trends in fish catch based on PCRAOlango Island, Cebu(CRMP 1998)201816141210
86420
Use of finemesh nets
Introduction of:Sodium CyanideDynamite Fishing
February 1998Tungasan, Olango Island
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Coral reef degradation(Gomez, et al. 1994)
22.4%
Percentage
of
observations
Coral reef condition as percentage of hard coral cover
0-24.9% Poor 25-49.9% Fair 50-74.9% Good 75-100% Excellent
(85 reefs sampled)
51.7%
(FAIR)
(EXCELLENT)
(POOR)(GOOD)
2.4%
23.5%
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Mangrove Destruction(ADB 1993; WB 1989, DENR 1988)
MangroveArea
(Thousands
ofH
ectare
s)
450,000 hain 1918
288,000 hain 1970
140,000 hain 1988
138,000 hain 1993
175,000 hain 1980 ?
If the reduction of mangrovescontinue at the post-1980 rate, therewill be less than 100,000 hectares left
in the year 2030
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Destruction of fishery
habitats
Overfishing
Declining fish catch
Degradation of
watersheds/uplands
Deteriorating water quality
Our Coastal Areas an endangered environment
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Who is responsible formanaging coastal resources?
Local government units:primarilyresponsible for managing coastal
resources in municipal watersNational government agencies:
responsible for providing technical
assistance, training, monitoring andevaluating the performance of LGUs inthe delivery of basic services and the
condition of coastal resources
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Coastal resource management (CRM) is
the process of planning, implementing,
and monitoring beneficial andsustainable uses of coastal resources
through participation, collective action
and sound decision-making.
What is Coastal ResourceManagement?
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Improvement of LivingCondition of the People
CoastalResource
Management
Sustainable
Development
Food
Security
Regeneration of Depleted Marine
Resources and Degraded
Coastal Environment
Goals of CRM
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PlanningProtection
Regulatory
Enforcement
Legislation
Intergovernmentalrelations
Relations with POsand NGOs
Extension andTechnical Assistance
FISHERIES
CODE
LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
CODE
AGRICULTURE
AND FISHERIES
MODERNIZATION
ACT
LGU Mandate for CRM
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PlanningProcess of organizing ideas and
resources to make things happen
What do you want
to happen?
How do you want it
to happen?
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strike a balance between needs and
wants
reconcile individual desires with the
collective good
combine social, economic, and
environmental aims
harmonize private and public objectivesin the present time and for the future
Planning attempts to
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MunicipalityMayorVice-Mayor/SB
Municipal DevelopmentCouncil
Private SectorNGOs
Academe
MPDOMAOMENROMunicipal CRM officeMunicipal FARMCIntegrated FARMC
ProvinceGovernorVice-Governor/SPPPDOPAOPENRO-LGUProvincial CRM officeProvincial Development
Council Barangay CaptainBarangay CouncilBarangay FARMC
/DeputizedFish Warden
Fisherfolk AssociationsPeoples Organization
Bantay Dagat
Barangay
National Government(central, regional, and
provincial offices)DENRBFARDILGPCGPNP-MaritimeDOSTPNRegional Development
Council
Key partners in CRMSpecial Role of the Province:
Provide CRM as a basic service to municipalities/cities through
technical assistance, training, and information management Strengthen and harmonize local policies Evaluate and validate municipal/city CRM plans and programs Serve as a broker/catalyst to link projects and programs with needs
of coastal municipalities/cities and promote CRM
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CRM ProcessParticipatory
Coastal ResourceAssessment(PCRA)
Habitat Assessment
Resource Mapping
Socio-economicProfiling
Participatory
Coastal ResourceManagementPlanning
Issue Identification
Vision, Mission, Goaland Objective-Setting
Indicator-Setting
Identification ofAppropriate ManagementInterventions (Programs,Strategies & Activities)
Formulation of Policies
Budgeting and Tasking
Refinement ofImplementing Structure
CRM Plan
Implementation
Project Developmentand Proposal-Making
Fund Sourcing
Implementation ofManagementInterventions
Legislation
Law Enforcement
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Identification ofImplementation Issues
Review andModification ofManagementInterventions
Refinement ofImplementationStrategies
Public Environmental Education and Community Organizing
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Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment
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A method of addressing conflicting interests
among resource-users through the delineation of
zones for specific uses
A strategy in CRM planning which allows the
different sectors who use the municipal waters to
reach a consensus in the use of the area
Coastal Zoning
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Model Zoning Plan of Municipal Waters
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B. Community and economic development- alternative and supplemental
livelihood development- community services andinfrastructures and other economicactivities
Coastal Resource ManagementProgram ComponentsA. Resource management component
- fisheries management, resourceprotection, conservation,
rehabilitation, regulation and policy
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C. Institutional Support- conflict management mechanism- individual and organizational
development- interactive learning- forums for knowledge sharing, power
sharing and decision-making- institutional building and strengthening
CRM Components . . . .
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CRM Components . . . .D. Capability Building
- people empowerment andparticipation, education, leadershipand organization
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What needs to be doneto manage coastal resources?Three critical results
needed:
1. Reduce fishing pressure
2. Stop illegal and destructivefishing practices
3. Protect critical coastalhabitats
T hi th lt ifi
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To achieve these results, specificinterventions must be implemented bythe LGU;
Critical Result 1:Fishing effort reduced to sustainable levels.
Improve licensing, permit, fee and regulationsystem for all resource users (accessmanagement).
Identify sustainable economic incentives thattarget reducing the number of municipal fishers.
Monitor changes in fish catch/unit of effort todetermine the sustainable level.
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Regulate all fish aggregating devices,artificial reefs and other types offishing gear which when used
improperly in municipal watersresult in overexploitation of fisheriesresources.
Reduce population pressure incoastal areas
Critical Result 1
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Enforce fishery laws, strengthenbantay-dagat capabilities and provide
support to prosecution.
Pass local legislation prohibiting
destructive fishing practices.
Critical Result 2:Illegal and destructive fishing practices
stopped
C iti l R lt 3
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Strictly enforce laws protecting coastalhabitats and encourage coastalcommunity participation.
Establish marine reserves to rehabilitatehabitats and increase fisheriesproduction.
Develop community-based forestmanagement agreements for sustainablemangrove resource use
Critical Result 3:Coastal habitats protected and managed
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Revert abandoned fishponds to mangroveareas and stop illegal conversion ofmangrove forests to reclamation areas andfishponds.
Monitor and regulate all shorelinedevelopment, thus minimizingenvironmental impacts of activities such as
reclamation, tourism, port and harbordevelopment, and pollution on coastalhabitats
Critical Result 3
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Fisheries Management
Habitat Management
Shoreline Management
Coastal Zoning Coastal Tourism Management
Waste Management
Enterprise and Livelihood Development
Upland/Watershed Management Legal Arrangements and Institutional
Development
CRM Management Programs
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Coastal TourismManagement should be conceived with a framework
carrying capacity
cleaning controlled
means of access
waste disposal system facilities leave natural resource as much
as possible
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Shoreline ManagementTechniques:> ban sand mining and coral
mining
> no construction> mangrove planted
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Fisheries management problems and types of strategies orinterventions applicable in the Philippines
Strengthen law enforcement
Regulate distribution of materials used for destructive
fishing methods
Educate about effects of destructive fishing
Establish sanctuaries/reserves
Use of destructivefishing methods andhabit destruction
Regulate fishing
Impose fishers license and permit
Impose a progressive tax/license on fishing vessels
Delineate protected areas
Limit fishing area
Open-access fishery
Impose a progressive tax/license on fishing vessels
Increase tax rate
Impose fishers license
Strengthen law enforcement
Limit fishing areas
Excessive fishingefforts
Applicable Strategy or InterventionsProblems
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Fisheries management problems and types of strategiesor interventions applicable in the Philippines
Disseminate information on family planning
Provide alternative/supplemental livelihood
Overpopulation
Establish closed season for fishing
Establish sanctuaries and reserves
Biological andeconomic overfishing
Strengthen law enforcement
Delineate municipal waters
Regulate use of fishing gears that occupy space
(permanent or stationary) in the municipal waters
Conflict among fishers
Provide alternative or supplemental livelihoodPoverty
Zone coastal area/municipal watersDevelopment activitiesin the coastal area
Community participation and education
Training
Weak law enforcement
Applicable Strategy or InterventionsProblems
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Municipal MayorNational & Provincial
Government Agencies
Non-Govt. Org.
Peoples Org.
Private Individuals &
Organizations
Barangay Barangay Barangay Barangay Barangay Barangay Barangay
Municipal
Planning &
Development
Office
Municipal
Engineering
Office
Municipal
Treasurers
Office
Municipal
Social Welfare
& Development
Office
Municipal
Assessors
Office
Other
Municipal
Government
Offices
Municipal
AgriculturistsOffice
CoastalResource
Management
Section
Sangguniang
Bayan
Fisheries & AquaticResource Management
Council
MunicipalDevelopment
Council
Municipal CRM Implementing Structure
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Parts of Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring - collection of information on how the
program proceeds. It answers the question: What isactually happening?
Evaluation- scrutinizes whether the programdelivered the expected outcomes, both effects andimpacts. It answers the question: Is w hat wasexpected to happen happening?
Decision-making - determination of
the kind and extent of changes andimprovements to make in the programitself and in the implementation of theprogram. It answers the question:What should be happening now and in the future?
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The Importance of Monitoring andEvaluation in Coastal ResourceManagement
Determine the degree to which plannedinterventions are being implemented andare working
Identify areas for improvement in directions and strategies
Assess impacts of CRM plans and programs on biophysicaland socioeconomic conditions in the area
Characterize the benefits from CRM accruing to coastal
communities and society at large
Estimate returns on investments in CRM at the localgovernment level
Build community support for CRM plans and programs
Detecting Planning and Legislation Failures
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Detecting Planning and Legislation Failures
SUCCESS
Comprehensiveand
Strategic Plan
Good
Ordinances
Food Securityand
SustainableDevelopment
used to legislatewill lead to
PLANNING FAILURE
Bad PlanGood
Ordinances
Food Securityand
SustainableDevelopment
used to legislate will not lead to
LEGISLATION FAILURE
Comprehensiveand
Strategic Plan
BadOrdinances
Food Securityand
Sustainable
Development
used to legislate will not lead to
ABSOLUTE FAILURE
Bad PlanBad
Ordinances
Food Securityand
Sustainable
Development
used to legislate will not lead to
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Threats to Local CRMEconomic development decisions are based
on faulty cost-benefit analyses becausecoastal resources are always undervalued
both economically and ecologically Inconsistency and conflicting goals and
objectives between national and local plansand actions for CRM
Institutional memory loss and lack of continuityof CRM programs between political terms
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Issues are not going away but are betterunderstood
Evidence of over-exploitation is still growing but
not all policy makers get it!
Limiting access to marine resources is essential Communities, government and private sector must
work together
Coastal conservation is complex and requires
integrated solutions Participatory assessments and municipal
planning, MPAs, bantay dagatcan indeed work
Population growth and poverty do not make it
easier
Forces and Trends
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Comm
unityParticipation
Inform
ation
,Educatio
nandComm
unication
Data
Managem
ent
Goals
OfCRM
PLANNING
LEGISLATIONIMPLEMENTATION
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In CRM;
We dont manage theresources,
but, the man whoutilizes the