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Second Year Semester One Revision
Cranial Bones
Frontal bone
Parietal bone (*2) Occipital bone
Temporal bone (*2)
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Facial Bones
Nasal
Maxillae
Lacrimals
Zygomatics
Palantines
Middle Nasal Conchae
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Nasal Septum
Mandible
The Scalp
There are 5 layers spelling out the word SCALP
1. Skin
2. Connective tissue (blood vessels travel through this tissue)
3. Aponeurosis
4. Loose connective tissue (allows fluid/bacteria to pass from back of head into
eyelids)
5. Periosteum
NB. The veins of the scalp drain into the superior saggital sinus and then to the
confluency of sinuses. They have no valves and therefore can be a source of infection
in the brain.
Sutures
Coronal
Lamboidal
Saggital
Squamosal
Pterion
Sphenoid
Parietal
Temporal
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The Meninges
The surface of the brain is made up of 3 layers:
1. Dura Mater toughest and thickest forms venous sinuses and subdivides brain
with: Falx Cerebri down centre of brain, separating two hemispheres.
Tentorium Cerebelli separating cerebellum from the rest of the
brain.
2. Arachnoid Mater spider-like appearance. Thin, transparent, fibrous.
3. Pia Mater attached to brain.
Between the arachnoid and pia mater layers lies the subarachnoid space. This contains
CSF which is continuously being produced by ependyma cell in the ventricles. CSF is
removed by arachnoid granulations, allowing CSF to enter the venous sinuses.
The Circle of Willis
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Sinuses
Superior Sagittal Sinus Straight Sinus
Right Transverse Sinus Left Transverse Sinus
Communication at the
Internal Occipital Protuberance
(confluency of sinuses)
Sigmoid Sinus
Internal Jugular Vein
Air Sinuses in the Head
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Mastoid
The Cranial Nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves:
Nerve Exit from Skull Function
1. Olfactory Cruciform Plate Smell
2. Optic Nerve Optic Canal Vision
3. Occulomotor Sup. Orbital
Fissure
Innervates Eye Muscles except SO.
Innervates Sphincter Pupillae for pupil
constriction.
4. Trochlear Sup. Orbital
Fissure
Innervates Superior Oblique Muscle
(moves eye down and out).
5. Trigeminal
Olfactory (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
Sup. Orbital
Fissure
Foramen
Rotundum
Sensory from: Eyes, Conjuctivia, orbital
contents, nasal cavity, frontal sinus,
Ethmoid sinus, upper eyelid, dorsum of
nose, ant. part of scalp.
Dura, nasopharynx, palate, nasal cavity,
upper teeth, maxillary sinus, skin
covering nose, lower eyelid, cheek,
upper lip.
Skin of lower face, cheek, lower lip, ear,external acoustic meatus, temporal fossa,
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Foramen Ovale
ant. 2/3 of tongue, lower teeth,
mandible, dura in mid cran fossa.
Innervates temporalis, masseter, ant.
belly of digastric, mylohyoid muscles.
6. Abducens Sup. Orbital
Fissure
Innervates lateral rectus muscle.
7. Facial
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
Internal Acoustic
Meatus
8. Auditory (Vestibulo-
cochlear)
Internal Acoustic
Meatus
Vestibular Balance
Cochlear Hearing
9. Glossopharyngeal Jugular Foramen
10. Vagus Jugular Foramen11. Accessory Jugular Foramen Innervates sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles.
12. Hypoglossal Hypoglossal Canal Innervates hypoglossus, genioglossus,
and styloglossus mucles and intrinsic
muscles of tongue.
Osteology of the Skull
Foramina:
Foramen Nerve Content
Cribiform Plate Olfactory (I)
Optic Canal Optic (II)
Ovale Mandibular (V3)
Rotundum Maxillary (V2)
Spinosum
Superior Orbital Fissure Occulomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Ophthalmic (VI)
Abducens (VI)
Internal Acoustic Meatus Facial (VII)Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Stylomastoid Mid Meningeal Artery
Jugular Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal Hypoglossal (XII)
Magnum Medulla Oblongata
Meninges
Carotid Canal Internal Carotid Artery
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The Muscles of Facial Expression
The Muscles of Mastication
Blood Vessels of the Face
Facial Artery:
1. Occipitofrontalis
2. Corrugator supercilii
3. Procerus
4. Palpebral ligament
5. Orbicularis oculi
6. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
7. Nasalis
8. Levator anguli oris
9. Levator labii superioris
10. Zygomaticus minor
11. Zygomaticus major
12. Risorius
13. Depressor anguli oris
14. Depressor labii inferiorisi
15. Orbicular oris
16. Mentalis
17. Buccinator
18. Platysma
19. Temporoparlis
20. Temporali
21. Masseter
22. Lateral pterygoid
23. Medial pterygoid
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Branch of External Carotid
Crosses border of jaw at ant. border of jaw
Runs up to medial angle of jaw.
Transverse Facial appears at ant border of parotid gland.
Facial Vein:
Commences at medial angle of eye
Runs to angle of jaw
Joins Internal Jugular Vein.
The Facial Nerve
Motor nerve for all muscles of facial expression
Leaves skull at stylomastoind foramen.
Runs to parotid gland and forms nerve plexus.
The 5 nerves are:
1. Temporal2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Mandibular
5. Cervical
Glands
Submandibular
Parotid
Sub Mental
The Muscles of the Neck
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The Brachial Plexus:
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Sagittal Section of the Brain:
Corpus
Callosum
Septum
PellucidumFornix
Cerebellum
Genu
Medulla
Oblongata
Pineal Bod
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Lumbar Nerves
PonsThalamus
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Horizontal Section of Normal Brain
Gastrointestinal Revision
Two layers of superficial fascia
1. Campers Fascia (fatty layer)
2. Scarpas Fascia (membranous layer)
Then comes:
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
o Neurovascular plane supplying
abdominal wall.
Transersus Abdominus
Rectus Abdominuso Contains tendonous intersections
o Superior and Inferior Epigastric Arteries
Rectus Sheath
Near the pubic tubercle is a triangular slit in the
external oblique aponeurosis called the SUPERFICIAL
INGUINAL RING. This contains the:
Round ligament in females
Spermatic cord in males
Ilioinguinal nerve in both.
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The posterior section of the rectus sheath is only in the
upper 2/3.
The lower border = the ARCUATE line
Below the level of the Arcuate line = transveralis fascia
Then comes peritoneum.
NB. External Oblique hands in front pockets (anteriorly and inferiorly)
Internal Oblique hands in back pockets (anteriorly and superiorly)
Inguinal ligament
formed by curving
inward of the lower
border of the external
oblique aponeurosis.
Superficial Inguinal
Ring in external
oblique
Deep Inguinal Ring in
transversalis fascia
Coverings of spermatic
cord derived from
layers of anteriorabdominal wall
Tunica Vaginalis
from peritoneum. Lets
testis descend.
The Liver
Bare Area
(right lobe)
Falciform
Ligament
Cornary
Ligament
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Posterior View of the Liver
Ligamentum
Teres (obliterated
umbilical vein)
contained withinfalciform ligament
Gall Bladder
Portal Vein
Hepatic
Artery
Caudate
Lobe
Quadrate
Lobe Inferior
Vena Cava
Cystic Duct
(runs to gall bladder
Common
Bile Duct in porta hepatis
Porta Hepatis
Gall Bladder
The stomach Pyloric Region, Fundus, Body, Pyloric
Sphincter
Duodenum
NB. LOOK AT STOMACH ARTERIES
DIAGRAHM
Space which lies deep to the stomach = the
LESSER SAC
Epiploic Foramen = opening to lesser sac
Neck
Body
Fundus
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NB. Arteries: R+L gastro-epiploic vessels
L+R gastric arteries, gastro-duodenal artery, superior pancreaticoduodenal artery,
anterior and posterior vagus nerves.
The colon
1. Transverse colon
2. Splenic Flexure
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid colon
5. Rectum
6. Caecum
7. Ascending colon
8. Hepatic Flexure
NB. The transverse colon has APPENDICES EPIPLOIC, teniae coli and haustrations
Ascending colon is fixed to the posterior abdominal wall (retroperitoneal)
Teniae coli bands of muscle fibre in colon
Haustrations polysac appearance of colon due to teniae coli.
Jejunum and Ileum
Note Appendix
Caecum
Jejunum has fewer vasa recta
than ileum
Ileum has many more vasa recta
than jejunum
NB. The ileum attaches to the caecum andthe jejunum to the duodenum
The sigmoid colon has its own mesentery.
Retroperitoneal and Mesentery Organs
Mesentery Retroperitoneal
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
Ileum
Jejunum
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Rectum
Ileocaecal
junction
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The mnemonic SAD PUCKERis commonly used to remember the retroperitoneal
viscera:
Suprarenal glands
Aorta and IVCDuodenum
Pancreas
Ureter
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Eosophagus
Rectum
Mesentery Viscera
1. Mesentery (proper) jejunum and ileu
2. Mesocolon surrounds parts of colon
Meso-appendix
Transverse mesocolon
Sigmoid mesocolon
Broad ligament of uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries
The Duodenum 4 parts
NB. Inside the
duodenum are
ridges called
papillae.
The Ampulla of
Vater is the union
between common
bile duct andpancreatic duct.
Know opening
of Hepato-
pancreatic duct
(little opening
inside)
Superior
Part
Descending
Part
Inferior
Part
AscendingPart
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The Pancreas 4 parts
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
Abdominal Vessels - Arteries
TailBody
Neck
Head
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Abdominal Vessels Veins
Biliary System
NB. R+L heptic
ducts join to form
the common hepatic
duct.
The common
hepatic duct
combines with the
cystic duct to make
the common bile
duct.
The common bile
duct combines with
the pancreatic duct
at the Ampulla of
Vater.
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Lymphatic Drainage
The Superior Mesenteric Artery
The Celiac Trunk
L. Gastric Artery
Splenic Artery
Commonhepatic Artery
Superior Mesenteric Artery. Lies over
horizontal section of duodenum
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The celiac trunk has 3 branches:
1. Common Hepatic Art. 2. L. Gastric Art. 3. Splenic Art.
Lumbar Plexus Above
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
The Abdominal Aorta
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Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
External Iliac
Artery
Internal Iliac Artery
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