“To believe that exponential growth may last eternally in a
limited world, you must be crazy, or an economist.”
- Kenneth Boulding
CP551 Sustainable Development
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Module 7:
Industrial and Service Sectors and their impact on
Sustainable Development.
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Industry
UnlimitedRaw material
UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour
UnlimitedWaste material
Products
UnlimitedEnvironmental
degradation
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Unlimited Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
08 Feb 2008 R. ShanthiniSource: www.wesjones.com/death.htm
An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal
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Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html
Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste
In Appalachian Mountains that run from Southern New York to Northern Georgia and Alabama
through 13 states.
08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini
In 2000, 60 million tons out of the almost 170 million tons of coal
mined in West Virginia were from strip mines.
Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html
75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries.
300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining.
08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini
An example from the present (and future): Mining for phosphate
Source: www.organicfamilymagazine.com/Phosphate.html
Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho
Citezen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining
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An example from the present (and future): Forest industry waste
Source: http://picasaweb.google.com/kool.name/FieldWork/photo#5116468698216932706
‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’
These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.
08 Feb 2008 R. ShanthiniSource: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/
More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.
An example from the present (and future): Factory waste
08 Feb 2008 R. ShanthiniSource: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/1875563.stm
Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution.
Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs.
An example from the past: Factory waste
- Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.)
- Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences
- Depletion of the ozone layer
- Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs poisoning the web of life
- Loss of clean air
- Genetically modified (GM) food
Ecocides of Manmade origin:
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- what more?
Ecocides of Manmade origin:
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Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/pollute.asp
A cartoonist’s
view of life on earth
with such ecosystem destroying industries
Industry
UnlimitedRaw material
UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour
UnlimitedWaste
Products
UnlimitedEnvironmental
degradation
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Unlimited Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
End-of pipe treatment
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Nuclear industry waste
Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and 1963.Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1766365.stm
Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of
about 13.5 million ft3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material
Disposal Area G’ since 1943.Source: www.lasg.org/waste/area-g.htm
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Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com
Computer industry waste
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Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/dumping_ground.asp
A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth
UnlimitedRaw material
UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour
UnlimitedWaste
Products
UnlimitedEnvironmental
degradation
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Unlimited Unlimited
Unlimited
Unlimited
Industry
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Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste.
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Example: Forest ecosystem
Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html
The components of ecosystemare those physical things that contain energy and nutrients.
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Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html
Example: Forest ecosystem
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Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html
Example: Forest ecosystem
08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini
Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html
Example: Forest ecosystem
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Source: www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html
Another example: Fresh water ecosystem
Industry
UnlimitedRaw material
UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour
NoWaste
Products
NoEnvironmental
degradation
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Unlimited Unlimited
Unlimited
UnlimitedR
Zero effluent soultion
Industry
UnlimitedEnergyCapital Labour
NoWaste
Products
NoEnvironmental
degradation
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Unlimited Unlimited
R
IndustrialEcology
Raw material(only to start)
- No waste
- Energy efficiently utilized (possibly solar power)
- No materials beyond those required to start the system
- Complete recycling within the system
Industrial Ecology:
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Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999
"One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is
that, like the biological system,
it rejects the concept of waste."
Industrial Ecology:
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Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995
Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem
Industrial Ecology:
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Sugarrefinery
Sugar
Agriculturalfarm
Molasses
Bagasse
Filter sludge
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.
Sugarcane
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Sugarrefinery
Alcoholplant
Sugar Alcohol
Agriculturalfarm
MolassesAlcoholresidue
Bagasse
Filter sludge
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.
Sugarcane
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Sugarrefinery
Fertilizerplant
Alcoholplant
Sugar Alcohol
Fertilizer
Agriculturalfarm
MolassesAlcoholresidue
Bagasse
Filter sludge
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.
Sugarcane
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Sugarrefinery
Pulp plant
Papermill
Fertilizerplant
Alcoholplant
Sugar Alcohol
Fertilizer
Paper
Pulp
Agriculturalfarm
MolassesAlcoholresidue
Bagasse
Wastewater
Black liquor
Filter sludge
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.
Sugarcane
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Sugarrefinery
Pulp plant
Papermill
Fertilizerplant
Alcoholplant
Sugar Alcohol
Fertilizer
Alkalai
Paper
Pulp
Agriculturalfarm
MolassesAlcoholresidue
Bagasse
Wastewater
Alkalairecovery
Black liquor
White sludge
Filter sludge
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.
Sugarcane
08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini
Sugarrefinery
Pulp plant
Papermill
Fertilizerplant
Alcoholplant
Sugar Alcohol
Fertilizer
Alkalai
Paper
Pulp
Agriculturalfarm
MolassesAlcoholresidue
Bagasse
Wastewater
Alkalairecovery
Black liquor
White sludge
Filter sludge
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.
Sugarcane
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Sugarrefinery
Pulp plant
Papermill
Cementmill
Fertilizerplant
Alcoholplant
Sugar Alcohol
Fertilizer
Cement
Alkalai
Paper
Pulp
Agriculturalfarm
MolassesAlcoholresidue
Bagasse
Wastewater
Alkalairecovery
Black liquor
White sludge
Filter sludge
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028.
Sugarcane
- The industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop.
- It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions.
- Developing by-product exchanges within a region is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions and disposal costs).
- However, it is counter to business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers.
The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China
08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini
Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, 2007. Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42
Symbiotic interactions between organisms:
Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected
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Mutualism: both populations benefit and they need each other for survival
Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory
Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected
Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other
Parasitism – one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory
For yet another functional industrial ecosystem, go to the presentation
on The Industrial Symbiosisat Kalundborg, Denmark
byJørgen Christensen
Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute
Industrial Ecology:
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Source: http://continuing-education.epfl.ch/webdav/site/continuing-education/shared/Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf
Eco-Industrial Development Strategies• Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and Cleaner
Production• Integration into Natural Ecosystems• Industrial Clustering• Green Design• Life Cycle Assessment• Deconstruction and De-manufacturing• Environmental Management Systems• Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental
Improvement• Job Training• Public Participation and Collaboration
Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001
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Source: http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/industry/finance/publications/producer.html
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Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies raw material extracting
& processingmanufacturing
packaging &distribution
product use
end-of-life
recycling
repair & reuse
cradle-to-grave design
paradigm
cradle-to-cradle design
paradigm
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Design for Environment (DfE) Strategies
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Life-cycle analysis Inventory analysis provides information regarding consumption of material and energy resources (at the beginning of the cycle) and releases to the environment (during and at the end of the cycle).
Impact analysis provides information about the kind and degree of environmental impacts resulting from a complete life cycle of a product or activity.
Improvement analysis provides measures that can be taken to reduce impacts on the environment or resources.
Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999
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Life-cycle analysis must consider
- selection of materials, if there is a choice, that would minimise waste
- recyclable components
- alternate pathways for the manufacturing process or for various parts of it
Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999
- reusable and recyclable materials
Eco-Industrial Development Strategies• Resource Recovery, Pollution Prevention, and
Cleaner Production• Integration into Natural Ecosystems• Industrial Clustering• Green Design• Life Cycle Assessment• Deconstruction and De-manufacturing• Environmental Management Systems• Technological Innovation & Continuous Environmental
Improvement• Job Training• Public Participation and Collaboration
Source: Mary Schlarb, Eco-Industrial Development: A Strategy for Building Sustainable Communities, 2001
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08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini
“We cannot solve our problems with the same ways of thinking that produced them.”
Albert Einstein
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