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Course File On

Fluid Mechanics -I

By

Mrs.S.A.Manchalwar

(Asst.Prof.)

Civil Engineering Department

K. G. Reddy College of Engineering and Technology

2019-2020

HOD PRINCIPAL

Fluid Mechanics Mrs.S.A.Manchalwar

: Fluid Mechanics

: Mrs.S.A.Manchalwar

: Assistant Professor.

: R18/ CE503PC

: II/I

: Civil Engineering

: 2019-20

Subject Name

Faculty Name

Designation

Regulation /Course

Code Year / Semester

Department

Academic Year

COURSE FILE


COURSE FILE CONTENTS

PART-1

S. No Topic Page No.

1 Vision, Mission, PEO’s, PO’s & PSO’s 5

2 Syllabus (University Copy) 9

3 Course Objectives, Course Outcomes and Topic Outcomes 10

4 Course Prerequisites 15

5 CO’s, PO’s Mapping 16

6 Course Information Sheet (CIS) 17

a). Course Description

b). Syllabus

c). Gaps in Syllabus

d). Topics beyond syllabus

e). Web Sources-References

f). Delivery / Instructional Methodologies

g). Assessment Methodologies-Direct

h). Assessment Methodologies –Indirect

i). Text books & Reference books

7 Micro Lesson Plan 20

8 Teaching Schedule 22

9 Unit wise Hand-written Notes 23

10 OHP/LCD SHEETS /CDS/DVDS/PPT (Soft/Hard copies) 23

11 University Previous Question papers 24

12 MID Exam Descriptive Question Papers with Key 24


PART-2

S. No Topics

1 Attendance Register/Teacher Log Book

2 Time Table

3 Academic Calendar

4 Continuous Evaluation-marks (Test, Assignments etc)

5 Status Request internal Exams and Syllabus coverage

6 Teaching Diary/Daily Delivery Record

7 Continuous Evaluation – MID marks

8 Assignment Evaluation- marks /Grades

9 Special Descriptive Tests Marks

10 Sample students descriptive answer sheets

11 Sample students assignment sheets


1. VISION, MISSION, PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs),

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs) & PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Vision

To give the world new age civil engineers who can transform the society with their creative vibe for

the sustainable development by instilling scientific temper with ethical human outlook.

Mission

To make the department a centre of excellence in the field of civil engineering and allied

research.

To promote innovative and original thinking in the minds of budding engineers to face the

challenges of future.


Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO 1

Graduates will utilize the foundation in Engineering and Science to

improve lives and livelihoods through a successful career in civil

Engineering or other fields.

PEO 2

Graduates will become effective collaborators and innovators, leading or

participating in efforts to address Social, Technical and Business

challenges.

PEO 3

Graduates will engage in Life-Long Learning and professional

development through Self-Study, continuing education or graduate and

professional studies in engineering & Business.

Program Outcomes (POs)

PO1 Fundamental engineering analysis skills: An ability to apply

knowledge of computing, mathematical foundations, algorithmic

principles, and civil engineering theory in the modelling and design

of to civil engineering problems.

PO2 Information retrieval skills: An ability to design and conduct

experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.

PO3 Creative skills: An ability to design, implement, and evaluate a

system, process, component, or program to meet desired needs,

within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social,

political, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.

Graduates have design the competence.

PO4 Teamwork: An ability to function effectively on multi-disciplinary

teams.

PO5 Engineering problem solving skills: An ability to analyze a

problem, and identify, formulate and use the appropriate computing

and engineering requirements for obtaining its solution.


PO6 Professional integrity: An understanding of professional, ethical,

legal, security and social issues and responsibilities. Graduates

must understand the principles of ethical decision making and can

interpret the ASCE Code of Ethics. Graduates will understand the

proper use of the work of others (e.g., plagiarism, copyrights, and

patents). Graduates will understand the special duty they owe to

protect the public's health, safety and welfare by virtue of their

professional status as engineers in society.

PO7 Speaking / writing skills: An ability to communicate effectively,

both in writing and orally. Graduates are able to produce

engineering reports using written, oral and graphic methods of

communication.

PO8 Engineering impact assessment skills: The broad education

necessary to analyze the local and global impact of computing and

engineering solutions on individuals, organizations, and society.

PO9 Social awareness: Knowledge of contemporary issues. Students

are aware of emerging technologies and current professional issues.

PO10 Practical engineering analysis skills: An ability to use the

techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for

engineering practice.

PO11 Software hardware interface: An ability to apply design and

development principles in the construction of software and

hardware systems of varying complexity.

PO12 Successful career and immediate employment: An ability to

recognize the importance of professional development by pursuing

postgraduate studies or face competitive examinations that offer

challenging and rewarding careers in Civil Engineering


Program Specific Outcomes (PSOS)

PSO DESCRIPTION

PSO 1 Graduates shall demonstrate sound knowledge in analysis, design, laboratory

investigations and construction aspects of civil engineering infrastructure, along

with good foundation in mathematics, basic sciences and technical communication.

PSO 2 Graduates will have a broad understanding of economical, environmental, societal,

health and safety factors involved in infrastructural development, and shall

demonstrate ability to function within multidisciplinary teams with competence in

modern tool usage.

PSO 3 Graduates will be motivated for continuous self-learning in engineering practice

and/ or pursue research in advanced areas of civil engineering in order to offer

engineering services to the society, ethically and responsibly.


2. SYLLABUS (University copy)


3. COURSE OBJECTIVES, COURSE OUTCOMES AND TOPIC OUTCOMES

COURSE OBJECTIVES

a. Develop an appreciation for the properties of Newtonian fluids.

b. Study analytical solutions to variety of simplified problems.

c. Analyze the dynamics of fluid flows and the governing non-dimensional parameters.

d. Apply concepts of mass, momentum and energy conservation to flows.

e. Grasp the basic ideas of turbulence.

COURSE OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

CO1: Define fluid and its properties, Interpret different forms of pressure measurement, Calculate

Hydrostatic Force

CO2: Examine stability of a floating body by determining its metacentric height, Identify and interpret

different flows with relevant equations

CO3: Establish Euler’s theorem and deduce Bernoulli’s equation for a ideal fluid and

Distinguish Venturimeter, orifice meter, pitot tube and rectangular and triangular notches and solve for

velocity of flow.

CO4: Define critical Reynolds number, Employ Darcy-Weichbach equation to calculate friction

losses and Distinguish between major loss and minor loss.

CO5: Distinguish between Drag force and lift force and Examine drag and lift force for a given set of

dimension and variables

TOPIC OUTCOMES

Lecture

no.

Topic to be covered Topic outcome

(at the end of this course, the student

will be able to)

UNIT I


1 Introduction to fluid mechanics Define about fluid mechanics

2 Dimensions and units Outline of various units

3 Physical properties of fluids specific

gravity, viscosity, surface tension, vapor

pressure and their influences

Elaborate fluid properties

4 Fluid motion pressure at a point, Pascal’s

law, Hydrostatic law

Distinguish various pressures

5 Atmospheric, Gauge And Vacuum

Pressure

Distinguish various pressures

6

Measurement Of Pressure

Determine pressure with different

instruments

7 Pressure gauges, Manometer

Determine different instruments

8 Differential And Micro Manometers

Determine different instruments

9 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane,

Horizontal, Vertical, inclined and curved

surfaces

Classify planes and surfaces

10 Center of pressure

Elaborate center of pressure

11,12

Derivations and problems

Derive and solve problems based on

instrument

13

Revision of unit 1 , videos and PPT

Recollect unit 1 with the help of

pictures

UNIT –II

14 Buoyancy and floatation Define buoyancy and floatation

15 Stability Of Bodies, Meta Centre, Liquids

In Relative Equilibrium

Classify about relative equilibrium

16 Fluid Kinematics: Description of fluid

flow, Stream line, path line and streak

lines and stream tube

Define the terms of fluid kinematics

17 Classification of flows : Steady, unsteady, Classify different flows


uniform, non uniform, laminar, turbulent,

rotational and irrotational flows

18 Equation of continuity for one, two , three

dimensional flows

Classify dimensional flows

19 stream and velocity potential functions Elaborate potential functions

20 circulation and vorticity Define circulation and vorticity

21 flow net analysis Describe flow net analysis

22 Derivations and problems

Derive and solve problems

23

Revision of unit 2 , videos and ppt

Recollect unit 2 with the help of

pictures and videos

UNIT –III

24 Fluid Dynamics and Measurement of

Flow Surface and body forces

Measure Flow Surface and body

forces

25 Euler’s equations for flow along a stream

line for 3-D flow

Derive Euler’s equations for flow

along a stream line for 3-D flow

26 Bernoulli’s equations for flow along a

stream line for 3-D flow

Derive Bernoulli’s equations for

flow along a stream line for 3-D

flow

27 stokes equations Derive stokes equations

28 Momentum equation and its application Derive Momentum equation and its

application

29 forces on pipe bend Classify forces on pipe bend

30 Pitot tube Define Pitot tube

31 Venturi meter Define Venturi meter

32 orifice meter Define orifice meter

33 classification of orifices Classify orifices

34 flow over rectangular, triangular and Classify flow over rectangular,


trapezoidal and Stepped notches triangular and trapezoidal and

Stepped notches

35 Broad crested weirs Define Broad crested weirs

36 Problems based on notches Solve Problems based on notches

37 Revision of unit 3 Recollect unit 3

38 Unit 3 ppt Unit 3 ppt

UNIT –IV

39 Closed Conduit Flow: Reynold’s

experiment

Demonstrate Reynold’s experiment

40 Characteristics of Laminar & Turbulent

flows

Differentiate Characteristics of

Laminar & Turbulent flows

41 Laws of Fluid friction Elaborate Laws of Fluid friction

42 Darcy’s equation Derive Darcy’s equation

43 variation of friction factor with

Reynold’s number

classify friction factor with

Reynold’s number

44 Moody’s Chart Represent Moody’s Chart

45 Minor losses , pipes in series, pipes in

parallel

Know Minor losses , pipes in series,

pipes in parallel

46 Total energy line and hydraulic gradient

line

Demonstrate different lines

47 Pipe network problems Flow between

parallel plates

Pipe network problems Flow

between parallel plates

48 Flow through long tubes, flow through

inclined tubes, water hammer

Differentiate tubes for the flow

49 Revision of unit 4 Revise unit 4

50 Videos and PPT Videos and PPT

UNIT –V


51 Boundary Layer Theory: Approximate

Solutions of Navier Stokes Equations

Demonstrate Navier Stokes

Equations

52 Boundary layer – concepts, Prandtl

contribution

Derive boundary layer

53 Characteristics of boundary layer along a

thin flat plate

Represent Characteristics of

boundary layer along a thin flat plate

54 Vonkarmen momentum integral equation Demonstrate Vonkarmen momentum

integral equation

55 laminar and turbulent Boundary layers,

BL in transition

Classify Boundary layers

56 separation of BL, control of BL Classify Boundary layers

59 flow around submerged objects Derive flow around submerged

objects

60 Drag and Lift, Magnus effect Derive Drag and Lift, Magnus effect

61 Revision of unit 5 Revise unit 5

62 Videos and PPT Videos and PPT


4. COURSE PRE–REQUISITES

Engineering Mechanics


CO’s, PO’s Mapping

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO1 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3

CO2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3

CO3 3 1 3 2 1 2 3

3

CO4 3 3 3 2 2 1 3

2

CO5 3 2 3 2 2 3

2

6. COURSE INFORMATION SHEET (CIS)

a) Course Description

PROGRAMME: B. Tech. (Civil Engineering.) DEGREE: BTECH

COURSE: FLUID MECHANICS – I YEAR: II SEM: I

CREDITS: 4

COURSE CODE: CE303ES

REGULATION: R18

COURSE TYPE: CORE

COURSEAREA/DOMAIN:THEORY/PRACTICAL CONTACT HOURS: 4+0

(L+T) hours/Week.

CORRESPONDING LAB COURSE CODE (IF

ANY):NIL

LAB COURSE NAME:NIL

b) Syllabus

Unit Details Hours

I Introduction: Dimensions and units – Physical properties of fluids

specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure and their 13


influences on fluid motion pressure at a point, Pascal’s law, Hydrostatic

law - atmospheric, gauge and vacuum pressure- measurement of

pressure. Pressure gauges, Manometers: differential and Micro

Manometers. Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane, Horizontal,

Vertical, inclined and curved surfaces – Center of pressure. Derivations

and problems.

II

Buoyancy and floatation: stability of bodies, meta centre, liquids in

relative equilibrium.

Fluid Kinematics: Description of fluid flow, Stream line, path line and

streak lines and stream tube. Classification of flows : Steady, unsteady,

uniform, non uniform, laminar, turbulent, rotational and irrotational

flows – Equation of continuity for one, two , three dimensional flows –

stream and velocity potential functions, circulation and vorticity, flownet

analysis.

10

III

Fluid Dynamics and Measurement of Flow: Surface and body forces –

Euler’s and Bernoulli’s equations for flow along a stream line for 3-D

flow, (Navier – stokes equations (Explanationary) Momentum equation

and its application – forces on pipe bend. Pitot tube, Venturi meter, and

orifice meter – classification of orifices, flow over rectangular, triangular

and trapezoidal and Stepped notches - –Broad crested weirs.

15

IV

Closed Conduit Flow: Reynold’s experiment – Characteristics of

Laminar & Turbulent flows. Laws of Fluid friction – Darcy’s equation,

,variation of friction factor with Reynold’s number – Moody’s Chart,

Minor losses – pipes in series – pipes in parallel – Total energy line and

hydraulic gradient line. Pipe network problems Flow between parallel

plates, Flow through long tubes, flow through inclined tubes, water

hammer.

12

V

Boundary Layer Theory: Approximate Solutions of Navier Stokes

Equations – Boundary layer – concepts, Prandtl contribution,

Characteristics of boundary layer along a thin flat plate, Vonkarmen

momentum integral equation, laminar and turbulent Boundary layers (no

12


derivations) BL in transition, separation of BL, control of BL, flow

around submerged objects-Drag and Lift- Magnus effect.

Total No. of classes 62

c) Gaps in the Syllabus - To Meet Industry/Profession Requirements: Nil

d) Topics beyond Syllabus/ Advanced Topics: Nil

e) Web Source References

f) Delivery/Instructional Methodologies

CHALK & TALK STUD. ASSIGNMENT WEB RESOURCES

LCD/SMART

BOARDS

STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES

g) Assessment Methodologies-Direct

ASSIGNMENTS

STUD.

SEMINARS

TESTS/MODEL

EXAMS

UNIV.

EXAMINATIO

N

STUD. LAB

PRACTICES

STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR

PROJECTS

☐

CERTIFICATIO

NS

☐ ADD-ON

COURSES

☐ OTHERS

h) Assessment Methodologies-Indirect

Sl.

No.

Name of book/ website

a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_7OhKUYV5c

b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJ3-Zm1wbIQ

c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZYnewBWUoc

d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmWw_IB6nv4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_7OhKUYV5c

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJ3-Zm1wbIQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZYnewBWUoc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmWw_IB6nv4


ASSESSMENT OF COURSE

OUTCOMES

(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE)

STUDENT FEEDBACK ON

FACULTY (TWICE)

☐ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR

PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS

☐ OTHERS

i) Text/Reference Books

T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION

Text Book Fluid Mechanics by F.M. White McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd,

New Delhi, 2011

Text Book Fluid Mechanics by V.L. Streeter., E. B. Wylie and K.W. Bedford,

McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi2016.

Text Book Fluid Mechanics by P.N. Modi and S. M. Seth, Standard Book House,

Delhi, 2011.

Reference

Book

Mechanics of Fluids by Potter, M.C D.C Wiggers, B.H Ramdan Cengage,

2012.

Reference

Book

Fluid Mechanics by J F Douglas, J M Gasiorek, J A Swaffield and L B

Jack, Pearson 2015.

Reference

Book

Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines by S. K. Som, Gautam Biswas and

S. Chakraborty, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi

2015.

Reference

Book

Engineering Fluid Mechanics by K L Kumar, S Chand, Eurasia

Publishing House, New Delhi, 2014.

Reference

Book

Fluid Mechanics by Dr. A. K. Jain Khanna Publishers, twelfth edition

2014


7. MICRO LESSON PLAN

S.N

o.

TOPIC Scheduled

Date

Actual Date

UNIT-I

1 Introduction to fluid mechanics

2 Dimensions and units

3 Physical properties of fluids specific gravity,

viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure and

their influences

4 Fluid motion pressure at a point, Pascal’s law,

Hydrostatic law

5 Atmospheric, Gauge And Vacuum Pressure

6 Measurement Of Pressure

7 Pressure gauges, Manometer

8 Differential And Micro Manometers

9 Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane,

Horizontal, Vertical, inclined and curved

surfaces

10 Center of pressure

11,1

2 Derivations and problems

13 Revision of unit 1 , videos and PPT

UNIT –II

14 Buoyancy and floatation

15 Stability Of Bodies, Meta Centre, Liquids In

Relative Equilibrium

16 Fluid Kinematics: Description of fluid flow,

Stream line, path line and streak lines and

stream tube

17 Classification of flows : Steady, unsteady,

uniform, non uniform, laminar, turbulent,

rotational and irrotational flows

18 Equation of continuity for one, two , three

dimensional flows

19 stream and velocity potential functions

20 circulation and vorticity


21 flownet analysis

22

Derivations and problems

23 Revision of unit 2 , videos and ppt

UNIT –III

24 Fluid Dynamics and Measurement of Flow Surface and body forces

25 Euler’s equations for flow along a stream line

for 3-D flow

26 Bernoulli’s equations for flow along a stream

line for 3-D flow

27 stokes equations

28 Momentum equation and its application

29 forces on pipe bend

30 Pitot tube

31 Venturi meter

32 orifice meter

33 classification of orifices

34 flow over rectangular, triangular and

trapezoidal and Stepped notches

35 Broad crested weirs

36 Problems based on notches

37 Revision of unit 3

38 Unit 3 PPT

UNIT –IV

39 Closed Conduit Flow: Reynold’s experiment

40 Characteristics of Laminar & Turbulent flows

41 Laws of Fluid friction

42 Darcy’s equation

43 variation of friction factor with Reynold’s

number

44 Moody’s Chart


8. TEACHING SCHEDULE

Subject FLUID MECHANICS – I

Text Books

Book 1 Fluid Mechanics by F.M. White McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi,

2011

Book 2 Fluid Mechanics by V.L. Streeter., E.B.Wylie and K.W. Bedford, McGraw Hill

Education (India) Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi2016.

Reference Books

45 Minor losses , pipes in series, pipes in parallel

46 Total energy line and hydraulic gradient line

47 Pipe network problems Flow between parallel

plates

48 Flow through long tubes, flow through

inclined tubes, water hammer


50 Videos and PPT

UNIT –V

51 Boundary Layer Theory: Approximate

Solutions of Navier Stokes Equations

52 Boundary layer – concepts, Prandtl

contribution

53 Characteristics of boundary layer along a thin

flat plate

54 Vonkarmen momentum integral equation

55 laminar and turbulent Boundary layers, BL in

transition

56 separation of BL, control of BL

59 flow around submerged objects

60 Drag and Lift, Magnus effect


62 Videos and PPT

TOTAL NUMBER OF CLASSES 62


Book 3 Fluid Mechanics by P.N. Modi and S.M.Seth, Standard Book House, Delhi, 2011.

Book 4 Mechanics of Fluids by Potter, M.C D.C Wiggers, B.H Ramdan Cengage, 2012.

Unit

Topic chapter Nos No of

classes Book 1 Book 2 Book 3 Book 4

I

Introduction to fluid mechanics,

Dimensions and units 1 1 1 2

Physical properties of fluids

specific gravity, viscosity, surface

tension, vapor pressure and their

influences

1 1 1 2

Fluid motion pressure at a point,

Pascal’s law, Hydrostatic law 1 1 1 1

Atmospheric, Gauge And Vacuum

Pressure 1 1 2 1

Measurement Of Pressure 1 1 2 1

Pressure gauges, Manometer 1 1 2 1

Differential And Micro

Manometers 1 1 2 2

Hydrostatic forces on submerged

plane, Horizontal, Vertical, inclined

and curved surfaces

2 1 2 2

Center of pressure 2 1 3 1

II

Buoyancy and floatation 2 1 4 1

Stability Of Bodies, Meta Centre,

Liquids In Relative Equilibrium

2 1 4 2

Fluid Kinematics: Description of

fluid flow, Stream line, path line

and streak lines and stream tube

1

2 4 2

Classification of flows : Steady,

unsteady, uniform, non uniform,

1 2 4 2


laminar, turbulent, rotational and

irrotational flows

Equation of continuity for one, two ,

three dimensional flows

1 2 4 1

stream and velocity potential

functions

1 2 4 1

circulation and vorticity, flownet

analysis

1 2 4 1

III

Fluid Dynamics and

Measurement of Flow Surface and

body forces

2 2 5 2

Euler’s equations for flow along a

stream line for 3-D flow 2 3 5

2

Bernoulli’s equations for flow

along a stream line for 3-D flow 2 3 5 2

stokes equations 2 3 5 1

Momentum equation and its

application 2 3 5 2

forces on pipe bend, Pitot tube,

Venturi meter, orifice meter 2 3 7 2

classification of orifices, flow over

rectangular, triangular and

trapezoidal and Stepped notches

2 3 7 2

Broad crested weirs 2 3 10 2

IV

Closed Conduit Flow: Reynold’s

experiment 6 3 11 1

Characteristics of Laminar &

Turbulent flows 6 3 11 1

Laws of Fluid friction 6 3 11 2

Darcy’s equation 6 3 11 1


variation of friction factor with

Reynold’s number 6 3 11 1

Moody’s Chart 6 3 11 1

Minor losses , pipes in series, pipes

in parallel 6 3 11 2

Total energy line and hydraulic

gradient line 6 3 11 1

Pipe network problems Flow

between parallel plates 6 4 11 1

Flow through long tubes, flow

through inclined tubes, water

hammer

6 4 11 1

V

Boundary Layer Theory:

Approximate Solutions of Navier

Stokes Equations

7 5 12 2

Boundary layer – concepts, Prandtl

contribution 7 5 12 2

Characteristics of boundary layer

along a thin flat plate 7 5 12 1

Vonkarmen momentum integral

equation 7 5 12 1

laminar and turbulent Boundary

layers, BL in transition 7 5 12 2

separation of BL, control of BL 7 5 12 2

flow around submerged objects 7 5 12 1

Drag and Lift, Magnus effect 7 5 12 1

TOTAL NO OF CLASSES 62


9. UNIT WISE HAND WRITTEN NOTES


10. UNIT WISE PPT


11. UNIVERSITY PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS


M

I

D

E

X

A

M

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTION PAPER WITH KEY

K. G. Reddy College of Engineering &Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)

Chilkur (Vil), Moinabad (Mdl), RR District

MID - IKEY

Q1. Define path line, stream line steam tube and streak line.

Q.

NO QUESTION

Bloom’s

level

Course

outcome

1 Define path line, stream line steam tube and

streak line. Remember CO1

2 Explain the terms surface tension and vapour

pressure. Understand CO1

3 State the assumptions and derive Bernoulli’s

equation for flow along a stream line. Analyze CO2

4 Explain body force, surface force and line force

with examples Understand CO2


Ans: Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines are field lines in a fluid flow. They differ only when the

flow changes with time, that is, when the flow is not steady. Considering a velocity vector

field in three-dimensional space in the framework of continuum mechanics, we have that:

Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of

the flow. These show the direction in which a massless fluid element will travel at any point

in time.

Streaklines are the loci of points of all the fluid particles that have passed continuously

through a particular spatial point in the past. Dye steadily injected into the fluid at a fixed

point extends along a streakline.

Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can be thought of as

"recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain period. The direction the

path takes will be determined by the streamlines of the fluid at each moment in time.

Q2. Explain the terms surface tension and vapour pressure

Ans: Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface

area possible. Surface tension allows insects (e.g. water striders), usually denser than water, to float

and stride on a water surface.

At liquid–air interfaces, surface tension results from the greater attraction of liquid molecules to each

other (due to cohesion) than to the molecules in the air (due to adhesion). The net effect is an inward

force at its surface that causes the liquid to behave as if its surface were covered with a stretched

elastic membrane. Thus, the surface becomes under tension from the imbalanced forces, which is

probably where the term "surface tension" came from. Because of the relatively high attraction of

water molecules for each other through a web of hydrogen bonds, water has a higher surface tension

(72.8 million tons per meter at 20 °C) compared to that of most other liquids. Surface tension is an

important factor in the phenomenon of capillarity.

Surface tension has the dimension of force per unit length or of energy per unit area. The two are

equivalent, but when referring to energy per unit of area, it is common to use the term surface energy,

which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to solids.

Vapor pressure

Equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic

equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system. The

equilibrium vapor pressure is an indication of a liquid's evaporation rate. It relates to the tendency of

particles to escape from the liquid (or a solid). A substance with a high vapor pressure at normal


temperatures is often referred to as volatile. The pressure exhibited by vapor present above a liquid

surface is known as vapor pressure. As the temperature of a liquid increases, the kinetic energy of its

molecules also increases. As the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, the number of molecules

transitioning into a vapor also increases, thereby increasing the vapor pressure.

Q3. State the assumptions and derive Bernoulli’s equation for flow along a stream line.

Ans: In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs

simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.The principle

is named after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738. Although

Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler who

derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form in 1752. The principle is only applicable for isentropic

flows: so when the effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) and non-adiabatic

processes (e.g. heat radiation) are small and can be neglected.

Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in various forms

of Bernoulli's equation; there are different forms of Bernoulli's equation for different types of flow.

The simple form of Bernoulli's equation is valid for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows

and gases moving at low Mach number). More advanced forms may be applied to compressible

flows at higher Mach numbers (see the derivations of the Bernoulli equation).

Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. This states that, in a

steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on

that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal

energy remains constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid – implying an increase in its

kinetic energy (dynamic pressure) – occurs with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its potential

energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the

sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit

volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential ρ g h) is the same everywhere.

Q4. Explain body force, surface force and line force with examples

Ans: A body force is a force that acts throughout the volume of a body. Forces due to gravity, electric

fields and magnetic fields are examples of body forces. Body forces contrast with contact

forces or surface forces which are exerted to the surface of an object. Normal forces and shear

forces between objects are surface forces as they are exerted to the surface of an object.


All cohesive surface attraction and contact forces between objects are also considered as surface

forces. Fictitious forces such as the centrifugal force, Euler force, and the Coriolis effect are also

examples of body forces.

A body force is simply a type of force, and so it has the same dimensions as force, [M][L][T]−2.

However, it is often convenient to talk about a body force in terms of either the force per

unit volume or the force per unit mass. If the force per unit volume is of interest, it is referred to as

the force density throughout the system. A body force is distinct from a contact force in that the force

does not require contact for transmission. Thus, common forces associated with pressure

gradients and conductive and convective heat transmission is not body forces as they require contact

between systems to exist. Radiation heat transfer, on the other hand, is a perfect example of a body

force.

Surface force denoted fs is the force that acts across an internal or external surface element in a

material body. Surface force can be decomposed into two perpendicular components: normal

forces and shear forces. A normal force acts normally over an area and a shear force

acts tangentially over an area.


MID 2

K. G. Reddy College of Engineering &Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)


Chilkur (Vil), Moinabad (Mdl), RR District

Q.

NO QUESTION Bloom’s level

Course

outcome

1

A venturi meter having a diameter of 75mm at the throat

and 150mm diameter at the enlarged end is installed in a

horizontal pipeline 150mm in diameter carrying an oil of

specific gravity 0.9. the difference of pressure head

between the enlarged end and the throat recorded by a u

tube is 175mm of mercury. Determine the discharge

through the pipe. Assume the coefficient of discharge of

the meter as 0.97

APPLYING CO3

2

A compound piping system consists of 1800m of 0.50m,

1200m of 0.40m and 600m of 0.30m new cast iron pipes

connected in series. Convert the system (a) an equivalent

length of 0.40m pipe, and (b) and equivalent size pipe

3600m long.

APPLYING CO3

3

Two pipes each 300m long are available for connecting to

a reservoir from which a flow of 0.085 m3/s is required. If

the diameters of the two pipes are 0.30m and 0.15m

respectively, determine the ratio of the head lost when the

pipes are connected in series to the head loss when they

are connected in parallel. Neglect minor losses.

ANALYZING CO4

4

Oil of viscosity 0.1 pa.s and specific gravity 0.90, flows

through a horizontal pipe of 25mm diameter. If the

pressure drop per meter length of the pipe is 12kpa,

determine (a) the rate of flow in N/min; (b) the shear stress

at the pipe wall; (c) the Reynolds number of the flow; and

(d) the power required per 50m length of pipe to maintain

the flow

ANALYZING CO5


KEY

Q1. A venturi meter having a diameter of 75mm at the throat and 150mm diameter at the

enlarged end is installed in a horizontal pipeline 150mm in diameter carrying an oil of specific

gravity 0.9. The difference of pressure head between the enlarged end and the throat recorded

by a u tube is 175mm of mercury. Determine the discharge through the pipe. Assume the

coefficient of discharge of the meter as 0.97

Ans:


Q2. A compound piping system consists of 1800m of 0.50m, 1200m of 0.40m and 600m of

0.30m new cast iron pipes connected in series. Convert the system (a) an equivalent length of

0.40m pipe, and (b) and equivalent size pipe 3600m long.

Ans:


Q3. Two pipes each 300m long are available for connecting to a reservoir from which a flow of

0.085 m3/s is required. If the diameters of the two pipes are 0.30m and 0.15m respectively,

determine the ratio of the head lost when the pipes are connected in series to the head loss when

they are connected in parallel. Neglect minor losses.

Ans:


Q4. Oil of viscosity 0.1 pa.s and specific gravity 0.90, flows through a horizontal pipe of 25mm

diameter. If the pressure drop per meter length of the pipe is 12kpa, determine (a) the rate of

flow in N/min; (b) the shear stress at the pipe wall; (c) the Reynolds number of the flow; and (d)

the power required per 50m length of pipe to maintain the flow

Ans:


13. MID EXAM OBJECTIVE QUESTION PAPER

MID- I


MID-II


14. ASSIGNMENT TOPICS WITH MATERIALS

UNIT I

1. Physical properties of fluids

2. Pascal’s law and hydrostatic law

3. Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane

4. Measurement of pressure

5. Manometers.

1. Physical properties of fluids

Ans: Properties of fluids determine how fluids can be used in engineering and technology. They also

determine the behaviour of fluids in fluid mechanics. The following are some of the important basic

properties of fluids:

1. Density

2. Viscosity

3. Temperature

4. Pressure

5. Specific Volume

6. Specific Weight

7. Specific Gravity

1. Density:

Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid. In other words, it is the ratio between mass (m) and

volume (V) of a fluid.

Density is denoted by the symbol ‘ρ’. Its unit is kg/m3.

In general, density of a fluid decreases with increase in temperature. It increases with increase in

pressure.

http://mechteacher.com/properties-of-fluids/#Temperature

http://mechteacher.com/properties-of-fluids/#Pressure

http://mechteacher.com/properties-of-fluids/#Specific-Weight

http://mechteacher.com/properties-of-fluids/#Specific-Gravity


The ideal gas equation is given by:

The above equation is used to find the density of any fluid, if the pressure (P) and temperature (T) are

known.

Note: The density of standard liquid (water) is 1000 kg/m3.

2. Viscosity

Viscosity is the fluid property that determines the amount of resistance of the fluid to shear stress. It is

the property of the fluid due to which the fluid offers resistance to flow of one layer of the fluid over

another adjacent layer.

In a liquid, viscosity decreases with increase in temperature. In a gas, viscosity increases with increase

in temperature.

Viscosity – Animation Video

3. Temperature:

It is the property that determines the degree of hotness or coldness or the level of heat intensity of a

fluid. Temperature is measured by using temperature scales.There are 3 commonly used temperature

scales. They are

1. Celsius (or centigrade) scale


2. Fahrenheit scale

3. Kelvin scale (or absolute temperature scale)

Kelvin scale is widely used in engineering. This is because, this scale is independent of properties of a

substance.

4. Pressure:

Pressure of a fluid is the force per unit area of the fluid. In other words, it is the ratio of force on a

fluid to the area of the fluid held perpendicular to the direction of the force.

Pressure is denoted by the letter ‘P’. Its unit is N/m2.

5. Specific Volume:

Specific volume is the volume of a fluid (V) occupied per unit mass (m). It is the reciprocal of density.

Specific volume is denoted by the symbol ‘v’. Its unit is m3/kg.

6. Specific Weight:

Specific weight is the weight possessed by unit volume of a fluid. It is denoted by ‘w’. Its unit is N/m3.

Specific weight varies from place to place due to the change of acceleration due to gravity (g).

7. Specific Gravity:

Specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight of the given fluid to the specific weight of standard

fluid. It is denoted by the letter ‘S’. It has no unit.


Specific gravity may also be defined as the ratio between density of the given fluid to the density of

standard fluid.

2. Pascal’s law and hydrostatic law

Ans: Pascal’s Law

This law states that the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions. To show this,

we will consider a very small wedge of fluid surrounding the point.

This wedge is unit thickness into the page:

And so the pressure at a point is the same in any direction. We neglected the weight of the small

wedge of fluid because it is infinitesimally small. This is why Pascal’s Law is restricted to the pressure

at a point.

Hydrostatics Law

A Hydrostatics Law state that rate of increase of pressure in a vertically downward direction in

fluid/liquid is equal to weight density of the liquid.


3. Hydrostatic forces on submerged plane

Ans:

4. Measurement of pressure

Ans: Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a

surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have

been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure and display

pressure in an integral unit are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges. A manometer is a good

example as it uses a column of liquid to both measure and indicate pressure. Likewise the widely

used Bourdon gauge is a mechanical device which both measures and indicates and is probably the

best known type of gauge.

A vacuum gauge is a pressure gauge used to measure pressures lower than the ambient atmospheric

pressure, which is set as the zero point, in negative values (e.g.: -15 psi or -760 mmHg equals total

vacuum). Most gauges measure pressure relative to atmospheric pressure as the zero point, so this

form of reading is simply referred to as "gauge pressure". However, anything greater than total


vacuum is technically a form of pressure. For very accurate readings, especially at very low pressures,

a gauge that uses total vacuum as the zero point may be used, giving pressure readings in an absolute

scale.

5. Manometers

Ans: Main characteristics of manometers are pressure range, accuracy, sensitivity and speed of

response. Pressure range of manometers varies from almost perfect vacuum to several hundreds of

atmosphere. The conventional instruments used for pressure measurement are divided into the

following groups.

1) Liquid column manometers

2) Pressure gauges with elastic sensing elements

3) Pressure transducers

4) Manometers for low absolute pressures

5) Manometers for very high absolute pressures


UNIT II

1. Liquids in relative equilibrium

2. Description of fluid flow

3. Classification of flows

4. Equation of continuity

5. Flow net analysis

1. Liquids in relative equilibrium

Ans: Relative equilibrium of liquid is a condition where the whole mass of liquid including the vessel

in which the liquid is contained, is moving at uniform accelerated motion with respect to the earth, but

every particle of liquid have no relative motion between each other. There are two cases of relative

equilibrium linear translation and rotation.

2. Description of fluid flow

Ans:Consider a typical fluid element of certain volume at any arbitrary time as shown in Fig. 3.2.1.

After certain time interval, it has moved and changed its shape as well as orientation drastically.

However, when we limit our attention to an infinitesimal particle of volume at

time t and within the fluid element, it may be observed that the change of its shape is limited

to only stretching/shrinking and rotation with its sides remaining straight even though there is a drastic

change in the finite fluid element. Thus, the particle motion in a fluid flow can be decomposed into

four fundamental components i.e. translation, rotation, linear strain and shear strain as shown in Fig.

3.2.2. When the fluid particle moves in space from one point to another, it is referred

as translation. Rotation of the fluid particle can occur in any of the orthogonal axis. In the case

of linear strain , the particle's side can stretch or shrink. When the angle between the sides of the

particle changes, it is called as shear strain.


Ans: The flow of fluids can be classified according to various criteria of the fluid that flows.

According to geometrical criteria:

I. Direction of the flow

a) One dimensional flow

Flow in one direction. For example, Flow through pipes.

b) Two dimensional flow

Flow in two dimensional space. For example, air flow around airplane wing.


c) Three dimensional flow

Flow represented by three-dimensional space. For example flow through control volume.

II. Region of flow.

a) Internal flow

Flow considered inside a region. For example, Flow of refrigerant inside copper tube in condenser.

b) External flow

Flow considered outside a region. For example, Flow of air over the copper tube in condenser.

According to kinematic criteria:

III. Position of fluid particles

a) Uniform fluid flow

Position of fluid particle at inlet and outlet of a fluid flow is constant.

b) Non uniform fluid flow

Position of fluid particles is altered with the fluid flow.

IV. Variation of parameters with time.

a) steady flow

Fluid parameters are independent of time

b) Unsteady flow

Fluid parameters are time dependent

V. Vorticity vector of the fluid particles

a) Irrotational flow

b) Rotational flow

VI. Velocity of the flow.

a) subsonic flow (Mach number M < 1)

b) Transonic flow (M = 1)

c) Supersonic flow (1 ≤ M ≤ 5)

d) Hypersonic flow (M > 5)

VII. Motion (path) of the fluid particles.

a) Laminar flow

Fluid particles follows streamline motion. Reynolds number Re < 4000

b) Turbulent flow

Fluid particles flow in random path. Reynolds number Re < 4000.

According to physical criteria:


VIII. Position of fluid particles

a) Incompressible flow (ρ=constant)

b) Compressible flow (ρ≠constant).

4. Equation of continuity

Ans: A continuity equation in physics is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity. It is

particularly simple and powerful when applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be generalized to

apply to any extensive quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge and other

natural quantities are conserved under their respective appropriate conditions, a variety of physical

phenomena may be described using continuity equations.

Continuity equations are a stronger, local form of conservation laws. For example, a weak version of

the law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed—i.e., the

total amount of energy is fixed. This statement does not immediately rule out the possibility that

energy could disappear from a field in Canada while simultaneously appearing in a room in Indonesia.

5. Flownet analysis

Ans: A flownet is a graphical representation of two-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow

through aquifers.

Construction of a flownet is often used for solving groundwater flow problems where the geometry

makes analytical solutions impractical. The method is often used in civil

engineering, hydrogeology or soil mechanics as a first check for problems of flow under hydraulic

structures like dams or sheet pile walls. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equi-potential

lines is called a flow net. The flownet is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional ir-rotational

flow problems. Flow net technique is a graphical representation method.

UNIT III

1. Eulers equation

2. Bernoullis equation

3. Pitot tube

4. Classification of orifices

5. Broad crested weirs

1. Eulers equation


Ans:

2. Bernoullis equation

Ans:


3. Pitot tube

Ans: Pitot tube is one of the simplest flow sensors; it is used in a wide range of flow measurement

applications such as air speed in racing cars and Air Force fighter jets. In industrial applications, pitot

tubes are used to measure air flow in pipes, ducts, and stacks, and liquid flow in pipes, weirs, and open

channels. While accuracy and range ability are relatively low, pitot tubes are simple, reliable,

inexpensive, and suited for a variety of environmental conditions, including extremely high

temperatures and a wide range of pressures.

4. Classification of Orifices

Ans: Orifices are classified on the basis of many criteria such as:

1. Size

2. Shape

3. Nature of discharge

4. Nature of upstream edge etc.

These are explained briefly as below:

Classification based on shape: Orifices are classified into small orifice and large orifice depending

upon the size of orifice and head of fluid in that orifice. Small orifice is the one in which has the head

of fluid from the centre of orifice is more than five times the depth of orifice. Also the large orifice is

the one which has the head is less than five times the depth of orifice.

Classification based on shape: Based on shape of orifice they are classified as following:


1. Rectangular orifice

2. Circular orifice

3. Triangular orifice

4. Square orifice

Classification based on nature of discharge: Based on nature of discharge they are classified as

following:

1. Free discharging orifice

2. Submerged orifice: They are also further classified as fully submerged and partially sub

merged orifices.

Classification based on nature of upstream edge of orifice: Based on nature of upstream edge of

orifice they are classified as following:

1. Sharp-edged orifice

2. Bell-mouthed orifice

5. Broad crested weirs

Ans: The hydraulc characteristics of flow over rectangular broad-crested weirs with varying upstream

slopes were experimentally studied. A series of laboratory experiments was performed to investigate

the effects of changing upstream slopes from 90° to 75°, 60°, 45°, 30°, 22.5°, 15°, and 10° on the flow

surface pattern, discharge coefficient values, approach velocity profile and flow separation zone. In

addition, a new mathematical relationship for water surface profile and a new correction factor to

estimate discharge coefficient over weirs with various upstream slopes were introduced. The results

showed decreasing upstream slopes from 90° to 10° leading to increasing discharge coefficient values

and dissipation of the separation zone.

UNIT IV

1. Reynolds experiment


3. Darcys equation

4. Minor losses

5. Water hammer


1. Reynolds experiment

Ans: This non-dimensional parameter Re, is given as follows for flow through a pipe: Re = Viscous

forces L Inertial Forces s v μ 1vsL , where vs = mean fluid velocity or characteristic velocity,

L = characteristic length scale(such as diameter of a pipe, diameter or length of a body, = (absolute)

dynamic fluid viscosity(viscosity coefficient), 1),/= = kinematic fluid viscosity ( 1 = fluid

density. Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant and is

characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion, while turbulent flow, on the other hand, occurs at high

Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, producing random eddies, vortices and other

flow fluctuations. Reynolds demonstrated, first in the history of fluid mechanics, that the changes from

laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe occur when the Reynolds number Re exceeds 2100.

The Reynolds number for laminar flow in cylindrical pipes is about 1000.The transition between

laminar and turbulent flow is often indicated by a critical Reynolds number, Rcrit., which depends on

the exact flow configuration and must be determined experimentally. Within a certain range around

this point there is a region of gradual transition where the flow is neither 4 fully laminar nor fully

turbulent, nor predictions of fluid behaviour can be difficult.

For example, within circular pipes the critical Reynolds number is generally accepted to be 2300,

where the Reynolds number is based on the pipe diameter and the mean velocity vs within the pipe,

but engineers will avoid any pipe configuration that falls within the range of Reynolds numbers from

about 2000 to 4000 to ensure that the flow is either laminar or turbulent.

2.

The flow of fluids can be classified according to various criteria of the fluid that flows.

According to geometrical criteria:

I. Direction of the flow

a) One dimensional flow

Flow in one direction. For example, Flow through pipes.

b) Two dimensional flow

Flow in two dimensional space. For example, air flow around airplane wing.

c) Three dimensional flow

Flow represented by three-dimensional space. For example flow through control volume.

II. Region of flow.

a) Internal flow

Flow considered inside a region. For example, Flow of refrigerant inside copper tube in condenser.


b) External flow

Flow considered outside a region. For example, Flow of air over the copper tube in condenser.

According to kinematic criteria:

III. Position of fluid particles

a) Uniform fluid flow

Position of fluid particle at inlet and outlet of a fluid flow is constant.

b) Non uniform fluid flow

Position of fluid particles is altered with the fluid flow.

IV. Variation of parameters with time.

a) steady flow

Fluid parameters are independent of time

b) Unsteady flow

Fluid parameters are time dependent

V. Vorticity vector of the fluid particles

a) Irrotational flow

b) Rotational flow

VI. Velocity of the flow.

a) subsonic flow (Mach number M < 1)

b) Transonic flow (M = 1)

c) Supersonic flow (1 ≤ M ≤ 5)

d) Hypersonic flow (M > 5)

VII. Motion (path) of the fluid particles.

a) Laminar flow

Fluid particles follows streamline motion. Reynolds number Re < 4000

b) Turbulent flow

Fluid particles flow in random path. Reynolds number Re < 4000.

According to physical criteria:

VIII. Position of fluid particles

a) Incompressible flow (ρ=constant)

b) Compressible flow (ρ≠constant).

3. Darcy’s equation


Ans: Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law

was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of experiments on the flow of water through beds

of sand, forming the basis of hydrogeology, a branch of earth sciences.

4. Minor losses

Ans: Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping

systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it

such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there

are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum.

Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.

5. Water hammer

Ans: Water hammer (or, more generally, fluid hammer, also called hydraulic shock) is

a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid, usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas, in motion is

forced to stop or change direction suddenly, a momentum change. A water hammer commonly occurs

when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the

pipe.

This pressure wave can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe collapse. It is possible

to reduce the effects of the water hammer pulses with accumulators, expansion tanks, surge

tanks, blow off valves, and other features.

UNIT V

1. Naviers stokes equation

2. Characteristics of boundary layer

3. Boundary layers

4. Vonkarmen momentum integral equation

5. Magnus effect

1. Naviers stokes equation

Ans:


2. Characteristics of Boundary Layer

Ans: A boundary layer is an important concept and refers to the layer of fluid in the immediate

vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. In the Earth's atmosphere,

the atmospheric boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or

momentum transfer to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the

flow close to the wing, where viscous forces distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.

3. Boundary Layer

Ans: Laminar boundary layers can be loosely classified according to their structure and the

circumstances under which they are created. The thin shear layer which develops on an oscillating

body is an example of a Stokes boundary layer, while the Blasius boundary layer refers to the well-

known similarity solution near an attached flat plate held in an oncoming unidirectional flow

and Falkner–Skan boundary layer, a generalization of Blasius profile. When a fluid rotates and viscous

forces are balanced by the Coriolis effect (rather than convective inertia), an Ekman layer forms. In the


theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer occurs. A surface can have multiple types of

boundary layer simultaneously.

The viscous nature of airflow reduces the local velocities on a surface and is responsible for skin

friction. The layer of air over the wing's surface that is slowed down or stopped by viscosity, is the

boundary layer. There are two different types of boundary layer flow: laminar and turbulent.

4. Vonkarmen momentum integral equation

Ans:

5. Magnus effect

Ans: The Magnus effect is an observable phenomenon that is commonly associated with a spinning

object that drags air faster around one side, creating a difference in pressure that moves it in the

direction of the lower-pressure side.

The most readily observable case of the Magnus effect is when a spinning sphere (or cylinder) curves

away from the arc it would follow if it were not spinning. It is often used by soccer players, baseball

pitchers and cricket bowlers.


15. TUTORIAL TOPICS AND QUESTIONS: NIL


16 UNIT WISE-QUESTION BANK

UNIT –I

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. Define fluid mechanics.

Ans: Fluid mechanics deals with the measurement of many variables of many different types of units.

Hence we need to be very careful to be consistent.

2. Define Dimensions and Base Units of fluid mechanics.

Ans: The dimension of a measure is independent of any particular system of units. For example,

velocity may be in metres per second or miles per hour, but dimensionally, it is always length per time,

or L T = LT−1

3. Elaborate Specific Weight.

Ans: The weight of a unit volume a substance, usually denoted as γ. Essentially density times the

acceleration due to gravity:

γ = ρ g

4. Determine Pressure Head.

Ans: Pressure in fluids may arise from many sources, for example pumps, gravity, momentum etc.

Since p = ρgh, a height of liquid column can be associated with the pressure p arising from such

sources. This height, h, is known as the pressure head.

5. Define manometers

Ans: A manometer (or liquid gauge) is a pressure measurement device which uses the relationship

between pressure and head to give readings.


THREE MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. Demonstrate Relative Density (Specific Gravity)

Ans: A dimensionless measure of the density of a substance with reference to the density of some

standard substance, usually water at 4°C:

Relative density= density of substance/density of water

=specific weight of substance/specific weight of water

ρS/ ρw = γs /γs

2. Determine Viscosity of a fluid.

Ans: The viscosity of a fluid determines the amount of resistance to shear force.

Viscosities of liquids decrease as temperature increases and are usually not affected by pressure

changes. From Newton’s Law of Viscosity:

μ = τ shear stress

du /dy rate of shear strain

Hence the units of viscosity are Pa-s or N-s /m2. This measure of viscosity is known as dynamic

viscosity

3. The gauge pressure in a water main is 50 kN/m2, what is the pressure head ?

Ans: The pressure head equivalent to the pressure in the pipe is just:

P=pgh

h=p/pg

= 50X103

1000X9.81

=5.1m

So the pressure at the bottom of a 5.1 m deep swimming pool is the same as the pressure in this pipe.


4. Define Piezometer with the neat sketch.

Ans: This is the simplest gauge. A small vertical tube is connected to the pipe and its top is left open

to the atmosphere, as shown.

The pressure at A is equal to the pressure due to the column of liquid of height h1:

PA=pgh1

PB=pgh2

5. Determine U-tube Manometer over piezometer with neat sketch.

Ans: To overcome the problems with the piezometer, the U-tube manometer seals the fluid by using a

measuring (manometric) liquid

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS


1. Determine the different Pressure Reference Levels.

Ans: The pressure that exists anywhere in the universe is called the absolute pressure. This then is

the amount of pressure greater than a pure vacuum. The atmosphere on earth exerts atmospheric

pressure, on everything in it. Often when measuring pressures we will calibrate the instrument to

read zero in the open air. Any measured pressure, is then a positive or negative deviation from

atmospheric pressure.

We call such deviations a gauge pressure, gauge P. Sometimes when a gauge pressure is negative

it is termed a vacuum pressure.

The above diagram shows:

(a) The case when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure and so is a negative gauge

pressure or a vacuum pressure;

(b) The more usual case when the measured pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure by the

gauge pressure.

2. State Pascal’s Law

Ans: This law states that the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions. To show

this, we will consider a very small wedge of fluid surrounding the point.

This wedge is unit thickness into the page:


And so the pressure at a point is the same in any direction. We neglected the weight of the small

wedge of fluid because it is infinitesimally small. This is why Pascal’s Law is restricted to the pressure

at a point.

3. Determine Fluid Action on Surfaces with the help of neat sketches.

Ans: PLANE SURFACES

We consider a plane surface, PQ, of area A, totally immersed in a liquid of density ρ and inclined at an

angle φ to the free surface:


If the plane area is symmetrical about the vertical axis OG, then d = 0. We will assume that this is

normally the case.


OBJECTIVE QUESTION WITH ANSWERS

1. Which one of the following is the unit of mass density?

a) kg = m3

b) kg = m2

c) kg = m

d) kg = ms

2. The specific gravity of a liquid has

a) the same unit as that of mass density

b) the same unit as that of weight density

c) the same unit as that of specific volume

d) no unit

3. The specific volume of a liquid is the reciprocal of

a) weight density

b) mass density

c) specific weight

d) specific volume

4. Which one of the following is the unit of specific weight?

a) N = m3

b) N = m2

c) N = m

d) N = ms

5. Which one is in a state of failure?

a) Solid

b) Liquid

c) Gas

d) Fluid


6. A small shear force is applied on an element and then removed. If the element regains it’s original

position, what kind of an element can it be?

a) Solid

b) Liquid

c) Fluid

d) Gaseous

7. In which type of matter, one won’t find a free surface?

a) Solid

b) Liquid

c) Gas

d) Fluid

8. If a person studies about a fluid which is at rest, what will you call his domain of study?

a) Fluid Mechanics

b) Fluid Statics

c) Fluid Kinematics

d) Fluid Dynamics

9. The value of the compressibility of an ideal fluid is

a) zero

b) unity

c) infinity

d) more than that of a real fluid

10. The value of the Bulk Modulus of an ideal fluid is

a) zero

b) unity

c) infinity


d) less than that of a real fluid

KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans a d b a d a c b a c

FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. The value of the viscosity of an ideal fluid is ------------------

2. The value of the surface tension of an ideal fluid is -----------------

3. Dimension of mass density -----------------

4. Dimension of specific gravity of a liquid --------------------

5. Dimension of specific volume of a liquid -------------------------

6. Which one of the following is the dimension of specific weight of a liquid ------------------

7. Two fluids 1 and 2 have mass densities of p1 and p2 respectively. If p1 > p2, which one of the

following expressions will represent the relation between their specific volumes v1 and v2 ------

8. A beaker is filled with a liquid up to the mark of one litre and weighed. The weight of the liquid is

found to be 6.5 N. The specific weight of the liquid will be ------------------


found to be 6.5 N. The specific gravity of the liquid will be -------------


found to be 6.5 N. The specific volume of the liquid will be -------------


KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans zero Zero [M1 L-

3 T0].

[M0 L0 T

0].

[M-

1 L3 T0].

ML-

2 T-2]

v1 <

v2

6:5

kN =

m3

0.66 1:5 l

=kg


UNIT II


1. List the types of fluid flow.

Ans:

Steady and unsteady flow

Uniform and non-uniform flow

Laminar and Turbulent flow

Compressible and incompressible flow

Rotational and ir-rotational flow

One, Two and Three dimensional flow

2. Define Steady and Unsteady flow.

Ans: Steady flow

Fluid flow is said to be steady if at any point in the flowing fluid various characteristics such as

velocity, density, pressure, etc do not change with time.

∂V/∂t = 0 ∂p/∂t = 0 ∂ρ/∂t = 0

Unsteady flow

Fluid flow is said to be unsteady if at any point flowing fluid any one or all characteristics which

describe the behaviour of the fluid in motion change with time.

∂V/∂t ≠ 0 ∂p/∂t ≠ 0 ∂ρ/∂t ≠ 0

3. Define Uniform and Non-uniform flow.

Ans: Uniform flow

When the velocity of flow of fluid does not change both in direction and magnitude from point to

point in the flowing fluid for any given instant of time, the flow is said to be uniform.

∂V/∂s = 0 ∂p/∂s = 0 ∂ρ/∂s = 0

Non-uniform flow

If the velocity of flow of fluid changes from point to point in the flowing fluid at any instant, the flow

is said to be non-uniform flow.

∂V/∂s ≠ 0 ∂p/∂s ≠ 0 ∂ρ/∂s ≠ 0


4. Compare Laminar and Turbulent flow.

Ans: Laminar flow

A flow is said to be laminar if Reynolds number is less than 2000 for pipe flow. Laminar flow is

possible only at low velocities and high viscous fluids. In laminar type of flow, fluid particles move in

laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the adjacent layer.

Turbulent flow

In Turbulent flow, the flow is possible at both velocities and low viscous fluid.

The flow is said to be turbulent if Reynolds number is greater than 4000 for pipe flow. In Turbulent

type of flow fluid, particles move in a zig – zag manner.

5. Define Compressible and incompressible flow

Ans: Compressible flow

The compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes from point to

point i.e. the density is not constant for the fluid. It is expressed in kg/sec. ρ ≠ constant

Incompressible flow

The incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant for the fluid flow. Liquids

are generally incompressible. It is expressed in m3/s. ρ = constant



1. Define Rotational and Ir-rotational flow.

Ans: Rotational flow

Rotational flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles while flowing along stream lines and

also rotate about their own axis.

Ir-rotational flow

If the fluid particles are flowing along stream lines and do not rotate about their own axis that type of

flow is called as ir-rotational flow

2. Define One, Two and Three dimensional flow.

Ans: One dimensional flow

The flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time and one space co-ordinate only. u = f(x), v =

0 & w = 0.

Two dimensional flow

The velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space co-ordinates. u = f1(x,y), v = f2(x,y) & w

=0.

Three dimensional flow

The velocity is a function of time and three mutually perpendicular directions.

u= f1(x,y,z), v = f2(x,y,z) & w = f3(x,y,z).

3. State the assumptions used in deriving Bernoulli’s equation

Ans:

Flow is steady;

Flow is laminar;

Flow is ir-rotational;

Flow is incompressible;

Fluid is ideal.


4. List the instruments works on the basis of Bernoulli’s equation.

Ans:

Venturi meter

Orifice meter

Pitot tube.

5. Define Impulse Momentum Equation (or) Momentum Equation.

Ans: The total force acting on fluid is equal to rate of change of momentum. According to Newton’s

second law of motion,

F =ma

F dt =d (mv)


OBJECTIVE QUESTION WITH ANSWERS

1. If a person studies about a fluid which is at rest, what will you call his domain of study?

a) Fluid Mechanics

b) Fluid Statics

c) Fluid Kinematics

d) Fluid Dynamics

2. The value of the compressibility of an ideal fluid is

a) zero

b) unity

c) infinity


3. The value of the Bulk Modulus of an ideal fluid is

a) zero

b) unity

c) infinity

d) less than that of a real fluid

4. The value of the viscosity of an ideal fluid is

a) zero

b) unity

c) infinity


5. The value of the surface tension of an ideal fluid is

a) zero

b) unity


c) infinity


6. Specific gravity is what kind of property?

a) Intensive

b) Extensive

c) None of the mentioned

d) It depends on external conditions

7. If there is bucket full of oil and bucket full of water and you are asked to lift them, which one of the

two will require more effort given that volume of buckets remains same?

a) Oil bucket

b) Water bucket

c) Equal effort will be required to lift both of them

d) None of the mentioned

8. If the fluid has specific weight of 10N/m3 for a volume of 100dm3 on a planet which is having

acceleration due to gravity 20m/s2 , what will be its specific weight on a planet having acceleration

due to gravity 4m/s2?

a) 5 N/m3

b) 50 N/m3

c) 2 N/m3

d) 10 N/m3

9. Should Specific Weight of incompressible fluid only be taken at STP?

a) Yes, as specific weight may show large variation with temperature and pressure

b) No, it can be taken for any temperature and pressure

c) It should be taken at standard temperature but pressure may be any value

d) It should be taken at standard pressure but temperature may be any value

10. An instrument with air as fluid was involved in some experiment (specific volume was the

characteristic property utilized) which was conducted during day in desert. Due to some reason


experiment couldn’t be conducted during day and had to be conducted during night. However there

were considerable errors in obtained values. What might be the reason of these errors?

a) It was human error

b) It was instrumental error

c) Error was due to the fact that experiment was conducted at night


KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans b A c a a a b c b c



1. The density of metallic body which floats at the interface of mercury of sp.gr 13.6 and water such

that 40 % of its volume is sub-merged in mercury and 60% in water.---------------------

2. The principal cause of action of buoyant force on a body submerged partially or fully in fluid--------

-----

3. How can relatively denser object be made to float on the less dense fluid-------------------

4. What happens to the buoyant force acting on the airship as it rises in the air?

5. As a balloon rises in the air its volume increases, at the end it acquires a stable height and cannot

rise any further.

6. Submarines use principle of ‘neutral buoyancy’ to go into the water.

7. A shear-thinnning fluid is a -------------------

8. A shear-thickening fluid ------------------

9. For what value of flow behaviour index, does the consistency index has a dimension independent of

time ------------------

10. What will be the dimension of the flow consistency index for a fluid with a flow behaviour index

of -1 -------------------

KEY

Q.

NO

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans 6040

kg/m3

Displacem

ent of fluid

due to

submerged

body

By

altering

the

shape

Buoyan

t force

decreas

es

True True Pseudo

plastic

Dilatants 2 N/m2


UNIT III


1) Define forced vertex flow? Give example?

Ans: It is defined as that type of vertex flow in which some external torque is required to rotate the

fluid mass. Example:

1. A vertical cylinder containing liquid which is rotated about its central axis with a constant angular

velocity.

2. Flow of liquid inside the impeller of a centrifugal pump.

2) Define free vertex flow? Give examples?

Ans: When no external torque is required to rotate the fluid mass, that type of flow is called free

vertex flow. Example:

1. Flow of liquid through a hole provided at the bottom of a container.

2. A whirlpool in a river.

3) Write the equation of forced vortex flow?

Ans:

4) What are the forces present in a fluid flow?

Ans:

Fg-Gravity force

Fp-Pressure force Fv-Force due to viscosity

Ft- force due to turbulence.

Fc- Force due to compressibility.

5) What are the assumptions made in deriving Bernoulli’s equation?

Ans:

1. The fluid is ideal

2. The flow is steady.

3. The flow is incompressible.

4. The flow is irrotational.



1. What are the types of fluid flows?

Ans: The fluid flow is classified as,

(1) Steady and unsteady flow.

(2) Uniform and non-uniform flow.

(3) Laminar and turbulent flow

(4) Compressible and incompressible flow.

(5) Rotational and irrotational flow.

(6) One, two and three dimension flow.

2. Mention the range of Reynold’s number for laminar and turbulent flow in a pipe.

Ans: If the Reynolds number is less than 2000, the flow is laminar. But if the Reynold’s number is

greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent flow.

3. What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe flow?

Ans: Frictional resistance for the turbulent flow is,

i. Proportional to vn where v varies from 1.5 to 2.0.

ii. Proportional to the density of fluid.

iii. Proportional to the area of surface in contact.

iv. Independent of pressure.

v. Depend on the nature of the surface in contact.

4. What is the expression for head loss due to friction?

Ans: hf = 4flv2 / 2gd

Where,

hf = Head loss due to friction (m),

L = Length of the pipe (m),

d = Diameter of the pipe (m), V = Velocity of flow (m/sec)

f = Coefficient of friction


5. What are the factors to be determined when viscous fluid flows through the circular pipe?

Ans: The factors to be determined are:

i. Velocity distribution across the section.

ii. Ratio of maximum velocity to the average velocity.

iii. Shear stress distribution.

iv. Drop of pressure for a given length



OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

1. If there is no exchange of heat between system and surrounding where system comprises of a

compressible fluid but the heat is generated due to friction, the process is an adiabatic.

a) True

b) False

2. For a compressible fluid, if there is no change in specific volume at constant temperature, what type

of process it is?

a) Isothermal process

b) Adiabatic Process

c) Polytrophic process

d) none of the mentioned

3. If the fluid is incompressible, do thermodynamic properties play an important role in its behaviour

at varying temperature and pressure?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Depends on the fluid


4. If for same temperature and pressure change, the value of bulk modulus is compared for isothermal

process and adiabatic process, which one would be higher?

a) Isothermal process

b) Adiabatic process

c) Value is constant for both the processes



5. The value of gas constant is same for all the gases

a) True

b) False

6. Calculate the pressure exerted by 9 kg of air at a temperature of 20℃ if the volume is 0.8m3.

Assuming ideal gas laws are applicable.

a) 946 kN/m2

b) 1892 kN/m2

c) 1419 kN/m2

d) None of the mention.

7. A gas weighs 16 N/m3 at 30℃ and at an absolute pressure of 0.35 N/mm2. Determine the gas

constant.

a) 708.23

b) 354.11

c) 531.17

d) 1062.34

8. A cylinder of 0.8 m3 in volume contains superheated steam at 70℃ and .4 N/m2 absolute pressure.

The superheated steam is compressed to 0.3. Find pressure and temperature.

a) 0.74 N/m2, 422.3

b) 1.48 N/m2, 422.3

c) 0.74 N/m2, 844.6

d) 1.48 N/m2, 844.6

9. Determine the compressibility of an incompressible fluid, if the pressure of the fluid is changed

from 70 N/m2 to 130 N/m2. The volume of the liquid changes by 0.15 percent.

a) 0.0025 m2/N

b) 0.0050 m2/N

c) 0.0070 m2/N


d) 0.0012 m2/N

10. What is the variation of cp, cv and k in case of gases when the temperature increases?

a) cp and cv decreases with temperature, and k increases

b) cp and cv increase with temperature, and k decreases

c) cp and cv increase with temperature, and k increases

d) cp and cv decreases with temperature, and k decreases

KEY

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans B a B b b a a a a B


1. A wooden cylinder of sp.gr. = 0.6 and circular in cross-section is required to float in oil (sp.gr. =

0.90). Find the L/D ratio for the cylinder to float with its longitudinal axis vertical in oil, where L is

the height of cylinder and D is its diameter ----------------------

2. A cylinder (uniform density distribution) of radius 3.0 m has a height of 9.0 m. The specific gravity

of material of cylinder 0.85 and it is floating in water with its axis vertical. State whether the

equilibrium is stable or unstable ------------------------

3. If the magnitude of dimension of a rectangular wooden block is length>breadth>height, then for it

to float on the water, it should be immersed in ------------------

4. When body is completely or partially immersed in a fluid, how much its weight be distributed for it

to be in stable equilibrium -----------------

5. In unstable equilibrium what is the relation between forces ---------------------

6. The floating body is said to be in unstable equilibrium if the metacentre is below the centre of

gravity -------------------

7. The floating body is said to be in neutral equilibrium if the metacentre is above the centre of gravity

-----------------------

8. In stable equilibrium for completely submerged bodies what is the relation between forces------------

-----


9. Three flows named as 1,2 and 3 are observed. The Reynold’s number for the three are 100, 1000

and 10000. the flows will be laminar ---------------------------

10. Three flows named as 1, 2 and 3 are observed. The flow velocities are v1 and v2. If all other

geometrical factors remain the same along with the fluid considered, flow is more likely to be laminar

Q.N

O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans L/D<

3/4

Stab

le

It should be

immersed

horizontally

such that

breadth is

partially

immersed

aroun

d the

lower

part

Buoya

ncy

force=

Weigh

t of

body

True True Buoyancy

force=Wei

ght of

body, the

centre of

buoyancy

is above

the centre

of gravity.

only

1

and

2

alway

s flow

2


UNIT IV


1. What is meant by energy loss in a pipe?

Ans: When the fluid flows through a pipe, it losses some energy or head due to frictional resistance

and other reasons. It is called energy loss. The losses are classified as;

Major losses and Minor losses

2. Explain the major losses in a pipe.

Ans: The major energy losses in a pipe is mainly due to the frictional resistance caused by the shear

force between the fluid particles and boundary walls of the pipe and also due to viscosity of the fluid.

3. Explain minor losses in a pipe.

Ans: The loss of energy or head due to change of velocity of the flowing fluid in magnitude or

direction is called minor losses. It includes: sudden expansion of the pipe, sudden contraction of the

pipe, bend in a pipe, pipe fittings and obstruction in the pipe, etc.

4. Give an expression for loss of head due to an obstruction in pipe

Ans: Loss of head due to an obstruction

= V2 / 2g (A/ Cc(A-a ) -1 )2

Where, A = area of pipe, a = Max area of obstruction,

V = Velocity of liquid in pipe

A-a = Area of flow of liquid at section 1-1

5. Define equivalent pipe and write the equation to obtain equivalent pipe diameter.

Ans: The single pipe replacing the compound pipe with same diameter without change in discharge

and head loss is known as equivalent pipe.

L = L1 + L2 + L3

(L/d) = (L1/d1) + (L2/d2) + (L3/d3)



1. Write the expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement and sudden contraction of

the pipe.

Ans: hexp = (V1-V2) /2g

Where,

hexp = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement of pipe.

V1 = Velocity of flow at pipe 1;

V2 = Velocity of flow at pipe 2.

hcon =0.5 V /2g

hcon = Loss of head due to sudden contraction.

V = Velocity at outlet of pipe.

2. What is meant by Moody’s chart and what are the uses of Moody’s chart?

Ans: The basic chart plotted against Darcy-Weisbach friction factor against Reynold’s Number (Re)

for the variety of relative roughness and flow regimes. The relative roughness is the ratio of the mean

height of roughness of the pipe and its diameter (ε/D).

Moody’s diagram is accurate to about 15% for design calculations and used for a large number of

applications. It can be used for non-circular conduits and also for open channels.

3. Define the terms a) Hydraulic gradient line [HGL] b) Total Energy line [TEL]

Ans: Hydraulic gradient line: It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head and datum

head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect the reference line.

HGL = Sum of Pressure Head and Datum head

Total energy line: Total energy line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum

head and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.

TEL = Sum of Pressure Head, Datum head and Velocity head

4. Define displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy thickness.

Ans: The displacement thickness (δ) is defined as the distance by which the boundary should be

displaced to compensate for the reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation.

δ* = ∫ [ 1 – (u/U) ] dy


The momentum thickness (θ) is defined as the distance by which the boundary should be displaced to

compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer

formation.

θ = ∫ [(u/U) – (u/U)2 ] dy

The energy thickness (δ**) is defined as the distance by which the boundary should be displaced to

compensate for the reduction in kinetic energy of the flowing fluid on account of boundary layer

formation.

δ** = ∫ [ (u/U) – (u/U)3 ] dy

5. Define kinetic energy correction factor?

Ans: Kinetic energy factor is defined as the ratio of the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on

actual velocity across a section to the kinetic energy of the flow per sec based on average velocity

across the same section. It is denoted by (α).

K. E factor (α) = K.E per sec based on actual velocity / K.E per sec based on

Average velocity


FIVE MARK QUESTIONS WITH

ANSWERS

S



1. Energy gradient line takes into consideration

a) potential and kinetic heads only

b) potential and pressure heads only

c) kinetic and pressure heads only

d) potential, kinetic and pressure heads

2. Hydraulic gradient line takes into consideration

a) potential and kinetic heads only

b) potential and pressure heads only

c) kinetic and pressure heads only

d) potential, kinetic and pressure heads

3. Which of the following is true?

a) EGL always drops in the direction of c

b) EGL always rises in the direction of flow

c) EGL always remains constant in the direction of flow

d) EGL may or may not in the direction of flow


a) HGL always drops in the direction of flow

b) HGL always rises in the direction of flow

c) HGL always remains constant in the direction of flow

d) HGL may or may not in the direction of flow


a) HGL will never be above EGL

b) HGL will never be under EGL


c) HGL will never coincide with EGL

d) HGL will may or may not be above EGL

6. The vertical intercept between EGL and HGL is equal to

a) pressure head

b) potential head

c) kinetic head

d) Piezometric head

7. The slope of HGL will be

a) greater than that of EGL for a pipe of uniform cross-section

b) smaller than that of EGL for a pipe of uniform cross-section

c) equal than that of EGL for a pipe of uniform cross-section

d) independent of that of EGL for a pipe of uniform cross-section

8. For a nozzle, the vertical intercept between EGL and HGL

a) increases

b) decreases

c) remains constant

d) may increase or decrease

9. For a diffuser, the vertical intercept between EGL and HGL

a) increases

b) decreases

c) remains constant

d) may increase or decrease



a) the slope of EGL will always be greater than that of the axis of the pipe

b) the slope of EGL will always be smaller than that of the axis of the pipe

c) the slope of EGL will always be equal to that of the axis of the pipe

d) the slope of EGL will always be independent of that of the axis of the pipe

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans d b a d a c c a b D

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. The continuity equation is based on the premise of----------------------

2. The continuity equation is only applicable to incompressible fluid-------------------

3. For incompressible fluid flow, if area reduces then what is the effect on the velocity-----------

4. For compressible fluid flow in a pipe, having decrease in specific gravity what will be the effect of

decrease in diameter------------------

5. What is the most common assumption while dealing with fluid flow problems using continuity

equation---------------

6. The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1 and 2 are 8 cm and 13 cm respectively. Find the discharge

through pipe if the velocity of water flowing through the pipe at section 1 is 6 m/s. Determine also the

velocity at section 2-----------------------

7. The continuity equation can only be used for analysis of conserved quantity----------

8. The diameter of a pipe at the section 1 is 9 cm. If the velocity of water flowing through the pipe at

section 1 is 4.8 m/s and section 2 is 9 m/s, Determine the area at section 2-------------------

9. For a flow to be physically possible it must primarily satisfy which equation-----------------

10. Continuity equation can also be derived for polar coordinate system


Q.N

O

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans Law of

conservati

on of

mass

compressi

ble fluid.

Increas

es

It will

cause

increa

se in

veloci

ty

Flow

is

assum

ed to

be

steady

2.2

7

m/s

contro

l

volum

e.

33.9

3 m2

Equation

of

conservati

on of

energy

analys

is


UNIT V


1. Define Boundary layer.

Ans: When a real fluid flow passed a solid boundary, fluid layer is adhered to the solid boundary. Due

to adhesion fluid undergoes retardation thereby developing a small region in the immediate vicinity of

the boundary. This region is known as boundary layer.

2. What is mean by boundary layer growth?

Ans: At subsequent points downstream of the leading edge, the boundary layer region increases

because the retarded fluid is further retarded. This is referred as growth of boundary layer.

3. Classification of boundary layer.

Ans: (i) Laminar boundary layer, (ii) Transition zone,

(iii) Turbulent boundary layer.

4. Define laminar boundary layer.

Ans: Near the leading edge of the surface of the plate the thickness of boundary layer is small and

flow is laminar. This layer of fluid is said to be laminar boundary layer. The length of the plate from

the leading edge, up to which laminar boundary layer exists is called as laminar zone. In this zone the

velocity profile is parabolic.

5. Define transition zone.

Ans: After laminar zone, the laminar boundary layer becomes unstable and the fluid motion

transformed to turbulent boundary layer. This short length over which the changes taking place is

called as transition zone.



1. Define turbulent boundary.

Ans: Further downstream of transition zone, the boundary layer is turbulent and continuous to grow in

thickness. This layer of boundary is called turbulent boundary layer.

2. Define Laminar sub Layer

Ans: In the turbulent boundary layer zone, adjacent to the solid surface of the plate the velocity

variation is influenced by viscous effects. Due to very small thickness, the velocity distribution is

almost linear. This region is known as laminar sub layer.

3. Define Boundary layer Thickness.

Ans: It is defined as the distance from the solid boundary measured in y-direction to the point, where

the velocity of fluid is approximately equal to 0.99 times the free stream velocity (U) of the fluid.

4. What does Haigen-Poiseulle equation refer to?

Ans: The equation refers to the value of loss of head in a pipe of length ‘L’ due to viscosity in a

laminar flow.

Hagen poiseuille’s formula

(P1-P2) / ρg = hf = 32 μŪL / ρgD

The expression is known as Hagen poiseuille formula.

Where

P1-P2 / ρg = Loss of pressure head,

Ū= Average velocity,

μ = Coefficient of viscosity,

D = Diameter of pipe,

L = Length of pipe

5. Define dimensional analysis. Write the uses of dimension analysis?

Ans: Dimensional analysis is a mathematical technique which makes use of the study of dimensions as

an aid to solution of several engineering problems. It plays an important role in research work. Uses of

dimension analysis

• It helps in testing the dimensional homogeneity of any equation of fluid motion.

• It helps in deriving equations expressed in terms of non-dimensional parameters.

• It helps in planning model tests and presenting experimental results in a systematic manner.



1. Two horizontal plates placed 250mm have an oil of viscosity 20 poises. Calculate the shear stress in

oil if upper plate is moved with velocity of 1250mm/s.

a) 20 N/m2

b) 2 N/m2

c) 10 N/m2


2. The kinematic viscosity of oil of specific gravity .8 is .0005 .This oil is used for lubrication of shaft

of diameter .4 m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the power lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of

90mm. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5mm.

a) 477.65 Watts

b) 955.31 Watts

c) 238.83 Watts


3. Find the kinematic viscosity of oil having density 1962 g/m3. the force experienced for area of 20

m2 is 4.904 kN and velocity of gradient at that point is 0.2/s.

a) 0.625

b) 1.25

c) 2.5


4. The velocity distribution for fluid flow over a flat plate is given by u=2y-6y2 in which u is the

velocity in metre per second at a distance of y metre above the plate. Determine the shear stress at

y=0.15m.Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.6 poise.

a) 0.172 N/m2

b) 0.344 N/m2

c) 0.086 N/m2



5. In which types of fluids it is observed that momentum transfer dominates cohesive forces with

increase in temperature and hence viscosity increases

a) Gases

b) Liquids

c) Solids


6. What is the characteristic variation shown by the thixotropic fluids in their shear stress vs. rate of

shear strain graph?

a) shear stress increases with increase in rate of shear strain

b) shear stress decreases with increase in rate of shear strain

c) shear stress shows variation only after a definite shear stress is reached

d) shear stress has decreasing constant and then variation relationship with rate of shear strain

7. What happens to viscosity in the case of incompressible fluids as temperature is increased?

a) It remains constant

b) It increases

c) It decreases


8. If a fluid, which has a constant specific gravity, is taken to a planet where acceleration due to

gravity is 3 times compared to its value on earth, what will happen to its kinematic viscosity.

a) It increases

b) It decreases

c) It remains constant

d) none of the above


9. In liquids in order to measure the viscosity of fluid experimentally we consider the variation of

shear stress with respect to what property?

a) Strain

b) shear strain

c) rate of shear strain

d) none of the mentioned

10. For a compressible fluid the kinematic viscosity is affected by temperature and pressure variation.

a) True

b) False

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans C a a a a c c c c A


FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH ANSWERS

1. The characteristic of Ideal fluid are------------------

2. This is not case of ideal fluid flow--------------

3. What is a special characteristic of uniform flow parallel to X axis-----------------------

4. The source flow is flow coming from a point and moving out in a circular manner-----------

5. The height of water on upstream and downstream side of a submerged weir of 4 m length are 24 cm

and 13 cm. If Cd for free and drowned portions is 0.62 and 0.78 respectively, find the discharge over

the weir---------------

6. An Ogee weir 3.4 m long had a head of 40 cm of water. If CD = 0.63 find the discharge over the

weir---------------------------

7. The height of water on upstream and downstream side of a submerged weir of 4 m length are 23.5

cm and 14 cm. If Cd for free and drowned portions are .61 and .75 respectively, find the discharge over

the weir-------------------

8. The nature of streamlines of free vortex flow --------------------------

9. For source flow, the radial velocity increases as we move radially outward--------------------

10. When is air assumed to be incompressible -------------------?

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans Fluid

velocity

is

uniform

Forced

vortex

Flow

Velocity

is

constant

True 0.85

m3/s

1.61

m3/s.

m3/s Concentric Velocity at low

speed