8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1/22
CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENTManureet Riar*
Nidhi Grover**
The world is now confronted with the challenge of optimizing the use of the
currently available resources in a way to meet the needs of the present generation without
compromising on the requirements of the future generation. In more technical terms,
sustainable development is the need of the hour. The needs for efficient use of resources
and environment friendly corporate policies and behaviors have now been recognized all
over. Corporations have the ethical responsibilities to become a more active partner in
dealing with social concerns. Businesses must creatively find ways to become a part of
the solutions rather than being part of the problems. Corporations must develop an
environmental conscience to protect the global environment.
This paper discusses various concepts that the businesses must adopt in order to
achieve Sustainable Development. The 16 principles given by the International Chamber
of Commerce, World Business Council for Sustainable Development and Business
Charter for Sustainable Development have also been discussed. Benefits of these
principles to corporate are also mentioned. Relevant literature has been reviewed.
*Research Scholar at GNDU, Amritsar
**Junior Research Fellow at GNDU, Amritsar
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2/22
INTRODUCTION
This is the century of the economic boom. There is a hurry to reap as many
benefits in as little time as possible. All the demands of developing and developed
nations require the manipulation of natural resources. No economy can survive without
coal, petroleum, electricity, wood and steel. Industries cannot run until they are fed these
precious and stealthily depleting resources. It is in demanding times like the present that
the world has become aware of how these resources are fast depleting. If these resources
are not utilized efficiently, soon a day will come when our future generations will not
even have drinking water, let alone all the other facilities we take for granted.
Nowadays, several well established environmental trends are shaping our future
of civilization including population growth, rising temperature, shrinking cropland per
person, shrinking forests, and the loss of plants and animal species. First, world
population grew by 3.7 billion in the past 50 years with 2% of the world average annual
birth rate (Potts, 2007). At this birth rate the world population is expected to reach
approximately 9 billion in the next 50 years (Gilland, 2006). The second trend affecting
the entire world is a temperature rise caused by the increasing atmospheric concentrations
of carbon dioxide. As a result, the modest temperature rise phenomenon is melting ice
caps and glaciers. Third, the world wide shrinkage in cropland per person is making it
more difficult to feed the growing population adequately over the next few decades and
to satisfy the demand for food over the next half century. Fourth, human demands
devastate the forests resulting in deforestation. Over the past half century, the worlds
forested area has shrunk substantially, with much of the loss occurring in developing
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
3/22
countries. Finally, the irreversible trend that will affect the human prospect most is the
accelerating extinction of plant and animal species. The leading cause of species loss is
habitat destruction, followed by the habitat alterations due to rise in temperatures and
environmental pollution. As more and more species disappear, local ecosystems begin to
collapse. In the near future, humanity will face wholesale ecosystem collapse (Brown,
2000).
The effects of environmental destruction are getting worse increasingly. Our
rivers and lakes are dirty and our air is unclean. The planet is warming and its protective
ozone is depleting gradually. Lush forests are disappearing along with countless species
of plants and animals. As the world population has multiplied, most of the worlds
wetlands have disappeared. The dry land is in danger of turning into deserts, and
groundwater is facing serious depletion. As a result, the Earth is losing its capacity to
provide the continuous supply of food necessary for our survival, threatening our
economic well being and ultimately our survival.
Over the past 25 years the ecologically destructive consequences of non
sustainable social and economic forms of behaviour in the industrial and developing
countries have come increasingly to the forefront of scientific interest and of public
perception. Today environmental problems occupy the investigative committees of
various legislative bodies, are the subject of important publications, and in the minds of
many people present the most urgent challenge facing human kind.
The world is now confronted with the challenge of optimizing the use of the
currently available resources in a way to meet the needs of the present generation without
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
4/22
compromising on the requirements of the future generation. To add to this, now it is also
imperative that our fragile environment suffers the least damage possible. In more
technical terms, sustainable development is the need of the hour.
Sustainable development is a difficult concept to define; it is also continually
evolving, which makes it doubly difficult to define. One of the original descriptions of
sustainable development is credited to the Brundtland Commission: "Sustainable
development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (World Commission on
Environment and Development, 1987, p 43). Sustainable development is generally
thought to have three components: environment, society, and economy. The well being of
these three areas is intertwined, not separate. For example, a healthy, prosperous society
relies on a healthy environment to provide food and resources, safe drinking water, and
clean air for its citizens. The sustainability paradigm rejects the contention that casualties
in the environmental and social realms are inevitable and acceptable consequences of
economic development. Thus, the authors consider sustainability to be a paradigm for
thinking about a future in which environmental, societal, and economic considerations
are balanced in the pursuit of development and improved quality of life.
It has become quite clear that environmental problems are substantial, and the
economic growth contributes to them. A common response is stricter environmental
regulation, which often inhibits growth. The result can be a trade-off between a healthy
environment on the one hand and healthy growth on the other. As a consequence,
opportunities for business may be constrained. However, there are some forms of
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
5/22
development that are both environmentally and socially sustainable. They lead not to a
trade-off but to an improved environment, together with development that does not draw
down our environmental capital. This is what sustainable development is all about- a
revolutionary change in the way we approach these issues.
The business that has maximized the profit, i.e., it has an excellent economic
performance, and has resulted in environmental damage cannot be sustainable. Paul
Hawken published a book, The Ecology of Commerce in 1993 in which he analysed
that business has three issues to face: what it takes, what it makes, what it wastes.
What it takes is natural materials and resources from Earths ecosystem through mining,
extracting, growing, hunting and other such like things. What it makes is products
derived from above resources through industrial processes. What it wastes is not only in
the form of garbage or pollution but also eco-costs (damage to ecosystem).
The needs for efficient use of resources and environment friendly corporate
policies and behaviors have now been recognized all over. The performance of an
enterprise can no longer be evaluated on the basis of economic parameter alone and it
needs to be integrated with environmental performance also. (Saxena et al., 2003). Thus,
protection of environment must become part of business and an issue worthy of
commitment and action on the part of companies. This calls for the businesses for new
thinking and strategies regarding environment, Correlated with the impact of businesses
on ecosystem is the issue of consumption.
Growing income has allowed people to expand their consumption. The greater
consumption of food, housing, clean water, and transportation is essential to relieving
poverty in many nations. However, the high consumption of the worlds affluent
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
6/22
consumers can have a negative impact on ecosystems disproportionate to their numbers.
Todays model of intensive use of raw materials and resources undermines ecosystem
functions and runs the risk of overwhelming the planets capacity to absorb wastes.
Meeting the needs and desires of all people while preserving resources require innovation
of new technology and business models. Business can lower the resource intensity of the
production of consumer goods, while improving their top and bottom lines and meeting
consumer demand with sustainable products and services. Consumers themselves can
drive change by favoring companies that produce goods and services to protect, conserve,
and renew the environment.
Sustainable development creates opportunities for suppliers of green consumers,
developers of environmentally safer materials and processes, firms that invest in eco-
efficiency, and those that engage themselves in social well-being. These enterprises will
generally have a competitive advantage. They will earn their local communitys goodwill
and see their efforts reflected in the bottom line. Corporations have the ethical
responsibilities to become a more active partner in dealing with social concerns.
Businesses must creatively find ways to become a part of the solutions rather than being
part of the problems. Corporations must develop an environmental conscience to protect
the global environment. (Goodpaster, 1990)
The concept of sustainable development needs to be incorporated into the policies
and processes of a business. Following are the few concepts that should be considered by
businesses in order to achieve sustainable development:
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
7/22
ECO-COSTS:
In a market transaction, the profit of product or service is price minus the cost. When a
person buys the price he pays reflects perceived value or benefit he receives in relation to
price and from sellers point of view when the perceived value is higher than the cost,
profit is produced. But this simple equation does not include eco-costs. If eco-costs are
included then the signals from market will respond accordingly and we would have
moved towards our goal of maintaining integrity and sustainability of environment. For
sustainable marketing eco-costs have to become standard operating procedure spread
over the product life cycle. Life-cycle costing attaches a monetary figure to every
ecological impact of a product disposal costs, legal fees, liability for product harm, loss
of environmental quality, and so on. Product development decisions are then based not
only upon projected cash flows but also projected future costs associated with each
product design. (Shrivastava, 1995). The companies wanting to adopt sustainable
marketing have to use full cost accounting practice so that eco-costs are internalized in
the prices of the product. This would mean that costs would increase and it would
adversely affect the profit maximization goal of the corporations, which in turn will affect
the shareholders interest. Then the company will have to minimize the costs incurred on
labour, raw materials and other inputs. The cost reduction is possible if investment in new
and clean technologies is made. This would result in efficient product solutions and at the
same time take care of ecological considerations.
Calculation of eco-cost can be depicted by the following diagram:
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
8/22
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fig_1.PNG
MARKET BASED INSTRUMENTS:
Market Based Instruments are defined as instruments or regulations that encourage
behavior through market signals rather than through explicit directives. (Stavins, 2000).
In Market Based Instruments, the market price is charged for a product or service for
which otherwise no market price exists as for example, for gaseous emissions, or if the
price exists, it is changed to reflect its impact on environment. MBIs mentioned in the
literature are:
i. Subsidies for the companies or industrial sectors that shift to clean technologies,
recycling programmes or for energy conservation/ use of non-conventional energy
resources.
ii. Incentive for those (companies and entrepreneurs) who incur additional costs in
their operations for the protection of ecosystem.
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
9/22
iii. Incentives for those in the developed countries when they engage in clean
technology transfer to developing countries.
iv. Taxes to be levied for activities/programmes that lead to environmental damage
or resource depletion.
The other aspect of market environment relationship is command and control method.
In this method a policy framework exists that mandates compliance to certain standards
laid down by the regulatory authorities. These controls mechanism go to the extent of
putting a ban on the manufacture of a product or lay limits to the process of
mining/extracting.
GREEN MARKETING:
Green marketing is a response to demand for ecologically sound products like recycled
products, biodegradable products, energy efficient systems or products. Green marketing
must satisfy two objectives: improved environmental quality and customer satisfaction.
(Ottman et al., 1996). The essential requirements, of green marketing are:
(i) the production process is compatible with ecosystem (ii) it is compatible with
the goals of the company (iii) it satisfies the customers. Some of the
companies advertise their products as being environment friendly in which the
production processes (packaging, recycling) have minimum impact on
environment. In USA, a procedure for verification of these claims developed
in 19990s to clear doubts about eco-friendly advertisements. This led to award
of certificate, known as Green Cross Certificate. This certificate may bring in
gain of market share.
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
10/22
Few examples of Green marketing can be:
New Delhi, capital of India, was being polluted at a very fast pace until
Supreme Court of India forced a change to alternative fuels. In 2002, a directive was
issued to completely adopt CNG in all public transport systems to curb pollution
The Hewlett-Packard Company announced plans to deliver energy-
efficient products and services and institute energy-efficient operating practices in its
facilities worldwide.
ECO LABELLING:
Eco-label is an environmental claim that appears on the packaging of a product. It is
awarded to a manufacturer by an appropriate authority. ISO 14020 is a guide to the award
of eco-labels. Eco-labelling aims to identify and promote products that have a reduced
environmental impact when compared to other similar products. (Gertz, 2005). The
common person is now becoming aware of the deterioration of environment especially
when it relates to human health. There is a growing demand for goods and services that
cause less damage both to the health of human and environment. The consumer in
developing countries too is showing great interest and concern on the environmental
effects of products and services. This in turn affects the purchasing behavior. In
developed countries there is increasing concern about what is called as green
purchasing which in final analysis leads to conservation of natural resources and
sustainable development. This concern has led the governments especially in the
countries of North to formulate guidelines that regulate sales and trades. In fact, green
shopping is now becoming popular in these countries. Eco-labelling can lead to:
i. Improvement of image and sales of products.
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
11/22
ii. Manufacturers being more accountable to environmental impacts.
iii. Consumers awareness that their choice of products do affect the environment, as
some products are less damaging to environment than others.
The Government of India launched an Eco-Mark scheme in 1991 to increase consumer
awareness in respect of environment friendly products. The aims of the scheme are to
encourage the consumer to purchase those products which have less harmful environment
impact.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Andersen (1994)pointed out that the traditional way of controlling pollution in Western
Europe has been regulation by the use of standards (the command-and control approach).
It tends to force all businesses to adopt the same measures and practices of pollution
control and thus accept identical shares of the pollution control burden regardless of their
relative impacts. Among environmental researchers and policy makers, there is a growing
skepticism towards this type of pollution control. It is argued that environmental
improvement is progressing too slowly and, in some situations, is leading to even further
deterioration of the environment. This has motivated policy makers to search for other
solutions. In particular, there is a growing interest in market-based environmental policy
instruments such as green taxation. Throughout Europe, academics and policy makers are
vigorously discussing this option.
Tilt (1994) studied the Corporate Environmental Policies (CEPs) and examined the level
of environmental disclosure media on a sample of companies listed on Australian Stock
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
12/22
Exchange. Analysis of Corporate Environmental Policies showed that the companies
were developing objectives and policies for environmental accounting and reporting.
They are not however, referred to very often in the annual report or any other media. In
the study of annual reports, it was found that most commonly included disclosure
category was rehabilitation with 43 percent of companys, including it approximately 34
% of companies mentioned their Corporate Environmental Policies and other
environmental related policies, 21 percent mentioned their environmental objectives and
37 percent discussed their environmental management plan. Environmental law was also
included in 30 percent of cases.
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
13/22
Paul (1995) examined the implications of ecologically sustainable development for
corporations. The article articulated corporate ecologically sustainable development
for corporations. The article articulated corporate ecological sustainability through
the concepts of total quality environmental management, ecologically sustainable
competitive strategies, technology transfer through technology for nature swaps
and by reducing the impact of populations on ecosystem. TQEM encourages
energy and natural resource conservation and renewal by reducing use of energy
and virgin materials through product redesign, making greater use of renewable
resources. Competitive strategies like least-cost strategy, differentiation strategy;
niche strategy can be made ecologically sustainable adhering to the principles
suggested by the Business Charter for Sustainable Development. Another hurdle
recognized is lopsided distribution of resources between developing and developed
countries. Corporations can play an important role in educating people about the
disastrous impacts of population size on environment.
Okafor et. Al., (2008), focused on environmental degradation and the need for corporate
organizations to fulfill their social responsibilities. Using the systems theory, the
interdependence among the environment, organizations and sustainable development was
examined. The organizations are open systems, which receive inputs or energy from their
environment, convert these resources into outputs into their environment. It is also argued
that organizations must not merely produce products and services to satisfy their
numerous clients, they must also produce actions that will ensure the protection of the
environment. This paper focuses on the environmental protection as a corporate social
responsibility and environmental auditing to safeguard the environment and minimize
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
14/22
risks to human health. Further, the paper also discussed sixteen key principles for
Environmental Management listed by business charter for sustainable development.
ROLE OF CORPORATES IN ACHIEVING
SUSTAINABLE DEVLOPMENT
Business firms play a key role in the issues of environmental protection since they
are part of our society and cannot be isolated from the environment. Based on their
abundant expertise and capital resources, corporations could improve our environment
and create a better quality of life. Instead, they could try to solve at least some
environmental problems and to engage in the activities of environmental protection.
Corporations could adopt the applications of innovative technology and the strategic
environmental management to improve the environment.
An ecologically responsible course of corporate action is an extremely complex,
and as such cost-intensive matter, these factors all play a role in it:
Environmental acceptability of finished and semi finished products;
Precautions and preventive measures to ensure safety during the transport and
storage of problematic substances;
Environmental acceptability of manufacturing processes again with reference to
the atmosphere, water and soil;
Preventive measures for dealing effectively with accidents during production and
transport;
Intensity of the companys raw materials and energy consumption;
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
15/22
Volume and make up of wastes;
Continuous efforts to recycle raw/starting materials;
Furtherance of eco-efficient technology;
Continuous review of the status quo through environment and safety audits.
PRINCIPLES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT:
The International Chamber of Commerce, World Business Council for Sustainable
Development and Business Charter for Sustainable Development identified sixteen key
principles for Environmental Management. They are as follows:
1. Corporate Priority: To recognize environmental management as among the highest
corporate priorities and as a key determinant to sustainable development; to establish
policies, programs, and practices for conducting operations in an environmentally
sustainable manner.
2. Integrated Management: To integrate these policies, programs, and practices fully
into each business as an essential element of management in all its functions.
3. Process of Improvement: To continue to improve corporate policies, programs,
environmental performance, taking into account technological developments,
scientific understanding, consumer needs, and community expectations, with legal
regulations as a starting point; and to apply the same environmental criteria
internationally.
4. Employee Education: To educate, train, and motivate employee to conduct their
activities in an environmentally responsible manner.
5. Prior Assessment: To assess environmental impacts before starting a new activity or
project and before decommissioning a facility or leaving a site.
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
16/22
6. Products and Services: To develop and provide products and services that has no
undue environmental impacts and are safe in their intended use, that are efficient in
their consumption of energy and natural resources, and can be recycled, reused, or
disposed safely.
7. Customer Advice: To advise, and where relevant, to educate customers, distributors,
and the public in the safe use, transportation, storage, and disposal of products
provided; and to apply similar considerations to the provision of services.
8. Facilities and Operations: To develop, design, and operate facilities and conduct
activities, taking into consideration the efficient use of energy and materials, the
sustainable use of renewable resources, the minimization of adverse environmental
impact and waste generation, and the safe and responsible disposal of residual waste.
9. Research: To conduct or support research on the environmental impacts of raw
materials, products, processes, emissions, and wastes associated with the enterprise
and on the means of minimizing such adverse impacts.
10. Precautionary Measures: To modify the manufacture, marketing, or use of products
or services or the conduct of activities, consistent with scientific and technical
understanding, to prevent serious and irreversible environmental degradation.
11. Contractors and Suppliers: To promote the adoption of these principles by
contractors acting on behalf of the enterprise, encouraging and, where appropriate,
requiring improvements in their practices to make them consistent with those of the
enterprise; and to encourage wider adoption of these principles by suppliers.
12. Emergency Preparedness: To develop and maintain, where significant hazards
exist, emergency preparedness plans in conjunction with the emergency services,
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
17/22
relevant authorities, and the local community, recognizing potential boundary
impacts.
13. Transfer of Technology: To contribute to the transfer of environmentally sound
technology and management methods throughout the industrial and public sectors.
14. Contributing to the Common Effort: To contribute to the development of public
policy and to business, government, and intergovernmental programs and educational
initiatives that will enhance environmental awareness and protection.
15. Openness to Concerns: To foster openness and dialogue with employees and the
public, anticipating and responding to their concerns about the potential hazards and
impacts of operations, products, wastes, or services, including those of transboundary
or global significance.
16. Compliance and Reporting: To measure environmental performance; to conduct
regular environmental audits and assessments of compliance with company
requirements, legal requirements, and these principles; and periodically to provide
appropriate information to the board of directors, the shareholders, the employees, the
authorities, and the public.
The compliance of the corporations with these principles will help the world achieve
ecological sustainable development.
BENEFITS TO CORPORATIONS:
1. There is the opportunity to drive down operating costs by exploiting ecological
efficiencies. By reducing waste, conserving energy, reusing materials and
addressing life cycle costs, companies can save costs.
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
18/22
2. Ecological sustainability provides a basis for creating competitive advantage.
There is a large and growing segment of consumers who wants ecologically
friendly products, packaging, and management practices. These green
consumers are drawn to companies that genuinely use sustainable practices.
3. At this early stage of corporate environmentalism, companies have the potential to
create unique and inimitable environmental strategy, thus both distinguishing
themselves and becoming environmental leaders within their industries.
4. Ecological sustainability is also good for a companys public relations and
corporate image. It can help companies both to establish a social presence in
markets and to gain social legitimacy.
5. Ecological sustainability offers the potential for reducing long term risks
associated with resource depletion, fluctuations in energy costs, product liabilities
and pollution and waste management. By systematically addressing these long
term issues early, companies can become aware of and manage these risks.
6. Improved ecological performance of companies benefits the ecosystem and the
environment of communities in which companies operate. It can help to reduce
health expenses in a community that are the result of industrial pollution.
7. Ecologically sustainable practices allow companies to get ahead of the regulatory
curve. These strategies give companies a firmer legal footing and may allow
industries to preempt some regulations.
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
19/22
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS AND JOURNALS:
Anderson, F., From Voluntary to Regulatory Pollution Prevention in TheGreening of Industrial Ecosystems, National Academy Press, Washington,
D.C., 1994
Atkinson, Scott and Tom Tietenberg. 1991. Market Failure in Incentive-
Based Regulation: The Case of Emissions Trading. Journal of
Environmental Economics and Management. 21: 17-32.
Bowen, H.R., Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, Harper, New York
(1953)
Brown, L.R., Challenges of the new century, New York, W.W. Norton &
Company, 2000
Denton, D.K., Enviro-Management: How Smart Companies Turn
Environmental Costs Into Profits, Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, N.J.,
1994
Gertz Renate, Eco-labelling- a case for deregulation?, Law, Probability and
risk, vol 4, Issue 3, pp 127-141, 2005
Gilland, B., Population, Nutrition and Agriculture, Population and
Environment, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp 1-16, 2006
Hahn, Robert. 2000. The Impact of Economics on Environmental Policy.
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 39(2): 375-399.
Hoffman w., Fredrick R., and Petry E., The Corporation, Ethics and the
Environment, Quorum Books, New York, 1990
Okafor E., Hassan A.R. and Hassan A.D., Environmental issues and
Corporate Social responsibility: The Nigeria Experience, Journal of Human
ecology, Vol. 23, no. 2, pp 101-107 (2008)
Ottman J., Stafford E., and Hartman C., Avoiding Green Marketing myopia,
Environment, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp 22-36, 2006
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
20/22
Potts, M., Population and Environment in the twenty-first century,
Population and Environment, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp 204-212, 2007
Shrivastava Paul, The Role of Corporations in Achieving Ecological
Sustainability, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp 936-
960, 1995
Stavins R.N., Market Based Environmental Policies, in P.R. Portney and
R.N. Stavins (eds.), Public Policies for Environmental Protection Resources
for the Future, Washington, D.C., (2000)
Tilt, C.A., The influence of External Pressure Groups on Corporate Social
Disclosure,Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4,
pp 47-72, 1994
Uberoi N.K., Environmental Management, Excel Books, New Delhi, 2006
Welford, R., and Stranchan, P.a., Environmental Issues and Corporate
Environmental Management, in Management: Concepts and Practices, T.
Hannagan (eds.), Prentice Hall, London, pp 551-604 (2005)
WEBSITES REFERRED:
http://www.abetterfuture.org/what_is_sd.htm
http://sdnp.nic.in/definitionsd.html
http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-02.htm
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7571/is_200901/ai_n32334663/
http://www.gdrc.org/sustdev/definitions.html
htto://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/india.htm
http://theviewspaper.net/need-of-the-hour-sustainable-development/
http://www.esdtoolkit.org/discussion/default.htm
http://www.ias.unu.edu/sub_page.aspx?catID=705&ddlID=887
http://www.iisd.org/educate/declarat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
21/22
8/7/2019 CORPORATES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
22/22
Top Related