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Published by Mason Graves
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Table of Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4
How Safe Is Drinking Water In The United States?......................................................... 5
Where Does Our Water Come From? ......................................................................... 6
The United States' Water Supply System ..................................................................... 7
Water Issues In Developing Countries ........................................................................... 11
Everyday Water - The Issues ............................................................................................ 13
Keeping Up With Drinking Water ................................................................................... 16
Other Sources Of Water .................................................................................................. 18
Quick Tips On Drinking Safe Water ............................................................................ 19
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 22
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Introduction
These days it is unwise to take water for granted. In fact, it is also particularly
unwise to try to understate the importance of having a ready supply of safe,
clean drinking water. In a matter of years, a war over water is very likely to
ensue. More than this, in developed and developing countries, substantial
threats exist to even basic water supply. Safe, cleaning drinking water is
something none of us should take for granted any more. The situation is only
going to get worse.
All around the world, the demand for water is growing as supplies of water
decrease. What you may not realize, too, is that water, as a resource, is the
basic ingredient for many industries. Much of what you consume, drinks and
food, all depend on water at some point in their manufacture, Water shortages
are increasingly inevitable and the effects of such a shortage likely to be
increasingly severe as demand, the need for water, continues to grow.
And this, of course, brings us to the problem of this report: what can you do to
keep your water safe? What types of threats are the most significant for you?
What are the sorts of threats faced on a global scale? What can you do today
to try to ensure that you can do your bit to keep your water safe?
The goal of this report is to help you start to develop answers to these questions.
The emphasis is upon explaining some of the components of today’s global
water crisis. This report also strives to make it possible for you to be a responsible
water consumer.
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How Safe Is Drinking Water In The
United States?
You know what they say about knowing
where your food comes from, where it’s
been? Today that old rule of thumb applies
even more dramatically to water. As we
grapple with the possibility of a major global
water crisis, recognizing where your drinking
water comes from and how it is treated
becomes that much more important to your
overall health and safety?
Why, though? What has the possibility of a water crisis got to do with water
sources? Well, for one thing, a potential cause for any global water crisis could
well be an act of terrorism or a water source contamination. Terrorists could very
easily target a region of the United States, or anywhere else in the world, for that
matter, by introducing a contaminant into a major water supply. Even if you are
not much of a water drinker, you rely on water every day for cooking and
hygiene.
One chemical agent inserted into a municipal water supply could cause
horrendous damage, affecting the safety of hundreds of thousands, perhaps
millions of people. But it doesn’t have to be an act of terrorism, though. You
could find the water supply for a municipal area compromised by a broken
water pipe, flooding, or other damage. Even an accidental pollution of the
water supply could be deadly. Yes, this sounds like a story from some backward
world (there are plenty of stories in which contaminated water was found to be
responsible for mass epidemics, particularly in large urban regions in the 19th
century, for instance) but such scenarios remain alarmingly possible today, even
today.
In fact, you should forget about that “then and now” comparison all together.
We are no safer off than we were then. In fact, our risk today may be even
greater than it was then. Today we face the risk of contaminants both
accidental and deliberate. We also face the risk of natural disaster disruptive to
water supply – and all this with so few people actually prepared to act, even to
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take the most basic precautions to ensure that they have a minimal emergency
water supply or even just the secured daily means for ensuring access to quality
and above all, safe drinking water.
Where does our water come from?
But why is the source of your drinking water part of a water crisis risk? Surely the
where and how only becomes relevant in an emergency. You only need to
know where your water comes from I n the event of an emergency. Isn’t that
also correct?
The answer to this last question is yes and no. Yes, in theory, the source of your
water only becomes relevant in an emergency. But no, where your water
comes from is not irrelevant to the maintenance of your overall health (even
before there is the risk of a water crisis). Indeed, if you lived somewhere like
Africa or the Middle East, you would know that your water source is vital to your
health. You would be decidedly conscious of health risks posed by water
sources that are less than exemplary.
Unfiltered, unpurified water can make you sick – and you would be aware of this
if you were in those regions. You would actively seek to ensure that you
controlled the quality of your water, that you had some strategy for ensuring
that it was appropriately filtered and purified before you used it, either for
drinking or for cooking. In those regions of the world, poor access to safe
drinking water is a substantial issue.
But even if you do not live or plan to visit these regions, even if you are in the
United States and it appears now that you have a ready access to safe drinking
water – and will have for the foreseeable future – it is time to realize the potential
risks to water that do exist, that do apply, even in the developed world. It is time
to realize the benefits of preparation.
You need to learn how to utilize appropriate water sources so that you will have
that knowledge at your disposal in the event of a water crisis. The genuine risk of
a water crisis is also why you need to know where you obtain your water and
what you can do, in an emergency, to guarantee that you have a sustained
supply of safe water.
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Depending on the circumstances, there are two principle sources of water.
There is ground water and water that you obtain via aquifers, which are layers of
sand or gravel that allow water to seep out. There is also surface water.
The water cycle, as you may remember from school, goes something like this in
our environment. Water comes off the ocean, rivers, and other water sources,
and from the earth in the form of dew, evaporating and then moving upwards
in the environment, amassing as clouds and as part of the upper atmosphere
over the earth. Rain, sometimes referred to by the technical name of
precipitation, calls on the earth. Sometimes we get ice and snow.
Variously, water travels into the ground and creates underground sources of
water. It also collects at the surface, as surface water, in springs that rise up from
the ground in rivers and lakes, eventually moving out in to the ocean. And from
the various portions of the cycle, water moves off back up into the environment,
evaporating and then condensing again to produce renewed rainfall.
As part of our utilization of water, human beings tap water supplies at different
stages and, if we can, we attempt to make the water as safe as possible to drink
and to otherwise consume by applying different filtration and purification
methods at stages of the water cycle.
The United States' Water Supply System
As a developed nation, the United States is fortunate to have
relatively sophisticated strategies for securing and utilizing
water. Although you may know little about it, you may think
about it even less, in the United States, you have the benefit of
a fairly stable public water (PWS) and an equally sophisticated
community water system (CWS) that tends to do a good job
of delivering safe water to people’s homes and to municipal
buildings.
A bit about public water systems or PWSs: these are built up underground
systems that transport water from source centers and treatment centers over to
homes and businesses. They are also the principle systems for delivering water in
the US. That is, most people are serviced by public water systems and sewer
utility companies. In other words, most of us in the United States have our water
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supply – input and output – managed by public companies and actually most
of us also pay for this service – the provision of water and the management of
water waste.
You may also be interested to know that both public water systems and
community water systems – public water systems that serve people year-round –
are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. Indeed, the two terms
we just introduced you to – PWS and CWS are actually terms defined, by and
large, by the EPA and as part of the Safe Water Act, through which all water
designated for human consumption is regulated.
Of course, the EPA applies various subcategories for water suppliers. There are
the Community Water Systems, the Non-Transient Non-Community Water
Systems (NTNCWS), and there are also the Transient Non-Community Water
Systems or TNCWS.
As we said, the CWS serve communities year-round. The NTNCWS serve the
same people for at least six months but not year round. Examples of those that
use these systems include schools and office buildings, which may not be open
all year or may have their own systems for water and thus not so absolutely rely
on public sources.
Finally, the TNCWS are water systems that serve people only for very limited
periods and usually for less than six months of the year. Camp grounds, for
instance, use these types of water systems in the US. The idea is that these are
water suppliers that do not have to provide much water to people on any kind
of regular basis.
The EPA, of course, established these categories and a variety of other
regulations for water suppliers in the US for a purpose, though. As you may
already know, concerns about water in the US triggered the legislation we know
as the Safe Water Act, which establishes the quite extensive regulation for water
supply management.
Obviously, one of the reasons for the Safe Water Act and all of its regulations
and categorizations of water suppliers is that we obtain water from many
different sources. That is, water supply companies obtain water from many
different sources and often there are potential problems with those various
supplies.
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The United States obtains its water for consumption from rivers, lakes, and, in
some lesser cases, from pond-type structures or reservoirs. This is all very typical
and appropriate except that, if you refer back to the water cycle, you will
probably appreciate the potential for a variety of different pollutants to enter in
to these types of water systems.
That is, much of the water in lakes and rivers, ponds and reservoirs enters into
these systems from either the rain or the ground. The rain, of course, tends to
contain all manner of air pollutants these days (you have no doubt heard of
acid rain) and the water that reaches us from the ground has the potential to
contain pollutants from other forms of human waste. And that is even before we
consider that many industrial units and even many residential water suppliers,
many utility companies, sewage companies, and so forth, deposit their waste in
water sources too – right into our lakes and rivers, especially.
Public water companies, of course, have strategies for treating these open
sources of water and they do treat water quite extensively to make it safe for
human consumption. Water treatment and distribution systems are actually very
elaborate, much as you would expect.
When water is first collected from the open sources we have mentioned, it goes
through a process called coagulation. This involves the removal of dirt and other
larger particles, larger contaminants, that travel in the water. This first treatment
process involves the addition of chemicals, including a chemical called alum, to
the water. The basic idea is that the chemicals applied at this stage actually
attract the dirt particles and then, as the dirt particles combine, drawn together
by the added chemicals, they sink to the bottom of the water system itself. This
sinking down is part of the second stage of the filtration process known as
sedimentation.
During the sedimentation process, as the dirt particles fall to the bottom of the
system through which the water passes, a filtration process removes the clear
water, separating the water itself and leaving behind the initial dirt.
Of course, water is still not clean after coagulation and sedimentation, though.
These are the stages similar to basic filtration, which is the recommended first
stage of the minimal two stage process for making open source water safe to
drink in an emergency.
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After sedimentation, however, comes filtration, which involves passing the water
through a variety of filters to remove as much of the additional contaminants as
possible. Filters used even in public water systems include materials such as
sand, gravel, and charcoal, which you are recommended to add to a
makeshift emergency filter you can make yourself in a plastic bottle.
After this filtration process, then, comes the disinfection process. As you are also
recommended to do in an emergency, most public water companies go
ahead and use chlorine in their disinfection process. Sometimes other similar
chemicals may be used but chlorine is among the most effective in terms of
what it kills (bacteria and other microbes) and in terms of cost.
After this process of disinfecting, water then tends to go into a storage unit of
sources before its distribution to consumers via a series of pressure controlled
underground pipes.
Some households and businesses have additional filtration and purification
systems to improve the quality of the water delivered by this public system. The
gist of the process, though, for water treatment, is contained in these five stages
just outlined – coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and storage.
If you imagine how these processes operate on a large scale, too, you can
begin to appreciate just how complex a process it is to obtain safe drinking
water – and why many developing nations struggle with this vital task.
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Water Issues In Developing Countries
In the previous chapter, we reviewed the situation of
water on a global scale, looking at the environmental
water cycle, and we talked about some of the key
points of water distribution and treatment in the United
States. We ended the chapter by pointing out the
relative complexity of water treatment systems in the
United States (which model water systems in other
developed countries).
We also emphasized the obvious problem of this complexity for developing
nations – nations around the world that lack the infrastructure and resources to
manage appropriate water treatment programs to deliver safe drinking water to
their people.
Indeed, it is worth considering that perhaps one of the biggest problems for
developing nations is this matter of safe water provision. Many illnesses in
developing countries are caused due to poor water sanitation conditions and
this is simply down to the fact that organizations in these countries and individual
people do not have the means to properly filter and then purify drinking water.
On the same side of the coin is also the matter of actual water scarcity in some
regions as much as it is an economic issue – the lack of funds to invest in water
infrastructure. Sometimes there is just not the water supply available local to a
particular region, that the cost of bringing in water infrastructure would be that
much higher because of location.
You need to be aware of these patterns because they help not only predict
potential obstacles to future water access but they help to demonstrate the
scope of the global water crisis, what is going on around the world that makes
our access to water problematic from a broader, and ultimately global
perspective.
In India, for example, a lack of infrastructure determines that water goes largely
unutilized at present. There are also problems of actual scarcity, too. In some of
the poorer regions of India, particularly, lack of access to water disrupts not only
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human life but the lives of animals and the prospective successes of businesses.
Not only is India lacking infrastructure in some areas but it is the lack of water
that also undermines crop production. Many economic issues trace to a lack of
water source in this region. Indeed, 2006 saw the New York Times speaking to the
potential for India to have run through its ground water in a matter of only a few
more years and facing a major water crisis because they o not have the
infrastructure to filter and purify other waters for consumption.
In Kenya, water supplies are scarce, too, but the same can be said for parts of
China. At least in China there is an hour every five days when there is running
water. In most parts of Kenya, that would seem like a luxury. And, of course, you
can link economic struggles large and small to national water shortages – to the
lack of infrastructure to refine water but also, of course, the very basic means to
access it from open sources.
When countries both lack open sources of water and infrastructure to otherwise
utilize any water supplies they might have, the effects are dire. The
consequences include the most debilitating poverty because there is really no
means to sustain any kind of development or growth.
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Everyday Water - The Issues
As we continue developing in our modern
society, there can be a growing number of
activities that are able to contaminate our
drinking water. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) estimates that 90 percent of the
world's fresh water is and unsuitable without
some form of purification.
For the most part, contamination is down to some of the activities we mentioned
earlier – the ways in which organizations and sometimes even individuals
unthinkingly deposit chemicals and other pollutants either directly into water
supplies or into areas that ultimately cause the chemicals to reach water
supplies.
Among the most significant issues are things like the improper disposal of
chemicals by industries, the improper disposal of animal and human waste, and
the practice of specifically injecting waste of various kinds into the ground, into
underground areas, which nonetheless cause the waste to enter into water
supplies through movement of water underground.
It is true, of course, that some of the waste that enters our water supply is
actually not the result of human activities. We are not responsible for all of the
water contamination that is going on. Some of the waste that enters the water
enters through a perfectly natural process, part of other natural cycles that have
been going on without our input.
Of course, human and animal activity also causes some pollutants to enter the
water in a more natural way, too, as part of a relatively natural process. We
cannot, after all, cease to produce any waste at all – neither we nor animals are
designed to not to produce some waste. The point is really that we have come
to produce too much additional waste, too much waste beyond what is natural
or part of natural cycles.
Modern, industrialized societies have caused unnatural microbial contaminants,
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chemical contaminants, lead contaminants, and even human and animal
waste contaminants to enter into our water supplies at far too higher a rate.
Think about the effects of population growth and other effects that humankind
has had on the environment and you can quickly appreciate the problem is not
just waste in general but perhaps more specifically the amount of waste that we
are contributing to the environment.
Of course, what you can do as an individual to help reduce pollution in general
will translate into an effort to reduce pollution in water, which is helpful and
potentially beneficial in the long run. It is difficult to say. More practically,
though, you should consider what you can do in the short-term to make sure
that you are not drinking or otherwise consuming water that has been exposed
to microbial contaminants, chemical contaminants, or lead contaminants.
Hopefully, any water you encounter that has had such exposure is going to
have been properly treated well before it reaches your taps. However, it is worth
having equipment in your home – filters and purification systems – that will
enable you to address the presence of such toxins, whether it is actual or
imagined.
Detection of microbial and chemical contaminants, however, in water, is not
necessarily something you can undertake every day – you really should not
have to, no matter how rural your home. However, it is perhaps also worth
investing in a water test kit to check that your regular tap water does not
contain lead. Such test kids are available to purchase online. You cannot see,
taste, or smell lead so a home test is really your only option, unless you want to
call out an official to test your water.
For bacterial or other chemical contaminants, again, tests are available and
they are strikingly straightforward and far from expensive. Of course, whether
you can see, taste, or smell chemicals is another story entirely. Probably you can
see, taste, and smell the presence of chemicals in water but the assessment of
this is a quite delicate process. You will again need a specific kit or you will need
to call on an official to test water qualities again. A similar situation applies for
microbe contaminants – you need a shed of some kind, some kind of shelter.
If you find that your water contains any lead, or any chemical or microbial
contaminants, the first thing is going to be to notify your water authority. Your
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water should certainly not contain lead and the presence of anything else is
also something that should be addressed with the water company. That said,
you can address these types of problems and minimize them ever constituting a
serious problem by investing in filtration and purification systems. You can also
invest in your own water collection systems, including rainwater collection
systems, that enable you to move away from dependence upon public water
supplies, especially in the event of an emergency.
Because your water supply company is your first port of call for an issue with
water, however, make sure you know how to reach the appropriate person.
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Keeping Up With Drinking Water
Of course, given what we said in chapter two about
places like India, China, and Kenya,, and how these
regions really lack even the most basic sources of water
to sustain their people and any kind of industry, you
may be feeling that you, living in America, a country
with, literally, a world class water supply overall; you
may feel that you have no water worries at all. You are
probably feeling confident now, about drinking water
as much as you like without giving it much of a second
thought. And while your situation is far better than
someone in a developing nation, in the United States,
we still face substantial risks to our water supply, perhaps
more substantial than most other developed regions.
The first type of threat is an organic one. There is always a chance that some
kind of contaminant could enter into a water system and fail to be removed
properly by existing filtration and purification strategies. For instance, you might
find water in the United States that is contaminated with lead. Certain elements
occurring in nature are just in water naturally and sometimes, despite all of the
filtration and purification strategies available, these naturally occurring
contaminants get by defenses. Several decades ago, for instance, some sixty-
nine people died because of contaminated water in Milwaukee.
The second type of threat is a terrorist attack. Contaminating water supplies as a
military strategy, dates back to the Romans at least. And an elaborate water
supply system like America’s has plenty of vulnerabilities. Indeed, vulnerability is
something you should constantly keep in mind about our water supplies. The
United States relies on a massive network of pipes, reservoirs, damns, and other
structures. Water storage towers are everywhere, too, and while there are
security measures, there is always the possibility to overcome such measures
with enough determination. Just as natural contaminants can sometimes slip
through defenses, it is possible for a terrorist threat on water, one day to be
realized.
Finally, there is the possibility of a contamination by accident. In Charleston,
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West Virginia, not too long ago, contamination of thousands of gallons of water
by an industrial chemical caused widespread water emergency, depriving
more than 300,0000 residents of safe water for drinking, cooking, and even basic
hygiene. All manner of people were affected and nine counties in the region
declared an emergency, having to close schools, hospitals, and many other
businesses because of the impact of the contamination.
All it took was the improper disposal of chemicals and the water supply for a
substantial population was undermined for days. With water systems across the
United States bursting every two minutes (according to estimates), and with the
water supply system generally underfunded, too, you have to be vigilant about
news of accidental contamination because it may be something that your
water supply company really struggles to deal with. The cost of cleaning up
such a contamination could be quite debilitating.
Accidents happen, though, and terrorist attacks difficult to pull off with the
generally high security that the United States tries to maintain. The presence of
naturally occurring contaminants, well, the best thing you can do to protect
yourself against that type of threat is to make sure that you filter and purify water
that comes into your home (this may not kill more serious contaminants but it is a
start). Making sure that you also have backup water supplies will also help you to
be protected in the event of any threat to your water supply.
The overall is too large to prevent any contamination, either intentional or
accidental, but you can do your bit by first storing emergency water, and also
regularly testing your water using water test kits available to buy. You can further
reduce the potential for drinking contaminated water by applying your own
filtration and purification methods, too, as we said.
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Other Sources Of Water
There might be situations, such as spills and treatment problems, where there is
need to look for alternative water supplies or in-home water treatment options.
You may even find yourself in a situation where you have to rely on alternative
sources due to potential health issues or problems with obtaining new drinking
water supplies. In such situations, what can you do to obtain water safely?
One of the often touted alterative sources to tap water is bought bottled water.
Probably you have see water sold at your local grocery store and in vending
machines around and about. These days, the sale of bottled water is quite a
common occurrence. And, of course, bottled water is potentially quite a good
alternative to tap water in the event that such an alternative is needed.
There are a couple of things you need to know to make appropriate use of
bottled water, however, and the first thing is that bottled water quality varies
among brands due to variations in the source water used, costs and company
practices. In other words, you have to do your homework.
There are potential risks to consuming bottled water, that is, and one of the
reasons is that bottled water does not actually undergo the same testing and
reporting as water from a treatment facility. Water that is bottled and sold in the
same state may not, in fact, be subject to federal standards for purity testing.
Again, it is a matter of doing your homework. People with compromised immune
systems should actually be very cautious about consuming bottled water at all.
It is vital that you not only read the label from a water bottle to ensure stringent
treatments have been used but that you also do additional research into the
provider company and its end product.
You may also want to apply the same level of scrutiny to water offered in
dispensers or bubblers. These types of units are commonly found in office
buildings but they are available to buy for homes, too. Some people prefer
these types of systems for their drinking water, but again, as with bottled water,
you have to do your homework to make sure that the water delivered in these
systems is actually properly regulated and that it therefore also has gone
through sufficiently rigorous processes for filtration and purification.
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At the end of the day, you may well find that tap water is your best and safest
option.
Quick Tips On Drinking Safe Water
After reading this report and learning, in particular, about the problem of water
pollution in developed nations like the United States, though, you may very well
be wondering what you can do to ensure that you are drinking the healthiest
water possible. Should you even be drinking water, with all the potential for
chemicals, dirt, and organic pollutants to be present?
Well, you cannot, unfortunately, do without water. Water remains a vital
component for health. And it is not necessarily the case that you are being
exposed to unsafe water. Indeed, your water supplier would face quite stringent
penalties for failing to meet the quite rigorous standards of the EPA on matters of
water purity. However, it never hurts to go the extra mile and to put an
awareness of issues like water purity problems into effect.
The following are recommendations for improving the quality of water for
consumption:
First, avoid bottled water unless you are sure that it is of the very highest
quality and appropriately regulated. A much better alternative, most of
the time, is filtered tap water.
Second, on the subject of tap water, make sure you know where it comes
from and what it contains. It is quite easy to find out who supplies your
water by actually looking up the name of the public water supply
company for your area. Very likely this company will have a website with
information on their practices for filtering and purifying water that they
deliver to your home. You will also be able to find out about whether you
have hard or soft water in your area, which can be good to know for
ensuring the longevity and efficiency of appliances that use water (e.g.
dishwashers, washers, kettles, etc).
Another important recommendation, of course, is that you invest in your
own filtration and purification systems. Whether you decide to buy
something like a Brita Water Filter or something more elaborate, like a
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more expansive water filter system, you have your pick of water systems
for consumer use. You can easily research online what type of water filters
fit within your budget.
Look at the capacity of the filter in terms of water volume and look also at
the lifetime of the filter within the system. Usually you will have to change
the filter once every couple of months or so. Find out how much it will cost
to replace an individual filter for any home filtration system you are
interested in and factor the cost of replacement in to your assessment.
Invest in a filtration system for your home and get into the habit of using it.
Filter the water that you drink and the water you cook with. If you do your
homework to find an affordable but effective filter for your home, you can
do wonders to improve your water quality, the quality of all the water you
consume, and so long as you make sure you use your new filter.
You should also make a point of preparing yourself and your family for a
potential water emergency. Although this seems, on the surface, to have
little connection to improved water quality as a whole, actually,
preparation for a water emergency means that you start to invest in
viable water collection options and also filtration and purification systems
even beyond your basic home water filter. If you prepare yourself for a
water emergency too, stockpiling emergency water, you can guarantee
yourself access to quality water in the event of a crisis – which is important.
Becoming more cautious about how you drink water will even help you
on the go. If you start to filter all of your drinking water and if you also push
yourself to take care with the water storage and drinking vessels you use,
you will go a surprisingly long way to improving your overall water quality
again. Making sure that you have fresh water on the go will potentially
improve your health, helping you to move away from drinking caffeinated
drinks or even sugary drinks.
Having access to higher quality water – filtered water – will also be
healthier in a number of special circumstances, too. Expectant mothers
and newborns, babies consuming formula that requires water as an add -
n will potentially be healthier if they have access to properly filtered tap
water.
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As you become more aware of water, it may also end up being a viable
investment for you to select what is called a whole house water filter.
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Conclusion
As we have established, then, almost nothing is guaranteed about your water
supply – especially your drinking water supply, which also happens to be vital to
your health. Nevertheless, the information contained in this report should help
you to start drinking more consciously and using water more consciously inside
your home and out.
At the end of the day, although the risk of water crises looms large over most
communities, you serve yourself and your family well by educating yourself
about the risks and taking steps now to prepare for such a crisis in the future.
Drinking more consciously is a big part of the process towards having safer
drinking water and also being prepared for a water emergency.
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