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Chapter 12Chapter 12
The Choices and The Choices and Challenges of Challenges of ChildbearingChildbearing
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Childbearing Trends: Who’s Having Childbearing Trends: Who’s Having Babies?Babies?
Trends Among TeenagersTrends Among Teenagers Trends Among Unmarried ParentsTrends Among Unmarried Parents Pregnancy at Different AgesPregnancy at Different Ages
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How We ReproduceHow We Reproduce
FertilizationFertilization• Sperm penetrates egg and is called a zygoteSperm penetrates egg and is called a zygote
ConceptionConception• Zygote develops into a blastocyst, which Zygote develops into a blastocyst, which
implants in endometrium 10-14 days laterimplants in endometrium 10-14 days later Three Phases of Prenatal Development:Three Phases of Prenatal Development:
• Germinal periodGerminal period• Embryonic periodEmbryonic period• Fetal periodFetal period
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InfertilityInfertility
When Conception Fails: InfertilityWhen Conception Fails: Infertility• Sterility vs. infertilitySterility vs. infertility• Women: PID or endometriosisWomen: PID or endometriosis• Men: Azoospermia or oligospermiaMen: Azoospermia or oligospermia
Treating InfertilityTreating Infertility• e.g., Artificial insemination (sperm banks)e.g., Artificial insemination (sperm banks)
The Psychological Impact of InfertilityThe Psychological Impact of Infertility• Distressing, frustrating, and depressingDistressing, frustrating, and depressing
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Treating InfertilityTreating Infertility
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART):• In vitro fertilization (IVF)In vitro fertilization (IVF)• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)• Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)• SurrogacySurrogacy
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The Changes Through PregnancyThe Changes Through Pregnancy
Inside the Uterus:Inside the Uterus:• PlacentaPlacenta• Umbilical cordUmbilical cord• Amniotic sacAmniotic sac
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Fetal DevelopmentFetal Development
The Fetus at 0-12 WeeksThe Fetus at 0-12 Weeks The Fetus at 13-28 WeeksThe Fetus at 13-28 Weeks The Fetus at 29-40 WeeksThe Fetus at 29-40 Weeks
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Pregnancy Trimesters:Pregnancy Trimesters:The First Trimester (0-12 weeks)The First Trimester (0-12 weeks)
BabyBaby• Critical period of developmentCritical period of development
Concern about exposure to teratogensConcern about exposure to teratogens MotherMother
• Presumptive signs of pregnancyPresumptive signs of pregnancy CoupleCouple
• Emotional changes (even if pregnancy is Emotional changes (even if pregnancy is planned)planned)
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Pregnancy Trimesters:Pregnancy Trimesters:The Second Trimester (13-26 weeks)The Second Trimester (13-26 weeks)
BabyBaby• QuickeningQuickening• LanugoLanugo
MotherMother• Steady weight gainSteady weight gain• Mask of pregnancyMask of pregnancy• Mother lineMother line
CoupleCouple
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Pregnancy Trimesters:Pregnancy Trimesters:The Third Trimester (27-40 weeks)The Third Trimester (27-40 weeks)
BabyBaby• Most rapid fetal growthMost rapid fetal growth
MotherMother• DiscomfortDiscomfort• Braxton-Hicks contractionsBraxton-Hicks contractions
CoupleCouple• WorryWorry
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Labor and BirthLabor and Birth
Theories to Explain LaborTheories to Explain Labor The Role of ProstaglandinsThe Role of Prostaglandins
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Types of Birth SettingsTypes of Birth Settings
Hospital BirthHospital Birth Birthing CenterBirthing Center Home BirthsHome Births
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Understanding LaborUnderstanding Labor
Stage 1: LaborStage 1: Labor• Cervix effaces and it dilatesCervix effaces and it dilates
Stage 2: Pushing and DeliveryStage 2: Pushing and Delivery• Baby’s head crowns (possible episiotomy)Baby’s head crowns (possible episiotomy)
Stage 3: Delivery of the PlacentaStage 3: Delivery of the Placenta• The role of breastfeedingThe role of breastfeeding
Stage 4: RecoveryStage 4: Recovery• Postpartum depressionPostpartum depression
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Sexual and Relationship Life After Sexual and Relationship Life After ChildbirthChildbirth
Sexual Life After Giving Birth Sexual Life After Giving Birth • Wait 6 weeksWait 6 weeks• lochialochia
Relationship Life After Giving BirthRelationship Life After Giving Birth• Importance of communicationImportance of communication
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Unexpected OutcomesUnexpected Outcomes Cesarean SectionsCesarean Sections
• Nearly one-third of babies born in U.S. this wayNearly one-third of babies born in U.S. this way• Medical reasons for C-section:Medical reasons for C-section:
Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) Breech presentationBreech presentation Abrupted placentaAbrupted placenta Placenta previaPlacenta previa Prolapsed cordProlapsed cord Maternal diseaseMaternal disease Fetal distressFetal distress
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Unexpected Outcomes Unexpected Outcomes (continued)(continued)
The Physically Challenged BabyThe Physically Challenged Baby• Birth defects and anomaliesBirth defects and anomalies• Loss and grief cycleLoss and grief cycle
Pregnancy LossPregnancy Loss• Spontaneous abortion/miscarriageSpontaneous abortion/miscarriage
Neonatal DeathNeonatal Death StillbirthStillbirth
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Known Causes of StillbirthKnown Causes of Stillbirth
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Sexual Life EducationSexual Life Education
Concluding PointsConcluding Points
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