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Chapter 2. Research Process
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Research Hypotheses
Chapter 3. Research Design
Introduction Nature of and Classification of design
Developing an appropriate research design
Experimental Research Design
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Understand the
Situation
thoroughly
Formulate the Business Query
Define
Research
Problem
Review concepts, theories
Review previous processes,
research findings
Formulate
Hypothesis(es)
Design Research
Design Sampling
Data Collection
Data
Analysis
Interpretation,
Report,
Recommendations
Implementation
Value of
research
information
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Formulating Research Problem Existing Problem
Areas of Improvement Conceptual Tightening
Empirically Testing
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Preliminary Data Collection Review of concepts and theories
Background Information about the
Company-Contextual Information
Structural Information
Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavioral
Responses
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Background Information about the
Company-Contextual Information
Origin and History
Purpose and Ideology
Location ±Local, National or Other
Resources
Interdependent Relationship with ENV Financial Position
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Structural Information Roles, Positions and Number of Employees
Extent of Specialization
Communication Channels
Control Systems
Coordination and Span of Control Reward Systems
Workflow Systems
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Perceptions, Attitudes, and
Behavioral Responses
Perception : Work Environment andOrganizational Climate
Attitudinal Factors: Work Nature,Interdependency, Superiors, Participation,Client System, Co-workers, Rewards,Opportunities, Family Responsibilities etc
Behavioral Responses: Performance andIndustriousness
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Literature SurveyDocumentation of Comprehensive Review of
Published and Unpublished work from
Secondary Sources (Books, Journals,
Newspapers, Magazines, Conference
Proceedings, Doctoral Dissertations,
Reports and Other Publications) of Data inthe Areas Specific Interest to the
Researcher.
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Reasons of Literature Review Find out an Important Variable in Past
found repeatedly to have an Impact on the
Problem ( or not stated considered to be
obvious )
Stop Redundancy of Work
Developing Comprehensive Theoretical
Framework to Develop Hypothesis
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Writing Literature Review American Psychological
Association(2001)
Chicago Manual Style
Turbanian Style
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APA Format Citations
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Citation of Dissertation Wefald (2008) provides a summary of the current state of
affairs on academic measures of job engagement. Much of this research has been done with study samples and the
focus has been on establishing the psychometriccharacteristics of the measures including structure,reliability, and associations with other job attitudes.However, a very limited amount of work has looked atconsequences of job engagement.
Wefald, A. J. (2008). An examination of job engagement,transformational leadership, and related psychological constructs.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University,Manhattan, KS.
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Citation from a Book Role efficacy is a developmental proactive
approach contrary to the ³Role stress´
approaches (Pestonjee, 1992).
Pestonjee, D .M. (1992) Stress and Coping:
The Indian Experience, Sage Publications,
New Delhi, India.
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All other institutes took them or some other foreigninstitutes as a model. R&D wings did hardly think and act
on distressing issue as peer group through their trainingcenters too. The success of technological implicationleading to skill development front of professionaleducation centers to come up with industry-ready people todrive the competitiveness. Panda(2008)
Panda, B.P. (2008). Technology in Indian BusinessEducation-a skill drive for competitiveness. Proceedings of International Conference on Business Education in GlobalEconomy, Adventage Education foundation, Udaipur,India
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How its done? Introduce the subject of study
Identify the research question
Build on the previous research to offer the
basis to get to next steps of theoretical
framework and hypotheses development
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Exercises on Literature Review
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Problem Definition Define a problem as any situation where a
gap exists between the actual and desired
the ideal states
A clear, precise, succinct statement of the
question or issue to be investigated with
goal of finding answer or solution
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Steps in P.D. Analyzing the Gap
Identifying Symptoms with Real Problems
Identifying Antecedent, Real Problem and
Consequences
ANTECEDENTPROBLEM
CONSEQUENCES
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Example: Manager is facing a problem of low
productivity in the company. He Implements Piece
Rate System but it fails to bring any change.
WHY????
Antecedent : No Appreciation at Work
Problem: Low Morale and Motivation
Symptoms: Absenteeism or Sabotage
Consequences : Low Productivity
Problem Statement:
To Study the Impact of Low Morale and Motivationon the Productivity of the Company.
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Exercise on Problem Definition
using APA format Literature Review
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15 REFERNCES1. ROLE EFFICACY
2. ENTERPRENEURSHIP
3. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
4. GLOBAL WARMING
5. RURAL INDIA
6. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE7. WORK LIFE BALANCE
8. ASSESSMENT CENTERS
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Error
Nonsampling Errors
Sampling Errors - difference between the true
population value and its estimated sample value
Nonresponse Errors Response Errors
Researcher Errors
Interviewer Errors
Respondent Errors
Nonsampling Errors
arise during the course of all survey activities other than sampling
present in both sample surveys and censuses
difficult to assess
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Non-response errors
result of not having obtained sufficient answers to survey questions
two types of non-response errors: complete and partial.
Complete non-response errors
survey fails to measure some of the units in the selected sample.
reasons - respondent is unavailable or temporarily absent,
respondent is unable or refuses to participate in the survey
a significant number of people do not respond to a survey
Partial non-response errors
incomplete information obtained from the respondent
reasons - some questions may be difficult to understand
refusal to answer some questions
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Response errors
result from data that have been requested, provided, received or recorded
incorrectly
occur because of inefficiencies with the questionnaire, the interviewer, the
respondent or the survey process
Researcher Errors
1. Population definition error - the difference between the actual
population relative to the issue/problem and the population as defined
by the researcher 2. Sample design error ± inappropriate sampling technique
3. Questionnaire design ±
structure error
language error measurement / scale error
4. Data analysis error
5. Reporting error
6. Surrogate information error
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