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Philosophical Foundations
of Education
Janeth G. Concepcion
Joy R. Tolosa
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Activity
Given the following
situation/instances, as ateacher, which do you prefer
or focus more? Write the
letter of your choice.
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Set I:
5 items
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A B
1. The teachers
decided what is
most important forthe students to
learn and place
little emphasis on
students interest.
1. The teachers
help students
define their ownessence and they
are given a wide
variety of options
from whish/what
subject matter to
choose.
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A B
2. more on
academiccontent of
education
2. more on
vocationalcourses of
education
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A B
3. The teachers
focus heavily on
studentsachievement test
scores, longer
school day, more
challenging books,
more core
requirement
3. The teachers
focus/encourage
individualscreativity,
potentials and
imagination
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A B
4. Teachers
should instill the
traditional
approach to
education
4. Teachers
show a strong
rejection of the
traditional
approach to
education
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A B
5. Math and
Natural Sciences
5. Humanities,
Philosophy and
arts for
aesthetics
expression
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Set 2:
5 items
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A B1. Education
develops the
individualspiritually, mentally
and morally.
1. Provide an
education that
could produceindividuals who can
meet their principal
needs and give
direction toindividuals basic
potentialities and
talents.
Aims of Education
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A B2. Philosophy,
Theology, Values
Education,Christian Living,
GMRC (essential for
mental, moral and
spiritualdevelopment)
2. Natural
Sciences, Social
Sciences, Poetry( acquisition of
research skills,
library skills,
critical thinkingskills,
application of
principles
Curriculum
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A B3. meditation,
reading,
question and
discussion
3. scientific
methods
Methods of Teaching
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A B4. chief source
of inspiration,
knowledge and
information
4. develop
initiative
and ability
to control
theirexperiences
Role of Teachers
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A B5. develops
moral
character of a
person
5. develops
concepts
and
principles
throughscientific
methods
Role of School
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Common sense
Science
Philosophy
Three Levels of Knowledge natural to man:
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Philosophy
philo
friend of or
love of
sophia
- wisdom
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Etymology
- The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and
"philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek
thinker Pythagoras.
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- The ascription is said to be based ona passage in a lost work of
Herakleides Pontikos, a discipleof Aristotle.
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- "Philosopher" was understood as
a word which contrasted with"sophist" (from sophoi).
- Traveling sophists or "wise men"were important in Classical
Greece, often earning money as
teachers, whereas philosophersare "lovers of wisdom" and not
professionals.
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Other Definitions of Philosophy
It is the science that seeks to
organize and systematize all fields
of knowledge as a means ofunderstanding and interpreting
the totality of reality.
Good
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Other Definitions of Philosophy
It is the attempt to give a
reasoned conception ofthe universe and of mans
place in it.
Montagne
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Other Definitions of Philosophy
A complete philosophy includes a
world view or reasoned
conception of the whole cosmos,or a life-view or doctrine of
values, meanings and purposes of
human life.
Leighton
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Other Definitions of Philosophy
It is a search for a comprehensive
view of nature, an attempt at auniversal explanation of the
nature of things.
Weber
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Summing up, philosophyis asystematic and logical
explanation of the nature,
existence, purposes and
relationships of things, including
human beings, in the universe.
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Main Branches of Philosophy
Metaphysics
- origin and
essence of things
Epistemology
- deals withknowledge and with
ways of thinking
Axiology
-Ethics andAesthetics
Logic
- systematictreatment of therelation of ideas
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What is Educational Philosophy?
- is a branch of general philosophy
and is concerned with theinterpretation of education in
relation to general philosophy.
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Functions of Educational Philosophy
1. It focuses the attention of teachers andlaymen alike on the values and objectiveswhich the school should aim to achieve.
2. It provides a basis for criticism of the
school system and of the educationalprocess.
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Functions of Educational Philosophy
3. It sets the procedure to be followed in thereconstruction of the educational program.
4. It helps the educator to organize andanalyze educational objectives.
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1. Provides the teacher with a basis formaking his decisions concerning his work.
Importance of Philosophy of Education
to Teachers
2. Helps the teacher to develop a wide rangeof interests, attitudes and values concomitantto his professional life as a teacher.
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3. Makes the teacher more aware of his ownlife and work and makes him more dynamic,
discriminating, critical and mentally alert.
Importance of Philosophy of Education
to Teachers
4. Philosophy of education saves time,money and effort.
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Oriental/Eastern Philosophies
Philosophy Origin Philosophies
Confucianism Confucius,
China
The Golden
Rule
Taoism China Harmonywith Nature
Buddhism Buddha,
Japan
Enlightenmen
t throughMeditation
Shintoism Shotoku,
Japan
Behaves in the
Kami No Michi
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Oriental/Eastern Philosophies
Philosophy Origin Philosophies
Hinduism India Dharma
ModernHinduism
Gandhi andTagore
Ahimsa
Buddhism Siddharta
Gautama,India
Eightfold path
Islam Mohammed One God,
Polygamy
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Filipino Philosophies
Philosopher PhilosophyJose Rizal His Educational Legacy for Todays Society
Education is indispensable to the task of nation
building and must occupy a top priority.
Without education and liberty no reform is
possible.Beside the duty of man to seek his own
perfection, thereis the desire innate in man to
cultivate his intellect.
Apolinario Mabini Individuals must develop his faculties of the
intellect and the will, to master his talentscontribute to the cause of justice and ommon good
human progress.
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Educational Philosophies
1. Idealism
2. Realism
3. Pragmatism
4. Essentialism
5. Progressivism6. Reconstructionism
7. Existentialism
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1. Idealism
- is a term with several
related meanings. Itcomes via ideafrom theGreek idein(),
meaning "to see". Theterm entered the Englishlanguage by 1796.
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Examples of Idealism:
Utopia- ThomasMore
Cultural Revolution-Maoism
Marxism
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Examples of Idealism:
Leninism
Socialism
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Thinkers
Plato Socrates
Rene Descartes
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Assumptions
- Emphasize the importance of mind,
soul and spirit.- Believes in refined wisdom. Based on
the view that reality is a world within
a persons mind.
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- Schools exist to sharpen the mind and
intellectual processes.- One of the oldest school of thoughts
with its origin traced back to Platos
ideas.
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Role of Teachers
- Transmitter of knowledge
- Chief source of inspiration,
knowledge and information
- Creator of educationalenvironment (teacher-
centered).
- Excellent mentally, morally andspiritually
- A reserved person/conversant
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Models/Strategies
- Lecture-DiscussionMethod
- Excursion
- Question Method
- Project Method
- Informal Dialectic- Meditation
- Reading
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Educational Aim
-To develop theindividual
spiritually, mentally, and
morally.
- Education develops the
individual spiritually,
mentally and morally
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Curriculum Emphasis
Subject Matter of mind:
- literature
- history
- philosophy- mathematics
-arts
-Christian Living-Values Education
-GMRC
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Role of School
- A thinking institution
- Promotes high cognitive
level of education
- Promotes cultural learning- Develops moral character
of a person
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Realism
AristotleHarris Broudy
John Comenius
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John Locke
Johann Henrich Pestalozzi
Jean Jacques Roseau
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Assumptions
- Reality is what weobserve.
- Experience exists
only in the physicalworld.
- Mind is like a mirror
receiving images onlyfrom the physicalworld.
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Role of Teachers
- Help develop initiative
and ability to control
experiences.
- Help realize that they canenter into the meaning
of their experiences
- The students would betaught factual
information for mastery.
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Models/Strategies
- The use of ScientificMethods
- Defining the problem
- Observing factors related
to problem
- Hypothesizing- Testing the hypothesis
Educational Aim
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Educational Aim
- Gives direction and form to
individuals basicpotentialities.
- Determines the direction of
the individuals inheritedtendencies.
- Provide an education that
could produce a good
individual and a good society
by meeting 4 principal needs
of an individual.
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1. Aptitude needs
2. Self-determination needs3. Self-realization needs.
4. Self-integration needs
4 principal needs of an individual
Curriculum Emphasis
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Curriculum Emphasis
- Study habits
- Research skills
- Library skills- Evaluation
- Observation
- Experimentation-Analytical and criticalthinking
-Natural science
-Literature-Poetry
-Natural science
-Social Science
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Role of School
Further develops discipline
Utilizes pupil activity through instruction
Regards the pupils as more superior thanother objects
Develops concepts and principles
through scientific methods
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Pragmatism/Experimentalism
Thinkers
John DeweyCharles Sanders Peirce
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Pragmatism
William James
Richard Rorty
Assumptions
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Assumptions
- Conservative philosophy
- Primarily an Americanphilosophy.
- Focuses on reflectivethinking. The knowledge
process, the relationshipof ideas into action.
- Encourages people to findprocesses that work in
order to attain desiredgoals.
- Makes use of experienceas a source of knowledge
Role of Teachers
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Role of Teachers
- Keeps order in the
class
- Facilitates group
work
- Encourages and
offers suggestions,
questions and helpin planning
- Curriculum planner.
Models/Strategies
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Models/Strategies
Experimental
MethodsStatement of the
problemHypothesizing
Investigating or
data gatheringTesting hypothesis
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Forming
conclusionsCreative and
constructive
projectsField trips
Laboratory work
Activity-centered
Student-centeredactivities
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Curriculum Emphasis
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Curriculum Emphasis
- Creation of new social
order
- Integrated and based on
the problem of society
(NCBTS based).
- Subjects are
interdisciplinary.- Combined academic and
vocational disciplines.
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Role of School
A miniature society
Gives child balance and genuine experience in
preparation for democratic living
A place where ideas are tested, implemented
and restructured
An agency for transmitting heritage
A specialized environmentalist established to
enculturate the young people.
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Essentialism
Educational essentialism is aneducational philosophy whoseadherents believe that childrenshould learn the traditional
basic subjects and that theseshould be learned thoroughlyand rigorously. An essentialistprogram normally teacheschildren progressively, fromless complex skills to morecomplex.
Thi k
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Thinkers
Karl Popper Plato
John Stuart Mill William Bagley
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Role of Teachers
- Base the lesson tothe book.
- Prepare well-
organized lesson toprove that he is an
authority ofinstruction.
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Educational Aim
- Provide sound
training of the
fundamental skills.- Develop individual
to perform justly,skillfully and
magnanimously.
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Progressivism
Educational progressivism isthe belief that educationmust be based on theprinciple that humansare social animalswho learnbest in real-life activities withother people.Progressivists,like proponents of mosteducational theories, claimto rely on the best availablescientific theories of learning
Most progressive educators
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Most progressive educatorsbelieve that children learnas if they were scientists,following a process similarto John Dewey's model oflearning: 1) Become aware
of the problem. 2) Definethe problem. 3) Proposehypotheses to solve it. 4)
Evaluate the consequencesof the hypotheses fromone's past experience. 5)Test the likeliest solution.
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Assumptions
Exactly opposite of perennialism.
Assumes that the world changes. Learner must be taught to be
independent, self-reliant thinker,learn to discipline himself, beresponsible for the consequences of
his actions. Emphasize on the concept of
progress which asserts that humanbeings are capable of improving andperfecting their environment.
Curriculum must be derived fromthe needs and interests of thestudents.
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Educational Aim
-To provide the learner
the necessary skills tobe able to interact with
his ever changing
environment.
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R t ti i
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Reconstructionism
Thinkers
Theodore Brameld
George Sylvester Counts
R t ti i
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Reconstructionism
Thinkers
Ivan IllichPaulo Reglus Neves Freire
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Role of Teachers
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Role of Teachers
- Lead the learners in designing
programs for social,educational, practical andeconomic change.
- Primary agent of social change.
- Initiates lively discussions oncontroversial issues, politicaland educational.
- Enables the learners tocritically examine theircultural heritage.
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Curriculum Emphasis
- Stresses learning that enable theindividual to live in a globalmilieu.
- Controversial national and
international issues.- Emphasis on social sciences and
social research methods;examination of social, economicand political problems.
- Focused on present and futuretrends.
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Existentialism
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Existentialism
Soren Aabye Kierkegaard
Jean-Paul Sartre
Thinkers
Existentialism
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Existentialism
- strong rejection of the traditional, essentialist
approach to education
- Vocational education is needed more as
means of teaching students about themselves
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Models/Strategies
- Inquiry Approach
- Question-Answer Method
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Curriculum Emphasis
- Subject-centered.
- Arts for aesthetic
expression
- Humanities for ethical
values.- Philosophy
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References
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References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism
http://saicebrian.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/
philosophical-foundation-of-education/
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