Converging TechnologiesInspired From Dr. Denis Poussart
Université Laval, Canada
GE 301 Science, Technology and Society
Ahmet S Ucer
contents
• What• Why• How
• Where to• When
• But
Sample from news….
First light for one-atom laser‘Physicists in the US have built a laser with a single atom for the first time. Jeff Kimble and colleagues at the California Institute of Technology made the device by trapping a cold caesium atom in an optical cavity. The one-atom laser produces nonclassicallight that could have applications in quantum information technology’
http://physicsweb.org/article/news/7/9/10
J McKeever et al. 2003, Nature pp. 425-268
Multilevel Memory Based on Molecular Devices
Chao Li et al. Applied Physics Letters,
2004, 84, pp. 1949-1951University of Southern California,
Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center
http://www.aip.org/enews/physnews/2004/split/676-2.htmlhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol301/issue5641/index.shtml
‘Multilevel molecular memory devices are proposed and demonstrated for nonvolatile data storage up to three bits (eight levels) per cell, in contrast to the standard one-bit-per-cell (two levels) technology.’
“moletronics”
‘Duke University researchers have used self-assembling DNA molecules as molecular building blocks called “tiles” to construct protein-bearing scaffolds and metal wires at the billionths of a meter, or nanoscale’
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-09/du-ds092403.php
DNA-Templated Self-Assembly of Protein Arrays and Highly Conductive Nanowires
Science 2003, 301, pp.1882-1884Duke University
Yan et al.,
Carbon Nanotube* Enables Ultra High Performance Transistor
‘Corporation today announced development of a stable fabrication technology for Carbon NanoTube transistors. Through this development NEC verified that CNT transistors produced by using this fabrication technology attain more than 10 times greater transconductance than silicon MOS transistors’(September 19, 2003)
http://www.eedesign.com/silicon/OEG20030929S0083http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0309/1901.htmlDiscovered by Dr. Sumio Iijima in 1991
2002 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics *
PAST
>Σsynergy
IT started to affect all other technologies
Mega Trend
convergence
Advances at the edge of traditional disciplinesConnections becoming the core of technology
Claude Monet, Fishing Boats Leaving the Harbor, Le Havre, 1874http://www.artchive.com/galleries/1874/74frm098.htm
Π
Convergence fuels convergence
http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=memelist.html?m=1#476
InfoNano
Bio…
PRESENT
NanotechnologyBiotechnology
Information technology Cognitive science
NBICsometimes
NBICSWith Sociology
Converging Technologiesfor Improving Human Performance,2002
http://www.infocastinc.com/NBIC/nbichome.htmhttp://itri.loyola.edu/ConvergingTechnologies/http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=lib.simpledocument&DOC_ID=78571191&CFID=10564696&CFTOKEN=73264088
NBIC Convergence 2004
Converging Technologies for a Diverse Europe, 2004
What is the driver?
Why??
HOW
There's Plenty of Room at the BottomAn Invitation to Enter a New Field of PhysicsAnnual meeting of the American Physical Society
29 December 1959
Richard P. Feynman(1918 - 1988, Nobel 1965)
1959Nano dateline …
Nano dateline …
Helmut Ruska had invented the Electronic Microscope
1929
1981 Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohrer invent the Scanning Tunelling Microscope (STM) at IBM in Zurich
Nobel Prize for physics1986
1986Eric Drexler publishes Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
1996Richard Smalley, Robert Curl & Harold Krotoawarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their discovery of a new Carbon molecule, the fullerene
Buckminster Fuller
Bucky-ball C60
http://www.chem.sunysb.edu/msl/fullerene.html
Fullerenes
0.7 x nM
ONE transistor of a Pentium IV is 180 nM wide
http://www.nano.gov/html/res/IntlFundingRoco.htm
3,024700%
2,367543%
1,535355%
825191%
687159%
559129%
423100%
Total (% of 1997)
~800~550~380110968370Other
849774697465270255190116USA
~800~720~465245157135120Japan
~650~400~225200179151126W. Europe
2004R200320022001 2000199919981997Region
R&D EXPENDITURE
Blending of tools
TrendsBlending of real and virtual
Blending of natural and synthetic
Smaller is more
Reverse engineering
Some converged technological outputs
http://www.artchive.com/galleries/1874/74frm098.htm
Design of a Nanomechanical Fluid Control Valve Based on Functionalized Silicon Cantilevers:Coupling Molecular Mechanics and Classical Engineering DesignSantiago Solares et al.Materials and Process Simulation CenterCalifornia Institute of Technology
http://www.wag.caltech.edu/nanovalve/
Hardware Feeds Biotech R&DOpen Source Biology …
1950 1970 1990 2010
0.001
0.1
10 Estimated Shortest Timeto Protein Structure
person / year
Redrawn fromRobert Carlson
The Pace and Proliferationof Biological Technologies
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism, 1, 2003
Year --> Hours
http://www.molsci.org/~rcarlson/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/WEBONLY/resource/may01/spea.html
Conventional CMOStransistor
Molecular switch(benzene rings)
Gold
gold
carbon
nitrogen
hydrogen
oxygen
sulfur
Could it replace silicium?
Biological - like “transistor”
Scientific American, june 2000
High Performance Computing, Modeling & Simulation Feed Biotech R&D
Artificial RetinaMachelle T. Pardue; Neal S. Peachey;
Sherry L. Ball; Alan Y. Chow;Jay I. Perlman; Evan B.
Stubbs, Jr.; Vince Y. Chow
http://www.optobionics.com/artificialretina.htmhttp://www.varrd.emory.edu/Tech-Transfer/retina.html
http://www.vitreoussociety.org/pr2001/abstracts/symposium-4.html
Synthetic organs
2 mm5000 photodiodes
5 millions cones120 millions rods
1 million axons
http://www.nicolelislab.net/NLNet/Load/Papers/TechReview.pdfhttp://www.plos.org/downloads/plbi-01-02-carmena.pdf
Learning to Control a Brain-MachineInterface for Reaching and Grasping by PrimatesM. A. L. Nicolelis et al. Duke University
Grand Challenges for Computing Research Sponsored by the UK Computing Research Committee, with support from the
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Counciland National e-Science Centre
http://www.nesc.ac.uk/esi/events/Grand_Challenges/index.html
- In Vivo <=> In Silico- Science for Global Ubiquitous Computing - Memories for Life - Scalable Ubiquitous Computing Systems - The Architecture of Brain and Mind - Dependable Systems Evolution - Journeys in Non-Classical Computation
Computers
21st CenturyTOOLS
Networks Nanotech
Biotech
Inspired from James Canton, Institute for Global Futures
Bits
21st CenturyBricks
Neurons Atoms
Genes
Inspired from James Canton, Institute for Global Futures
Computers
21st CenturyArchitecture
Networks Nanotech
Biotech
GenesBits
Neurons Atoms
Inspired from James Canton, Institute for Global Futures
Challenges of Converging Technologies
What is possible ? physics
What is implementable ? engineering
What is feasable ? economics
What is desirable ? social
And how to manage Complexity ?
far more
http://theregus.com/content/28/26754.html
How to deal with complexity?
Do NOT touch these wires !
Systems of (Systems of Systems)
Complex SystemsSystems of Systems
• Huge number of elements
• Huge dynamic range (from sub-nano to macro)
• Huge range of elements (from devices to processes)
• Multiple scales in time and space
• Wide range of variables, hard, soft, symbolic
• Unclear boundaries
• Conflicting performance metrics
Systems of (Systems of Systems)
Complex SystemsSystems of Systems
• Behaviors emerge from dynamic interactionsbetween all components, as well as the environment
• Very hard to predict ( … impossible ?)
• Not amenable to classical reductionist analysis
Complex Systems• Stable and adaptable• Reliable and controllable• Persistent and dynamic• Deterministic and chaotic• Random and predictable• Ordered and disordered• Cooperative and competitive• Selfish and altruistic• Logical and paradoxical• Averaging and non-averaging• Universal and unique
In great need of new design methodologies
Redrawn from http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0134.html?printable=1
19001800 2000
40 000
80 000
120 000
160 000
US Patents Granted
Exponential Growth of KnowledgeLaw of Accelerating Returns (Ray Kuzweil)
Where toRay Kurzweil
“Supercomputers will achieve one human brain capacity by 2010, and personal computers will do so by around 2020. By 2030, it will take a village ofhuman brains (around a thousand) to match $1000 of computing. By 2050, $1000 of computing will equal the processing power of all human brains on Earth.”
On the Singularity, 2002The Age of Spiritual Machines, 1999
http://www.kurzweilai.net/
Singularity
Bill Joy
‘Each of us has our precious things, and as we care for them we locate the essence of humanity. In the end, it is because our great capacity of caring that I remain optimistic we will confront the dangerous issues before us’.
Why the future doesn't need usWired, April 2000
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html
http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0408.html
Center for Responsible NanotechnologyCenter for Responsible Nanotechnology
Singularity, can it be true?
What can prevent it?
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