“Controlling local and global pollution: 3 cases of health and climate co-benefits”
Adrián Fernández-Bremauntz PhDUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana
and Climate Works Foundation
TOXIC EARTH – TOXIC BODIESBinational Perspectives in Environmental Health
April 5, 2011
MISSION: produce technical and scientific information about environmental problems to:
• Inform society
• Foster environmental protection
• Promote the sustainable use of natural resources
• Support environmental policy making
Instituto Nacional de Ecología - INE(National Environment Institute)
In-house think tank of the Ministry for the Environment (SEMARNAT)
Created in 1993……. Reinvented in 2001
PROFEPA CONABIOCONANP INE CONAGUA CONAFOR IMTA
5 General Directorates: 340+ staff (75+ with at least a masters degree)
1. Env. Economics and Policies
2. Urban and Regional Pollution
3. Ecosystems Conservation
4. National Center for Environmental Research and Training (CENICA)
5. Climate Change
National Communications; National GHG inventories; Climate Change State Plans; CC web sites and publications; Focal Point for IPCC and all academic activities; research
on mitigation, adaptation, LCGP, support at COP negotiations.
Presidency of Academic and Scientific Sub-Committee within the COP16 umbrella organizing committee
What is a co-benefit?Any additional or colateral benefit associated
with a measure implemented to attend a specific problem.
climate change perspective:“If any action to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions is implemented, what is the local benefit in terms of reduction of air pollution and human health
improvements?”
COSO2
NOx
Pb
VOC
Co- benefits:Air pollution and climate change
Fuente: Adaptado de Sophie Punte, Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center, Enero de 2009.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Greenhouse gases (Only Kyoto
Protocol)
CH4 N2O
PFC
SF6 HFCCO2
AIR POLLUTION(Global, Regional, Urban)
PMO3Aerosols
Black Carbon
EMISSIONS
Air pollutants
INE research on local and global pollution
Case studies:
1.Tuxpan fuel oil power plant2.Efficient wood stoves3.BRT exposure assessment
Case study 1:
Tuxpan fuel oil power plant
Aereal view of Manzanillo Bay (INEGI, 2002)
Tuxpan power plant
Ecosistemas importantes en un radio de 150km: pastizales, agricultura, selva baja, bosque templado.
Población Habitantes
Cd. Madero 182,325
Cerro Azul 24,729
Chicontepec 58,735
Huauchinango 83,537
Martínez de la Torre 119,166
Poza Rica 152,838
Tamiahua 26,306
Tampico 295,442
Tantoyuca 94,829
Tempoal 36,359
Teziutlán 81,156
Tulancingo 122,274
Tuxpan 127,664
PEMEX Gas
PEMEX Refinación
Dispersion of pollutants – PM10 concentrations(similar analyses were made for SO2 & sulfates)
Norma de calidad del aire para PM10150 µg/m3 (promedio 24 h)
50 µg/m3 (promedio anual)620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730
UTMX, km
2270
2280
2290
2300
2310
2320
2330
2340
2350
2360
2370
2380
UTM
Y, k
m Termo
Tuxpan
NaranjosTamiahua
Alamo
Poza Rica
Cerro Azul
Cazones
Laguna de Tampamachoco
Laguna de Tamiahua
0.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.0
ug/m360 km
45 km
30 km
15 km
Health effects from exposure to Tuxpan power plant emissions
Impactos
Casos por año(valor promedio e intervalo de
confianza 95%)Mortalidad aguda 4 (1:11)
Mortalidad crónica 43 (3:65)
Bronquitis crónica 142 (29:301)
Admisiones hospitalarias por causas respiratorias
7 (1:15)
Admisiones hospitalarias por causas cardiovasculares
35 (6:76)
Días de trabajo perdidos 13,850 (3,613:29,152)
Monetary impacts of health effects
ImpactosImpacto económico promedio
($ USD)Mortalidad aguda 1,655,220
Mortalidad crónica 9,411,390
Bronquitis crónica 2,757,470
Admisiones hospitalarias por causas respiratorias
4,456
Admisiones hospitalarias por causas cardiovasculares
65,851
Días de trabajo perdidos 46,908
• El valor anual total es de $13,941,295 con un intervalo de confianza ( al 95%) de $175,451 a $40,981,000
Case study 2: Cost/benefit analysis of Metrobús
– In operation since July 2005 with an exclusive lane of 19.4 Km.
– Faster than traditional buses
– Capacity for 250 thousand passengers per day
– Higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions from EURO-III buses
13
Case study 2: bus rapid transit system «metrobus»
Pollutants sampled:Carbon monoxidePM2.5 y PM10
Benzene
14
Sampling scheme:
Morning peak hour Route: Indios Verdes a San Angel
(north – south commuting corridor) Baseline: measurements before BRT
construction After construction: Metrobús sampling
Methodology
15
Number of trips:
Concentrations (median)Carbon monoxide (ppm)Particles PM2.5 (µg/m3)Particles PM10 (µg/m3)Benzene (ppbv)
Microbus
36
15.815219610.2
Autobus
37
11.41292028.9
Metrobus
68
7.599
1834.2
Transport modes
Results
Results
Emission reductions per year 144 tons of THC 690 tons of NOx 2.8 tons of fine Particulate Matter 1.3 tons of SO2
Avoided health impacts per year: 6,100 work loss days 660 restricted activity days 12 new cases of chronic bronchitis 3 premature deaths These health benefits provide $3 million USD benefits per year
Travel time benefits per year Save over 2 million hours during peak hour ($1.3 million USD)
Cost of the Metrobús (infrastructure, vehicles, etc) was over 44 million USD
Metrobus corridor expects to eliminate 280,000 tons of CO2 equivalent emissions
Net Present Benefits$12.3 Million USD
Case study 3:
Efficient wood stoves in rural Mexico
Widespread use of wood stoves for cooking and heating in rural households in Mexico
• In Mexico 1 in every 5 households (80% of households in rural areas) use biomass in open «stoves».
• Inefficient use of natural resources• Emission of greenhouse gases • Emission of combustion gases and particles
which cause severe health effects mainly in women and children
Improved stoves tested for emissions, efficiency and acceptability
ONIL MEXALIT CITLALLI
PATSARI FIJA FOGÓN
Conclussions
• All improved stoves demonstrated advantages over traditional open stoves:
– Lower cooking time and less wood consumption
– Lower emissions of greenhouse gases
– Lower concentrations of CO and PM2.5
– PM2.5 levels were reduced from an average of 7000 µg/m3 to 100-600 µg/m3, still well above the 24-h standard (65 µg/m3).
– 100,000+ stoves will be install in next years (selected on the basis of the results of INE study).
Many thanks
Please visit the website of INE
www.ine.gob.mx
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