ESTIMATING THE CARBONFOOTPRINT OF TOURISM
IN SOUTH TYROLMattia Cai
Consumer Behavior in Tourism Symposium – 2013
Overview
• Aim:– Quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions associated with tourism in South Tyrol (ST)
• Methodological approach:– Input-Output (IO) analysis– Multi-regional model
1
South Tyrol and tourism
Population ≈ 505,000
2
Origin Visitors (mln, 2008)
Nights(mln, 2008)
South Tyrol 1.4 0.6Other 8.2 32.1Total 9.6 32.6
The contribution of tourism to South Tyrol’s economy
3
Direct Direct and indirect
Value added(% of total)
1,731 mln €(11.2%)
1,903 mln €(12.4%)
Employment(% of total)
– 41,300 FTE(15.3%)
Source of data: ASTAT (2012). Impatto economico del turismo. Astat Info nr. 15.
The carbon footprint of tourism
• ‘Unfortunately, there has been little attempt to measure CO2 emissions associated with individual tourism destinations’(Dwyer et al. 2010)
• Some notable exceptions:• Jones and Munday (2007), Wales• Dwyer et al. (2010), Australia• Whittlesea and Owen (2012), South West
England
4
Carbon footprints and IO models
• The use of IO models to analyze carbon footprints is well established
• Hendrickson et al. (2006)
• Minx et al. (2009)
• Applications to tourism using multiregional IO at a very local level?
5
Main practical difficulties
• No ‘tourism industry’ in official statistics.
• Very limited data availability at the subnational level.
6
Outline of presentation
• Model structure and data requirements
• Preliminary results• the estimated carbon footprint of tourism in ST
• Concluding remarks• (Current) limitations, ongoing work, potential
extensions
7
STRUCTURE AND DATA REQUIREMENTS OF THE MODEL
Money spent by tourists on different
products in ST
Multi-regionalIO model
Estimates of GHG
emission(direct and
indirect)
IO modeling and carbon footprints
9
• 59 industries (NACE rev. 1.1)
• 5 regions
Why multiple regions?
Emission factors of agriculturein Italy, 2005
10Source of data: ISTAT (2009) NAMEA: emissioni atmosferiche regionali
LiguriaCalabria
TrentoSiciliaPuglia
ToscanaCampania
BozenLazio
AbruzzoEmilia R.
MarcheBasilicata
VenetoUmbriaMolise
Friuli V.G.SardegnaPiemonte
LombardiaV. d'Aosta
(direct) tons of CO2 equivalent per mln EUR of value added
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Emission factors of energy production in Italy, 2005
11Source of data: ISTAT (2009) NAMEA: emissioni atmosferiche regionali
V. d'AostaBozenTrento
BasilicataMolise
CampaniaMarche
AbruzzoPiemonte
LombardiaEmilia R.ToscanaCalabria
LazioVenetoUmbria
SardegnaFriuli V.G.
SiciliaPugliaLiguria
(direct) kt of CO2 equivalent per mln EUR of value added
0 5 10 15 20
Regions of the model
12
South Tyrol
NortheastNorthwest
Rest of country
+ REST OF WORLD
Data requirements of the model
1. Final demand by tourists by industry
2. Interregional matrix of input coefficients
3. Regional emission factors by industry
4. Rest of the world region13
Hotels and restaurants
62%
Trade 11%
Food, beverages and
tobacco 6%
Transport and storage
5%
Agriculture 2%
Other 14%
1. Tourism demand by industry, 2010
3,460 mln €
14Source of data: ASTAT (2013), Tavola Input-Output per lAlto Adige 2010. Astat info nr. 70.
2. Interregional input coefficients
• Input coefficients estimated as:
15
Share of all i used in s that comes from r
(Laboriously estimated from Bank of Italy industry survey data)
i needed per unit of j in Italy
(from national IO table)Product i from region r needed to produce one unit of product j in region s
3. Emission factors
• 2005 emission data at regional level from ISTAT
• carbon dioxide (CO2)• methane (CH4)• nitrous oxide (N2O).
• ‘Updated’ to 2008 (base year of the model)
16
4. The rest of the world
• Assumed German technology and emission factors (WIOD data)
• Working on improved representation• more foreign regions in the model
17
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Tourism(2010,
modeled)
All productive activities (2005,
ISTAT)Direct emissions(kt CO2e)
169 1,892
Direct emissions of ST’s tourism
19
Tourism(2010,
modeled)Direct emissions(kt CO2e)
169
Hotels and restaurants
29%
Trade 10%
Food, beverages and
tobacco 6%
Transport and storage
22%
Agriculture 23%
Other 10%
Direct emissions by industry
20
169 kt CO2e
Direct and indirect emissionsof ST’s tourism
21
Tourism(2010, modeled)
Total emissions(% direct)
1,262 kt CO2e(13.4%)
Carbon intensity 372 t CO2e/mln €of output
Emissions per visitor* 131.8 kg/visitor
Emissions per night* 38.7 kg/night
Carbon intensity of ST’s industries
22
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Fish
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Trad
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ess
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Rea
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rent
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(dire
ct +
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) t o
f CO
2e p
er m
ln E
UR
out
put
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Other
Other manufacturing
Comm., soc., pers. serv.
Food, beverage, tob.
Transport and storage
Hotels and restaurants
Mining and quarrying
Energy, gas, water
Agriculture
Carbon emission from tour ism in ST (kt CO2e)
0 50 100
150
200
250
300
350
South TyrolNorth−eastNorth−westRest of the countryRest of the world
Carbon emissions of ST’s tourism by industry and region
23
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Some issues with the current version of the model
• Overestimating import dependence of South Tyrol?
• Results sensitive to choice of rest of the world technology
• Treatment of emissions from transport
25
Potential extensions (subject to data availability)
• Include other environmental externalities
• Carbon footprint of more narrowly defined products or types of tourism
• Easy to replicate in other parts of the countrys
26
Familiar limitations of IO models
• Linearity
• Fixed interregional trade patterns
• Underlying data quality issues
28
Emission factors of hotels and restaurants in Italy, 2005
29
SardegnaLazioSicilia
LombardiaBozen
Friuli V.G.Liguria
ToscanaVeneto
PiemonteEmilia R.
MarcheCampania
TrentoPuglia
AbruzzoMolise
BasilicataCalabriaUmbria
V. d'Aosta
tons of CO2 equivalent per mln EUR of value added
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Source of data: ISTAT (2009) NAMEA: emissioni atmosferiche regionali
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