UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY
Conceptual and Geometric Design of Nahhaki Tunnel and Quantity Estimation
Submitted To: Sir. Ali Murad Kisana
Submitted By: Group_01
Atiqa Ijaz Khan 02
Rabia Zahoor 16
M. Fahad 25
UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY
Table of Contents
List of Figures 01
List of Tables 02
Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………………………… 03
Introduction 04
Chapter 2…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 05
Literature Review 06
Tunnel 06
Aspect of Tunnel Design 07
Chapter 3……………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Datasets and Methodology 13
Methodology 17
Arc GIS Output 21
CAD Output 27
Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
Issues and Problems 34
References 38
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List of Figures
Fig A: Tunnel basic 06
Fig 1: Study area 13
Fig 2: Drainage pattern 14
Fig 3: Topographic features 15
Fig 4: Army camp on the project site 15
Fig 5: Elevation (contours) 16
Fig 6: Available data 16
Fig 7: Contours map from raster 17
Fig 8: Drainage map from arc gis 18
Fig 9: Suggested route 19
Fig 10: Route profile 20
Fig 11: KML route 20
Fig 12: Profile of access road 21
Fig 13: Map of south access road 22
Fig 14: Box cut profile 23
Fig 15: Map of south box cut 24
Fig 16: Map of north box cut 25
Fig 17: Map of tunnel 26
Fig 18: Tunnel profile 27
Fig 19: South existing road (cad) 28
Fig 20: South access road (cad) 28
Fig 21: South box cut (cad) 28
Fig 22: Tunnel (cad) 29
Fig 23: North portal of tunnel (cad) 29
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Fig 24: Problem 01 34
Fig 25: Solution 01 35
Fig 26: Problem 02 36
Fig 27: Solution 02 37
List of Tables
Table 01: CAD calculations 30
Table 02: Quantity estimation 32-33
Table 03: Calculated values for cut/fill 33
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-Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
[This portion explains a kind of summary of
all the project that’s going on.]
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Introduction
n present modern times, road infrastructure plays an important role in the
economy of any country. As being most common and daily use of
communication, its development and maintenance is the key for its long-term
sustainability.
So the road construction and its other helping aspects should be done with proper
care and precise measurements. Because it directly effects the finance.
In the same way, one of the example is the construction of a tunnel along with its
parameters and estimations. This catches our main focus in this project report. As
the structure stands, it joins the terminals…
The study area belongs to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where the task is to
construct a tunnel over a ridge, so to accelerate the vehicles speed and lessen the
time travelling.
For this, there are few of the limitations and conditions that should be full filled in
order to complete the task properly on time.
By the aid of surveying methods, and software, the conceptual and geometrical
design is established. That then further goes for approval for its construction. The
details and procedures are explained in upcoming portions.
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-Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[The following explains a review of available
literature on the tunnel design and
construction. Including all the inspection
plans, assessments, and procedure of
ventilation. ]
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Tunnel Design and Construction Overview
he design and construction of the tunnel differs from other structures due to
difficulty in accessing properly the geological properties, along its way. It
should done with precise measurements so that to reduce the risks of hazards.
Tunnel
“A tunnel is a horizontal passage-way located underground.”
While erosion and other natural forces can also form the tunnels. Tunnels can be
created by excavation process. There are different method for this process. Like,
Tunnel Basics
Few of the basic process and terminology used in tunneling procedure. Like, Shaft,
they are vertically, hand-dug portion in the mountains, in order to check the rock
structure and soil type for further excavation. The Portal, which is the opening and
closing of the tunnel.
Fig A: Tunnel Basic
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Aspects of Tunnel Design
The following are the few important aspects of tunnel design and construction:
1. Site selection
2. Tunnel design construction
3. Ground support design
4. Ventilation system design
5. Communication system
6. Hazards reporting
7. Personal protective equipment
8. Emergency response
9. Record keeping
10. Risk assessment
11. Existing services
12. Access
Site Selection
The site selection includes deep study of that particular area, ground availability and
specifications. The designer should be equipped with all the required information.
Following are the important studies that are used in order to select the suitable site:
1. Study of geology, topography and hydrology.
2. Climatic conditions.
3. Groundwater test and check, quality, volume etc.
4. Underground survey.
5. Rock mass condition and geology.
6. Weak regions.
7. Ground movement and scale.
8. Previous work or historic data.
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Tunnel Construction Review
The construction review must include all the possible opportunities and issues. It
may encounter all the construction design and assumed data to define the buildable
portions. It also includes all the details of:
1. Tunnel dimensions,
2. Allowable excavation limits,
3. Lining requirement,
4. Tunnel deformation conditions
Ground Support Design
As the construction of the tunnel requires the procedure of excavation, therefore, it
may put weights on the existing rock structure. That’s why a ground support is
required in order to overcome and control any upcoming problems. It involves both
structural work and soil type.
Its design may vary according to the requirements. Sometimes a permanent support
is used. And sometimes, a pre-construction ground support is also developed to
compensate any hazard ahead.
Ventilation System
The ventilation system provides enough measurements to deal with all kind of:
1. Underground gases,
2. Production of dust during operation,
3. Heat and fumes through excavation process,
Throughout the procedure continues for tunneling, the ventilation design should
face-through.
Communication System
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Communication plays a key role to the passing of information and instruction
during the construction, lifting, monitoring of the systems, transporting persons
and materials, monitoring and maintenance. There should establish a two-way radio
control room for dealing with all kind of necessary communication.
It should soundly connects the main work places like:
1. Tunnel portal and faces,
2. Shaft top and bottom,
3. Site offices and first aid rooms,
4. Emergency control offices.
Personal Protective Equipment
It should be done much more effectively in order to insure the safety. Therefore, it
is regularly reviewed, inspected, maintained and replace if so necessary.
It mostly includes:
1. Clothing for protection,
2. Eye protection,
3. Fall-arrest equipment,
4. Hearing protection,
5. High visibility garments,
6. Respiratory protective equipment,
7. Footwear,
8. Safety helmets,
9. Safety gloves,
10. Water-proof clothing,
11. Self-rescuers (oxygen)
Hazard Reporting
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As there is hazard or any related issue or problem, it should be mentioned to the
authorities to take further steps, in order to avoid them in future. All the details
must be recorded and addressed as soon as possible.
Emergency Response
In case of emergency, the authorities should kept the following things in notice:
1. Shutting down of excavation process,
2. Evacuation of the persons from the work place,
3. Emergency communication,
4. Power shut down in case of power failure,
5. Tunnel collapse and rescue of trapped persons,
6. Providing breathing equipment and apparatus,
7. Sudden flooding and boating,
8. Under-ground explosions or ignitions, and fire-extinguishers.
9. Suitable medical treatment.
Record Keeping
One of the main aspects is to rack and keep all the record for further assessment
and use. It may include:
1. Monthly reports,
2. Risk assessments,
3. Geo-technical reports,
4. Inspection reports,
5. Health and safety reports,
6. Accidents investigation reports,
7. Hazard reports,
8. Site instruction reports.
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Risk Assessment
To reduce the material property risk and hazards:
1. Existing geological information and structure should be reviewed with
proper care.
2. Site investigation should be done on the standard terms.
3. The design should specifies the assumed geological conditions.
4. It should also explains the possible uncertainties and issues.
Existing Services
Before going to step into the tunneling process and excavation, all the existing fields
and services must be identified. So to define the path and method that suits and
serve the best. The existing services may include:
1. Gas pipe lines,
2. Water supply,
3. Sewer lines,
4. Telephone cables,
5. Electricity
Access
For to access the construction site, it should be pre-planned in order to control the
timings and turn it cost effective.
Access should be safe, and it may be from any ways like:
1. Walkways,
2. Stairways,
3. Ladders.
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-Chapter 3
STUDY AREA, DATA SETS
METHODOLOGY, AND OUTPUT
[This portion explains in detail the overall procedure,
conditions, limitations and methods to explore the
accepted model of a tunnel. And also elaborates the
output.]
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Study Area, Datasets and Methodology
he following sections explains the terminology as:
Study Area
The study area belongs to Nahhaki, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The project
area has strengthen road infrastructure for connecting the two ends across the
mountain. The required area having latitude and longitude of upper corner and
lower corner as 34°24'34.38"N, 71°20'38.16"E, and 34°23'40.30"N, 71°20'40.11"E
respectively.
Fig 1: Study Area
Aims and Objective
Our task is to suggest the conceptual and geometrical design of Nahhaki tunnel
across the mountain.
And to estimate the quantity of cut and fill for the construction of the road to
access end terminals.
Conditions
The followings are conditions, on which basis tunnel should be constructed:
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1. Tunnel grade should be less than 1.5%.
2. Access road grade should be less than 4%.
3. Tunnel length should be less than 800 meters.
These are the fore-most conditions that should not cross. Few of the others are
as follows:
1. Tunnel height approx. to 8 meters.
2. Over-burden approx. to 20-22 meters.
3. Tunnel should not have the curve, preferred to be straight.
4. Already existing road should not be used.
5. Hill should be avoided.
6. Width of the access road is approx. to 11.5 meters.
Limitations
Before to start the construction, the conceptual design faces few of the topographic
limitations, like:
1. Drainage pattern
Fig 2: Drainage Pattern
2. Topographic features
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Fig 3: Topographic Features
3. Army camp
Fig 4: Army Camp before the South Portal on the way of its Access Road
4. Elevation of the area
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Fig 5: Contours
Available Data
The survey has been done, with all the possible available control points, showing
the elevation contours. And then displayed on the CAD drawing.
−
Fig 6: Available Data (.dwg format)
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The contours ranges from 795 m – 970 m.
Software
The software used to conduct this project are:
1. CAD_2007
2. Arc GIS_9.3
3. Arc hydrology tool box_1.3
4. Google Earth_4.2
5. Excel_2013
Methodology
The details of the procedure is given below:
Step 01:
1. Add the CAD drawing in Arc GIS.
2. Apply ‘Selection by Attribute’ query as to select the contours from it:
a. Layer = Index OR Layer = Intermediate
b. Export it.
c. Select all the contours that > than 700 m and are < than 1000 m.
3. Make a boundary all around the selected contours area.
4. Generate a raster as:
a. Toolbox -3D Analyst- Raster Interpolation – Topo to Raster
5. Now interpolate the contours from that Raster.
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Fig 7: Contours from the Raster
6. The next step is to collect the drainage pattern of the raster area. For this
use the ‘Arc Hydro Toolbox’. And follow the steps to get the pattern as:
a. Terrain Processing – Flow Direction – Flow Direction with Sinks –
Flow Accumulations – Stream Definition – Steam Segmentation –
Flow Direction with Steam – Drainage Line from Stream
b. The final output somewhat look like this:
Fig 8: Drainage Pattern
7. Our next task is to find the area suitable for the access road. And its grade
should not be greater than 4 % as per the condition.
8. Calculate the Slope in Degrees and to convert it in percentage by using
‘Raster Calculator’ by using the conversion expression of:
a. 1st Step: “Tan (Slope of DEM * 3.1416 / 180) * 100”.
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b. 2nd Step: Slope in Percentage <4.
c. 3rd Step: Digitize the route including access road (slope < 4%) and
tunnel section (slope < 1.5%) as follows:
Fig 9: Suggested Route
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9. Now check the profile of the suggested route. For this, use ‘3D Analyst’ tool
bar as: 3D Analyst – Interpolate Line – Create Profile Graph
a. Starting with elevation 800 m – 945 m.
Fig 10: Route Profile
10. Export the Profile values to Excel for further plotting.
11. To re-check the route, export it to kml by using ‘Conversion Tools’ as:
Conversion Tools – To kml – layer to kml (Where, Red Line shows the Route).
Fig 11: KML of Route
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12. The last step in Arc GIS is again the conversion. But this time, in CAD
drawing, using ‘Conversion Tools’ as: Conversion Tools – To CAD – Export to
CAD.
Arc GIS Output
The final results obtained from the Arc GIS are given in map format, along with their
profile are as follows:
Fig 12: Profiles of Access Road North and South
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Fig 13: Map of South Access Road
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Fig 14: Profiles of North and South Box Cut
Now the maps of these areas as shown below.
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Fig 15: Map of South Box Cut
Now for the North portal of the tunnel, along with box cut and access road.
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Fig 16: North Portal of the Tunnel
Now for the tunnel itself.
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Fig 17: Map of Tunnel
And its profile is given below.
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Fig 18: Profile of a Tunnel
Step 02:
1. Add exported file from the Arc GIS_9.3 to the CAD_2007.
2. Now “define the elevations” over the route for construction purpose, on
following items like:
a. South Access Road
b. South Existing Road
c. South Box Cut
d. Tunnel
e. North Box Cut
f. North Existing Road
g. North Access Road
3. Mention the elevations and distances on the drawing.
4. Sketch the Access Road on both terminals of mountain, through the box cut.
5. Define the road under the tunnel with its height, elevations and distances.
CAD Output
The final outputs obtained from the CAD are as given bellow:
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Fig 19: South Existing Road (CAD)
Fig 20: South Access Road (CAD)
Fig 21: South Box Cut (CAD)
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Fig 22: Tunnel (CAD)
Fig 23: North Portal of Tunnel
Step 03:
1. The next step is in Excel to write down all the values for further calculations.
2. Write down all the lengths.
3. Also note down the Starting as well as Ending Elevations of the route and
proposed road.
S: South
Road_S1: Next to existing road lower elevations
Road_S2: Before Box cut_S
Box Cut_S1:
Proposed road section on lower elevations
Tunnel_1: Base of tunnel
Tunnel_2: Height of tunnel
N: North
Box Cut_N1:
Proposed road section on lower elevations
Road_N1 Proposed road next
to Tunnel lower elevations
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Table 1: CAD Calculations
CAD Values
Sr No.
Names Length (m)
Starting Elevation (m)
Ending Elevation (m)
Slope (%)
Area (sq.m)
1 Access Road_S
859 796.6532 815.4389 3.12
2 Access Road_S1
225.921 806.2391 803.9415 -1.01
3 Access Road_S2
274.3037 803.9415 815.4389 4.19
4 Existing Road_S
361.3878 796.6532 806.2391 -2.61
5 Box Cut_S 318.333 815.4389 840.2019 -7.73 4677.43
6 Box Cut_S1 319.0065 807 814.5 2.35
7 Tunnel 680.0791 840.2019 842.7692 - 5998.1109
8 Tunnel_1 680.0791 814.4038 814.3951 s
9 Tunnel_2 680.0791 823.2875 823.3838 0
10 Box Cut_N 55.942 842.7692 818.5147 -43.4 674.2289
11 Box Cut_N1
45.2981 814.3951 814.5 0.23
12 Access Road_N
27.82 818.5147 812.5154 -21.5
13 Access Road_N1
52.6347 814.5 812.5154 -3.7
14 Existing Road_N
121.3021 812.5154 804.2395 -6.8
Where,
S: South
Road_S1: Next to existing road lower elevations
Road_S2: Before Box cut_S
Box Cut_S1:
Proposed road section on
lower elevations
Tunnel_1: Base of tunnel
Tunnel_2: Height of tunnel
N: North
Box Cut_N1:
Proposed road section on
lower elevations
Road_N1 Proposed road next to Tunnel
lower elevations
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Step 04:
1. The last step is to Estimate the quantity for the cut and fill of the proposed
road.
2. For this, calculate the area for every 5 sections of the tunnel.
3. Note down separately for the cut and fill.
4. The width of the road is 11.5 m.
5. So, multiply with this term to get the volume.
6. Put all the values in Excel sheet.
QUANTITY ESTIMATION
Serial
No.
Names Cut Area(m2)
Fill Area(m2)
Difference Cut Volume(m3) Fill Volume(m3)
Difference
1 Access Rd_S
1853.3865 173.7524 1679.6341 21313.94475 1998.1526
19315.79215
2 Box Cut_S
4512.4514 0 0 51893.1911 0 0
3 Tunnel 5998.11 0 0 68978.265 0 0
4 Box Cut_N
668.5901 0 0 7688.78615 0 0
5 Access Rd_N
48.5798 0 0 558.6677 0 0
Serial
No.
Names Cut Area(ft2)
Fill Area(ft2)
Difference Cut Volume
(ft3)
Fill Volum
e
(ft3)
Difference
1 Access Rd_S
19949.68626
1870.255269 18079.43099 229421.392 21507.93559
207913.4564
2 Box Cut_S
48571.62264
0 0 558573.6604 0 0
3 Tunnel 64563.11873
0 0 742475.8654 0 0
4 Box Cut_N
7196.643944
0 0 82761.40536 0 0
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5 Access Rd_N
522.9086154
0 0 6013.449077 0 0
Table 2: Quantity Estimation (CAD Values)
1. Access rd_s 644.4980+9.4947+160.1375+1039.2563
2. Box cut_s 145.2217+27+1.5307
5. Access rd_n 1.0188+47.5610
Table 3: Calculation Values for cut & fill
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-Chapter 4
ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
[This section highlights few of the problems that come
in our way during the conceptual and geometric design
of the access road and the construction of the tunnel]
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Issues and Problems
here are few of the problems mentioned here that come in our way while
designing. They are as follows:
Problem 01:
The existing road should be avoided. Otherwise, it is rejected.
Here,
Red Line = Existing Road
Yellow Line = Proposed Road
Fig 24: Problem 01
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Solution:
To avoid this, use the lower elevations as compare to above shown high elevated
road.
Here,
Red Line = Proposed Road
Brown Line = Existing Road
Fig 25: Solution 01
Problem 2:
The tunnel should not have a curve in its path. Otherwise, it is rejected.
Here,
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Red Line = Tunnel
Black Line = Proposed Route
Fig 26: Problem 02
Solution:
For use, re-adjust the tunnel section, by digitizing, but using the same levels for
elevations.
Here,
Red Line = Tunnel
Brown Line = Existing Road
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Fig 27: Solution 2
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Reference
1. Australia- Code of Practice for Tunnels under Construction
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