Complications of Vascular Access and Hemostasise Layout
Fadi Saab M.D. FASE, FACC, FSCAIMedical Director of Elective PCI Program
Medical Director of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis ProgramCardiovascular Medicine- Interventional Cardiology
Clinical Assistant Professor- Michigan State UniversitySchool of Medicine
Metro Health-University of Michigan Health
Presentation Outline
• Common Femoral Artery in another way
• Antegrade vs Retrograde CFA access
• Conservative vs endovascular treatment
• Closure vs no closure
• Case example
Common Femoral Artery
Traditional Retrograde Access
Superior understanding with US?
Saab et al
Saab et al
Types of Alternative Access
• Antegrade CFA
• Retrograde Tibial Access
• CTO access, Schmidt Access
Saab et al. The AMP Group
Antegrade Access
• Ultrasound guided access
• Allows visualization of wire access
• Less radiation
The Challenge of Antegrade Access
SFA
Profunda
Angle of 30- 60 degrees
Fluoroscopic Access
Antegrade AccessThe wire is always biased toward the profunda artery
But its not that simple….!!!
Start with short access view
Switch to long access
Sheath Placement
Wire Manipulation
Saab et al. The AMP Group
20
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
VOL. 28, NO. 6, JUNE 2016 259
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is of epidemic propor-
tions, currently affecting approximately 202 million
patients worldwide. Its prevalence has increased by
approximately 25% from 2000 to 2010 and its global mag-
nitude continues to rise.1 Simultaneously, the evolution of
technology has led to the use of endovascular revasculariza-
tion as a primary strategy for patients with PAD and critical
limb ischemia (CLI). One of the most vital components of
these procedures is arterial access, and unfortunately it also
represents the rate-limiting step, as it is the most commonly
associated with complications.2,3 Historically, arterial access
has been primarily achieved with the use of palpation, an-
atomic landmarks, fluoroscopic guidance, and combinations
of these maneuvers. However, in current practice, lack of
consensus exists regarding which method is the safest and
most effective.4
Retrograde common femoral artery (CFA) access is the
most frequently utilized approach for endovascular inter-
ventions.5 Careful assessment of the target site for retro-
grade puncture (below the inguinal ligament and above
the bifurcation) is essential to avoid anatomically “ high” or
“ low” arterial access, which accounts for up to 71% of vas-
cular access complications.6 Fluoroscopic guidance has been
recommended to improve accuracy and reduce complica-
tions.7,8 However, randomized trials failed to show superior-
ity of these strategies to palpation of anatomic landmarks.9,10
In an attempt to further improve the technique, the use
of ultrasound guidance (USG) has been attempted, as this
technique had been previously shown to be safe and effec-
tive to guide central venous access.11-13 Arterial access with
USG has now been studied in multiple trials comparing this
approach to palpation and fluoroscopic guidance.14,15 Use of
USG was found to reduce the number of access attempts,
time to access, and complication rates for CFA access when
compared with standard fluoroscopic guidance.14 However,
there was no benefit when compared with palpation, except
for patients with a weak arterial pulse and obesity.15 USG
has also been recommended for less commonly accessed ar-
terial segments, such as the superficial femoral (SFA), popli-
teal, and tibial arteries.16-19 Patients with advanced PAD and
CLI often require unconventional approaches, including the
use of antegrade CFA access and retrograde tibial accesses.
There is a paucity of data regarding the safety and efficacy
of USG access in these scenarios, and how these approach-
es compare with conventional retrograde CFA access. This
article examines the feasibility and immediate outcomes of
Ultrasound-Guided Arterial Access: Outcomes Among
Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease and Critical
Limb Ischemia Undergoing Peripheral Interventions
J.A. Mustapha, MD1; Larry J. Diaz-Sandoval, MD1; Michael R. Jaff, DO2; George Adams, MD3; Robert Beasley, MD4;
Sara Finton, BSN1; Theresa McGoff, BSN1; Larry E. Miller, PhD5; Mohammad Ansari, MD1; Fadi Saab, MD1
ABSTRACT: Object ive. Arterial cannulation is a vital component of endovascular interventions and o en unconventional access
approaches are required due to disease complexity. Historically, varying maneuvers have been utilized to obtain arterial access. Lack
of consensus exists regarding the safest and most e ective method. This study examined the feasibility and immediate outcomes
of ultrasound-guided access in traditional and advanced access approaches. Methods. Data were analyzed from a cohort of 407
patients enrolled in the Peripheral RegIstry of Endovascular Clinical OutcoMEs (PRIME). The 407 patients underwent 649 procedures
with 896 access sites utilized. Access success, immediate outcomes, complications, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. Re-
sults. Mean age was 70 years, and 67% were male. The majority of patients had crit ical limb ischemia (58%), 39% were Rutherford
classification III. Most commonly utilized access sites were common femoral retrograde, common femoral antegrade, posterior tibial,
and anterior tibial arteries (34.6%, 33.0%, 12.1%, and 12.1%, respectively). Mean number of attempts was 1.2, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.4, respec-
tively; median time to access was 39, 45, 41, and 59 seconds, respectively; and access success rate was 99.4%, 97.3%, 90.7%, and
92.6%; respectively. Access-site combinations utilized were femoral antegrade (n = 188), femoral retrograde (n = 185), dual femoral/
t ibio-pedal (n = 130), dual femoral retrograde (n = 44), retrograde tibio-pedal (n = 73), and other (n = 29). Access-related complications
were low overall: hematoma (1.2%), bleeding requiring transfusion/ intervention (1.7%), pseudoaneurysm (1.7%), arteriovenous fistula
(0.3%), aneurysm (0%), compartment syndrome (0%), and death (0%). Conclusion. Utilization of ultrasound-guided arterial access
in this complex cohort was shown to be safe and e ective regardless of arterial bed and approach.
J INVASIVE CARDIOL 2016;28(6):259-264
KEY WORDS: peripheral intervent ions, peripheral vascular disease, crit ical limb ischemia, access-site management
Antegrade Access
• 72 year old female that presented with a non healing ulcer of the R great toe
• ADT corresponds to the R AT
• History of CAD with 5 vessel CABG and an EF of 35%
• Risk factors include HTN,DM and hyperlipidemia
Diagnostic Angiogram
Diagnostic Angiogram
1. Proceed with revascularization
2. Abort and use a closure device
3. Remove the sheath and obtain another access
4. Obtain contra lateral access
5. Obtain upper body access
6. Consider other modalities- TAMI?
• Wire access is lost
• The patient is hypotensive
• Unable to navigate brachio-cephalic junction
• Bilateral Common iliac stents prohibits contra lateral access
The patient is Hypotensive
Balloon Tamponade
Treatment Course
• Patient Stabilized
• Required 4 units of blood transfusion
• Required ICU and pressers support for 24 hours
• Underwent R Fem/Pop bypass
Access Landmarks
• 67 year old male with life limiting claudication, RF class III of the R lower extr
• ABI: R 0.7, L 0.9
• Risk factors include HTN, Smoking
Diagnostic Angiogram
Saab et al. The AMP Group
Distal Cap
Saab et al. The AMP Group
Access?
Saab et al. The AMP Group
On Discharge
• Next day, the patient walks to the bathroom. Severe pain
• Hypotension, Bradycardia
• Evaluated and decided that was a vasovagal episode
• Hb of 14.
• Third episode of Hypotension.
• Emergently taken to the cath lab……
What would you do?
Conclusion
• Evaluation of CFA is a brief but critical stage of any procedure
• Antegrade and retrograde access is essential in establishing successful revascularization
• Recognizing potential complications allows the operator to become ready
• Complications will HAPPEN , you need to be ready for them
Complications of Vascular Access and Hemostasise Layout
Fadi Saab M.D. FASE, FACC, FSCAIMedical Director of Elective PCI Program
Medical Director of Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis ProgramCardiovascular Medicine- Interventional Cardiology
Clinical Assistant Professor- Michigan State UniversitySchool of Medicine
Metro Health-University of Michigan Health
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