Comparison of future fuels and technologies for shipping
Frauke WieseDTU MANSystem Analysis
90% of world trade is transported by ship
2Source: Screenshot Marine Traffic 31.October 2017: https://www.marinetraffic.com
Shipping Emissions
• 2-3% of global greenhouse gas emissions [IMO 2015] • Growth rates of 4% per year
• Predicted increase by 2050: 50% - 250% [IMO 2015]• If unregulated, by 2050: 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions
⇒ Shipping is not on track to reach a 1.5 - 2°C climate goal
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Shipping Emission Reduction Scenarios
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Annual CO2 emissions from the global shipping fleet, distinguished by business-as-usual and reduction scenario pathways.
Source: Boumann et al. 2017
Emission Reduction Measures: up to 75%by existing technologies
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Source: Boumann et al. 2017
Current and upcoming regulation
CURRENT:• Emission Control Areas• Efficiency Standards• Shipping outside UN Paris Agreement• IMO 2016: Data Collection
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FUTURE:• EU 2018: Reporting for large ships
using EU ports • IMO 2018: Initial CO2 reduction
commitments to be agreed on
Source:
IMO / Anderssonand Salzar2015
Denmark – Role of Shipping
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Ship Movements 31.October 2017 - 09:30
Source: Marine Traffic : https://www.marinetraffic.com
Ship Types
Danish Shipping?
Energy [PJ]
Emission[Mt CO2/year]
DanishShare [%]
Danish ships within Denmark[Energistyrelsen 2015]
6 0.4 0.04
Danish ships[Danmarks Statistik 2015] 10 0.8 0.08
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Source: Own calculations based on:• Energistyrelsen 2015 – Transport – Søtransport• Statistics Denmark 2015 (ENE1HA 50000 Water transport)
Danish Shipping?
Energy [PJ]
Emission[Mt CO2/year]
DanishShare [%]
Danish ships within Denmark[Energistyrelsen 2015]
6 0.4 0.04
Danish ships[Danmarks Statistik 2015] 10 0.8 0.08
Including half of int. voyages from/to Denmark 280 21.6 2.1
Ships run by a Danish company [Mærsk 2016] 445 34.3 3.4
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Source: Own calculations based on:• Energistyrelsen 2015 – Transport – Søtransport• Statistics Denmark 2015 (ENE1HA 50000 Water transport)• Wisdom 2017, calculation based on data from Eurostat 2017• Mærsk Sustainability Report 2016
Energy carriers and sources for shipping
FOCUS THIS PRESENTATION
Gaseous• LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas• LBG – Liquefied Biogas
(Biomethane)
Liquid• MeOH – Methanol• bioMeOH – Bio-Methanol
Electric• Batteries• HydrogenRenewables• Wind and Solar
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CH4
CH3OH
Energy carriers and sources for shipping
FOCUS THIS PRESENTATION
Gaseous• LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas• LBG – Liquefied Biogas
(Biomethane)
Liquid• MeOH – Methanol• bioMeOH – Bio-Methanol
Electric • Batteries• Hydrogen• Renewables• Wind and Solar
OTHER:
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - mixture of propane and butane
• DME – Di-Methyl Ether
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel• Vegetable Oil
• Synthetic Fuels
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CH4
CH3OH
Emissions of marine fuels – Life Cycle
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Sources: Bengtsson et al. 2011 / Andersson and Salazar 2015
LNG – LBG – MeOH - bioMeOH
13Source: Brynolf et al. 2014 / Anderson and Salazar 2015
Global Warming Potential
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Source: Chryssakis 2014
LNG – MeOH – LBG – BioMeOH
15Source: Brynolf et al. 2014
Methane Slip
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Methane Slip from OperationGWP Life Cycle Emissions
compared to HFO [%]LNG LBG
8 % 130 904 % 100 60
2.3 % 85 400 % 60 15
Source: Own rough calculation based on data from Brynolf et al. 2014
Methane Slip
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Methane Slip Operation [%]2010 2016
Dual-fuel engines 8 4.1Dedicated gas engines 4.4 2.3High Pressure Direct Injection HDPI 0.4
Methane Slip from OperationGWP Life Cycle Emissions
compared to HFO [%]LNG LBG
8 % 130 904 % 100 60
2.3 % 85 400 % 60 15
Source: Own rough calculation based on data from Brynolf et al. 2014
Sources: Calculation from Dejene Assefa Hagos based on Stenersen and Thonstad 2017 / Corbett et al. 2015
Aspects to consider for future marine fuels and technologies
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Source: Brynolf et al. 2014
Liquefied Natural Gas – LNGLiquefied Biogas/Biomethane - LBG
+Mature technology+Fuel costs competitive (LNG)+Local air pollution reduction
- High infrastructure cost- Reduced cargo capacity- Global Warming Potential (LNG)- Uncertainty about methane leakage
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LNG
Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost
LBG
?
LNG - Examples
Norwegian MF Glutra- 1st LNG gas ferry 2000
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Fjord Line- Two Cruise Ferries- Denmark – Norway- 1.5 PJ/year
Cargo Ships- Ordered- Mostly dual-fuel
Source: Schnack and Krüger 2015
Methanol – MeOHbioMethanol - bioMeOH
+Similar to bunkering fuels today+Lower infrastructure and retrofit
costs+Local air pollution reduction+Components are of mature
technology
+/- Fuel cost differ locally
- Global Warming Potential (MeOH)- Higher primary energy input- Reduced cargo capacity- Safety barriers
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Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost
LNG
( )
LBG
?
( )
MeOH bioMeOH
Installations new-built Methanol Ship
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Source: MAN 2015, Andersson and Salzar 2015
Methanol - Examples
Stena Germanica– 24MW Retrofit– Four engines on methanol– Göteborg – Kiel
MS Innogy– 5 kW - 7 modules fuel cell– Fuel generated with CO2
capture
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Source: Anderssonand Salzar2015
Source: Ing.dk - Ingeniøren 2017
Electric - Batteries
+Proven technology+Low operating costs+Less noise and vibration+No emissions during operation+Efficiency during load variations+Hybrid solutions
+/- Global Warming Potential depends on the electricity fuel mix
- Resource intensity of batteries- High investment costs- Low energy density – restricted range
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Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost
Battery
Electric Batteries and Hybrid - Examples
Ampere- Full electric 0.9 MW engine- 1 MWh battery capacity- 20min – 6km crossing
Helsingør-Helsingborg- Full electric- 4.16 MWh battery capacity- 4km crossing
Scandlines- 6 Hybrid ferries- Aiming at full electric:
Puttgarden-Rødby: 20km – 45min
Danish inland ferries:- 1PJ could be electric 25
Source: ABB.com
Source: Wikimedia commons
Source: Siemens.com
Electric - H2 – Fuel Cell
+Proven performance in marine environment
+No emissions during operation+No noise and vibration
+/- Costs expected to fall +/- Global Warming Potential depends on
the generation of the H2
- High density only at high pressure and cryogenic storage
- Low expected lifetime of fuel cell- High investment costs for transport,
storage, fuel cell- Dimension and weight of fuel cells
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H2 Fuel Cells
Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost
Electric – H2 Fuel CellExamples
Viking Lady- Dual-fuel LNG/diesel Electric- Fuel cell 320kW
Alsterwasser- 2010 Hamburg- Full electric / fuel cell powered- 100kW engine- 14 knots
Viking Cruise- Planned: 2021- Cruise ship- 1400 persons – 230m long- Hydrogen at 700bar -253degree
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Source: http://www.ship-technology.com/projects/viking-lady/
Wind and Solar
+Proven performance+No fuel costs+No emissions during operation
+/- Auxiliary propulsion
- Weather dependency- Dimension/Weight- Logistics
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Wind
Global WarmingLocal Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost
Solar
Wind - SolarExamples
Ecoliner- Panamax- Sails + Diesel electric
E-SHIP 1- 2010- Flettner Rotor- 15-25% fuel
savings
TESO- 150kW solar panels- 40% of hotel load
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Sources: fairtransport.eukaʁstn Disk/Cat -CC BY-SA 3.0 de Wikipedia/ shipsmonthly.com
Main UncertaintiesLNG MeOH LBG Bio
MeOHBatte
ryWind Solar H2
Fuel Cells
Global Warming ?Local Air PollutionSafetyRangeInfrastructureConversion CostFuel Cost
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MainUncertainty Methane
Slip
Safety
Range Size Costs
CapacityWeather
Conclusion
Not only fuel switch
LNG MeOH LBG BioMeOH
Battery
Wind Solar H2 Fuel Cells
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Transition Fuels
Short Distances
Hybrid Solutions
Electro-Fuels
Auxiliary Power
Operational Efficiencies
Hull Design
On-shore charging
Small Scale
Auxiliary
PowerHybrid Solutions
New Ship Designs
Today
2050
Way forward
Addressing climate emissions by regulation - CO2 and CH4
Scandinavia as frontrunner in Sustainable Shipping
Mange tak for opmerksomhæden
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Density of Ship Movements 2016
Source: Screenshot Marine Traffic 31.October 2017: https://www.marinetraffic.com
Sources I• IMO, 2015. Third IMO (International Maritime Organization) GHG Study 2014. Available online:
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Third%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Study/GHG3%20Executive%20Summary%20and%20Report.pdf
• Bouman, Evert A., Lindstad Elizabeth , Rialland, Agathe I., Strømman, Anders H., 2017. State-of-the-art technologies, measures, and potential for reducing GHG emissions from shipping – A review, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 52 (Part A) (2017) 408-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.03.022.
• Elgohary, Mohamed M, Seddiek, Ibrahim S, Salem, Ahmed M, Overview of alternative fuels with emphasis on the potential of liquefied natural gas as future marine fuel, Proc IMechE Part M: Engineering for the Maritime Environment (229/4) (2015) 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090214522778.
• Energistyrelsen (Danish Energy Agency), Energistatistik 2015. Available online: https://ens.dk/service/statistik-data-noegletal-og-kort/maanedlig-og-aarlig-energistatistik
• Danmark Statistik, 2015, Table ENE1HA: 50000 Water transport / Table ENE3H: 03000 Fishing• Wisdom, Alfie, 2017, Pathways to low carbon maritime transportation in Denmark, Master Thesis, DTU Management
Engineering.• EUROSTAT, Gross weight of goods transported to/from main ports - Denmark - annual data. Available online:
http://bit.ly/2svrBif.• Mærsk, Sustainability Report 2016. Available online: https://www.maerskline.com/about/sustainability• BENGTSSON, S., ANDERSSON, K. & FRIDELL, E., A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels: liquefied
natural gas and three other fossil fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part M, Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 225 (2011) 97-110.
• Andersson, Karin, Salazar, Carlos Marquez, Methanol as a marine fuel report, prepared for FCBI Energy for Methanol Institute, October 2015. Available online: http://www.g2xenergy.com/images/downloads/0815_MethanolMarineFuel_Report-EN-lowres.pdf
• Chryssakis, Christos , Balland, Océane, Tvete, Hans Anton, Brandsæter, Andreas, Alternative fuels for shipping, DNV GL STRATEGIC RESEARCH & INNOVATION POSITION PAPER 1-2014. Available online: https://www.dnvgl.com/publications
• Brynolf, Selma, Fridell, Erik, Andersson, Karin, Environmental assessment of marine fuels: liquefied natural gas, liquefied biogas, methanol and bio-methanol, Journal of Cleaner Production 74 (2014) 86-95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.052.
• Stenersen, Dag, Thonstad, Ole, 2017, GHG and NOx emissions from gas fuelled engines, SINTEF OC2017 F-108. Available Online: https://www.nho.no/Prosjekter-og-programmer/NOx-fondet/The-NOx-fund/News/2017/Methane-emission-from-gas-engines/. 33
Sources II
• Corbett, James J., Thomson, Heather, Winebrake, James J., 2015, Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Bunkering Operations in the Marine Sector: A Total Fuel Cycle Approach, Prepared for U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. Available online: https://www.marad.dot.gov/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Methane-emissions-from-LNG-bunkering-20151124-final.pdf.
• Schnack, Petra, Krüger, Markus, 2015, IN FOCUS – LNG AS SHIP FUEL - Latest developments and projects in the LNG industry, DNV GL. Available online: https://www.dnvgl.com/maritime/lng/index.html.
• PÖYRY, 2016, Still a strong case for small scale LNG, PÖYRY point of view. Available online: http://www.poyry.com/sites/default/files/media/related_material/0034_pov_-_still_a_strong_case_for_small_scale_lng.pdf.
• EA Energyanalyse and Syddansk Universitet SDU, 2016, Biogas og andre VE brændstoffer til tung transport - Analyse af muligheder og udfordringer ved udfasning af fossile. Available online: https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Bioenergi/biogas_og_anden_ve_til_tung_transport.pdf.
• MAN, 2015, Using methanol fuel in the MAN B&W ME-LGI series. Copenhagen: MAN Diesel & Turbo. Available online: http://marine.man.eu/docs/librariesprovider6/technical-papers/5510-0172-00ppr_using-methanol-fuel-in-the_low.pdf?sfvrsn=18.
• Ingeniøren 2017, Dansk teknologi driver Tysklands første methanol-båd. Available online: https://ing.dk/artikel/dansk-teknologi-driver-tysklands-foerste-methanol-baad-203681.
• Sustainable Shipping Intiative, Roadmap to a Sustainable Shipping Industry by 2040. Available online: http://www.ssi2040.org/about-the-ssi/our-roadmap/#simple-roadmap.
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