Download - Cognition Domain

Cognition Domain

Thinking

Module 24

Module Overview• Concepts• Problem Solving• Problems Solving Problems

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Concepts

Module 24: Thinking

Cognitive Abilities

• All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering.

Concept

• A mental grouping based on shared similarity.

• Categorizing items in one’s environment

Prototype

• A typical best example incorporating the major features of a concept.

• The closer a new object is to our concept prototype the easier it is to categorize it

Concept Hierarchy

• A means to keep mental information organized from basic concepts to specific ones

Concept Hierarchy

Problem Solving

Module 24: Thinking

Problem Solving:Algorithms

Module 24: Thinking

Algorithms

• A problem-solving strategy that guarantees the solution to a problem.

• Not always the most efficient method

Problem Solving:Heuristics

Module 24: Thinking

Heuristics

• A rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy that makes a solution more likely and efficient but does not guarantee a solution.

• These can be handy shortcuts, or they can get us into trouble

Problem Solving:Insight

Module 24: Thinking

Insight

• The sudden realization (Aha!) of the solution to a problem.

Problems Solving Problems

Module 24: Thinking

Mental Set

• The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way.

• The set may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

Problems Solving Problems:Fixation

Module 24: Thinking

Fixation

• A mental set that hinders the solution of a problem.

• One needs to think beyond the mental set to solve the new problem

Luchins Water Jar Problem

Functional Fixedness

• The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.


• Can you think of a way to use these materials to mount the candle on a bulletin

board?

Problems Solving Problems:

Confirmation Bias

Module 24: Thinking

Confirmation Bias

• The tendency to focus on information that supports preconceptions.


Counterproductive Heuristics

Module 24: Thinking

Availability Heuristic

• Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

• Can be correct or incorrect


Overconfidence

Module 24: Thinking

Overconfidence

• When confidence is greater than accuracy.

Problems Solving Problems:Framing

Module 24: Thinking

Framing

• How an issue is worded or presented, • which can influence decisions and

judgments.

The End