COGNITIONCOGNITION
VIEWS ON HOW WE THINK AND VIEWS ON HOW WE THINK AND ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGEACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE
What is cognition?What is cognition? How we thinkHow we think acquire knowledgeacquire knowledge ImagineImagine plan and solve problems plan and solve problems
Mental ImagesMental Images
One tool in thought processOne tool in thought process Use everydayUse everyday
Helps us remember where we parked our Helps us remember where we parked our carcar
Find furniture for homeFind furniture for home Relax in daydreamingRelax in daydreaming
ConceptsConcepts Class or category of objectsClass or category of objects Allows us to communicate with each Allows us to communicate with each
otherother
Types of ConceptsTypes of Concepts Super ordinate ConceptSuper ordinate Concept
Basic level typeBasic level type Most general form…a dog is a dogMost general form…a dog is a dog
Subordinate ConceptSubordinate Concept More specificMore specific
Poodle, Lab, Great DanePoodle, Lab, Great Dane
Types of ConceptsTypes of Concepts Formal Concepts Formal Concepts
Specific rules or featuresSpecific rules or features RigidRigid
Science and mathScience and math
Natural Concepts Natural Concepts Formed as a result of the real worldFormed as a result of the real world More fuzzyMore fuzzy
PrototypesPrototypes An example of a concept that closely An example of a concept that closely
matches the defining characteristicsmatches the defining characteristics May be influenced by area we grow up inMay be influenced by area we grow up in
Problem SolvingProblem Solving When a goal must be reached When a goal must be reached
Thinking and feeling in a certain wayThinking and feeling in a certain way
Trial and ErrorTrial and Error One solution after another One solution after another
algorithmsalgorithms Solve problems through formal Solve problems through formal
reasoningreasoning step-by-step, routine or mechanical step-by-step, routine or mechanical
procedure for solving a problemprocedure for solving a problem Exhausting all the possibilitiesExhausting all the possibilities
heuristicsheuristics ““rule of thumb” strategies to simplify a rule of thumb” strategies to simplify a
problem or guide an investigationproblem or guide an investigation Educated guess based on prior experienceEducated guess based on prior experience Advice from those we respectAdvice from those we respect ““word of mouth”word of mouth”
heuristicsheuristics Representative Representative
Categorizing objectsCategorizing objects AvailabilityAvailability
Estimation of the frequency of an event Estimation of the frequency of an event based on how easy to recallbased on how easy to recall
Means-ends analysisMeans-ends analysis Difference between the starting situation and Difference between the starting situation and
the goal is determined and then steps are the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that differencetaken to reduce that difference
The Limits of HeuristicsThe Limits of Heuristics In many situations heuristics are the only In many situations heuristics are the only
way to tackle a complex problemway to tackle a complex problem Since they rely on assumptions, Since they rely on assumptions,
occasionally they lead to bad decisions occasionally they lead to bad decisions and mistakes and mistakes
Will Not always lead to the correct Will Not always lead to the correct solution solution
InsightInsight You have a corked bottle with a coin in it, You have a corked bottle with a coin in it,
how do you get it out without removing how do you get it out without removing the cork?the cork?
Aha moment!Aha moment!
Errors in problem solvingErrors in problem solving
Confirmation BiasConfirmation Bias Search for evidence that fits our beliefsSearch for evidence that fits our beliefs
Functional FixednessFunctional Fixedness Block when we only think of object in Block when we only think of object in
typical mannertypical manner Mental SetsMental Sets
We get stuck on using techniques that have We get stuck on using techniques that have worked in the pastworked in the past
How would you attach How would you attach candle to the wall??candle to the wall??
CreativityCreativity Entirely new way of looking at the Entirely new way of looking at the
problemproblem Combining ideas and or behavior in new Combining ideas and or behavior in new
waysways
ThinkingThinking ConvergentConvergent
Only one answerOnly one answer All lines of thinking lead to same answerAll lines of thinking lead to same answer
DivergentDivergent Many different ideasMany different ideas Creative, and intelligenceCreative, and intelligence
Divergent thinkersDivergent thinkers Not all attention is focused on solutionNot all attention is focused on solution Higher mental processHigher mental process Less prone to some of the barriers of Less prone to some of the barriers of
problem solvingproblem solving Broad range of knowledgeBroad range of knowledge Aren’t afraid to be differentAren’t afraid to be different independentindependent
IntelligenceIntelligence Ability to learn from one’s experienceAbility to learn from one’s experience Acquire knowledgeAcquire knowledge Use resources effectivelyUse resources effectively
Theories of intelligence Theories of intelligence Spearman's G FactorSpearman's G Factor
G Factor-general intelligenceG Factor-general intelligence S Factor-Specific intelligenceS Factor-Specific intelligence
Over simplifiedOver simplified
Gardener’s Multiple Gardener’s Multiple intelligences intelligences
Naturalist IntelligenceNaturalist Intelligence botanist or chefbotanist or chef
Existential IntelligenceExistential Intelligence Interpersonal IntelligenceInterpersonal Intelligence
Teachers, social workers, actors, and Teachers, social workers, actors, and politicianspoliticians
Bodily-Kinesthetic IntelligenceBodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and
craftspeoplecraftspeople
Gardner’s IntelligenceGardner’s Intelligence Musical IntelligenceMusical Intelligence
composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners sensitive listeners
Linguistic IntelligenceLinguistic Intelligence poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public
speakersspeakers Intra-personal IntelligenceIntra-personal Intelligence
psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosopherspsychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers
Gardner’s IntelligenceGardner’s Intelligence Spatial Intelligence Spatial Intelligence
Sailors, pilots, sculptors Sailors, pilots, sculptors Logical-Mathematical IntelligenceLogical-Mathematical Intelligence
MMathematicians, scientists, and detectivesathematicians, scientists, and detectives
Sternberg’s Triarchic Sternberg’s Triarchic TheoryTheory
AnalyticalAnalytical Break problems down to solveBreak problems down to solve
CreativeCreative New ways to problem solveNew ways to problem solve
PracticalPractical Street smarts Street smarts
IQ Tests Fifth addition Measures
Fluid reasoning Knowledge Quantitative processing Visual-spatial processing Working memory
Mental age versus chronological age IQ = MA/CA X 100 Many kids are given this test at age 7 or 8
Test Questions
Test Questions STRAWBERRY:RED STRAWBERRY:RED
(A) peach:ripe (A) peach:ripe (B) leather:brown (B) leather:brown (C) grass:green (C) grass:green (D) orange:round (D) orange:round (E) lemon:yellow(E) lemon:yellow
IQ Cultural Bias Test questions were originally designed without
thought of cultures White America
Very Difficult to develop a test free of cultural bias/needs to be culturally fair
Need to be developed with little to no language Non verbal abilities
Does well at predicting academic success for those at the higher and lower ends of the curves
Dove Counterbalance IQ Dove Counterbalance IQ TestTest
How long should one boil chitlins while How long should one boil chitlins while preparing them?preparing them?
A. Five MinutesA. Five MinutesB. Three HoursB. Three HoursC. 24 HoursC. 24 HoursD. 45 MinutesD. 45 Minutes
Intellectual Disabilty Defined by
IQ below 70 Adaptive behavior Present below age of 18
Causes Unhealthy living conditions Prenatal care Poor nutrition during the formative years Biological/heredity
Giftedness Giftedness IQ above 140IQ above 140 2% of the population2% of the population
Top Related