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Chapter 8 and 3 Q9
Question 14 out of 4 points
Pap smears and mammograms are examples of
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
secondary prevention
Correct Answer: b.
secondary prevention
• Question 24 out of 4 points
All the following activities are considered secondary prevention except:Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Construction of a pair of dentures
Correct Answer: b.
Construction of a pair of dentures
• Question 34 out of 4 points
All activities in medicine could be defined as preventionAnswer
Selected Answer:
a.True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 44 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial
infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, asshown in the table
Clinical diagnosis
Autopsy findings
Total
MI No MI
MI 160 80 240
No MI 40 720 760
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Total 200 800 1,000
From these data, the negative predictive value of the clinical diagnosis wasclosest to
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
95%
Correct Answer:d.
95%
• Question 54 out of 4 points
A bias occurs because the proportion of slow-growing lesions diagnosedduring screening is greater than the proportion of those diagnosed during usualmedical care is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
length-time bias
Correct Answer: b.
length-time bias
• Question 6
0 out of 4 points
The incidence of breast cancer in 20-year-old women isAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
1 in 10,000
Correct Answer: b.
1 in 100,000
• Question 70 out of 4 points
Among 100 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, 15 subjects score within thenormal range on a battery of tests of cognitive performance. Select the most
appropriate measure from the following lettered options
Answer
Selected Answer:f.
specificity
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Correct Answer:d.
sensitivity
• Question 80 out of 4 points
Lack of compliance in the screened group results in an overestimation of thescreening effect. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 90 out of 4 points
As the true positive of a screening test increases, which of the followingoccurs?Answer
Selected Answer:a.
specificity and positive predictive value increase
Correct Answer:d.
sensitivity and positive predictive value increase
• Question 100 out of 4 points
Federal laws require rigorous evidence of efficacy for behavioral counselingmethods before these methods are approved for use.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 114 out of 4 points
A prevention program that is oriented to the most experienced drug user would
be referred to as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
tertiary
Correct Answer:c.
tertiary
• Question 124 out of 4 points
The incidence method can be used to calculate sensitivity for cancer screening
tests
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Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Hand washing to stop bacteria and viruses from spreading is classified asAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
primary prevention
Correct Answer:a.
primary prevention
• Question 140 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial
infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, asshown in the table
Clinical diagnosis
Autopsy findings
Total
MI No MI
MI 160 80 240
No MI 40 720 760
Total 200 800 1,000
From these data, the positive predictive value of the clinical diagnosis was
closest to
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
95%
Correct Answer:a.
67%
• Question 150 out of 4 points
The first time that screening is carried out is called an incidence screen.Answer
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Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 160 out of 4 points
The percentage of false-positive in screening mammograms is approximatelyAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
1%
Correct Answer: b.
10%
• Question 174 out of 4 points
For many diseases, there is a critical point in time beyond which therapy is less
effective. For most cancers, the critical point occurs when the primary tumor metastasizes. When must the critical point occur for screening to be effective?
Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
After the disease is detectable but before it producessymptoms.
Correct Answer:a.
After the disease is detectable but before it produces
symptoms.
• Question 184 out of 4 points
Helping patients to exercise appropriately is an exaple of Answer
Selected Answer:a.
primary prevention
Correct Answer:
a. primary prevention
• Question 194 out of 4 points
Which of the following best defines the "yield" of a screening test?Answer
Selecteda.
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Answer: How much of a disease the screening test can detect in the
screening process.
Correct
Answer:a.
How much of a disease the screening test can detect in the
screening process.
• Question 204 out of 4 points
Screening for very rare disease is beneficial to very few peopleAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Ascertainment bias in determining the cause of death does not affect the
estimation of thescreening effect. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 220 out of 4 points
Which of the following is not a primary requirement for conducting screeningfor disease controlAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
The disease should be serious
Correct Answer:c.
The government should fund the program
• Question 230 out of 4 points
The use of drugs to prevent disease isAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:c.
chemoprevention
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• Question 240 out of 4 points
Screening tests are part of Answer
Selected Answer: b.
secondary prevention
Correct Answer:d.
a and b
• Question 250 out of 4 points
When prevalence is low, the negative predictive value of a screening test is
likely to be high.Answer
Selected Answer:
b.False
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 264 out of 4 points
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and cost are independent of eachother.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 274 out of 4 points
Labeling effects of screening tests are sometimes unpredictable.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 284 out of 4 points
Which is the best way to avoid biases when evaluating the efficacy of ascreening test or treatment in a clinical trial?Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Randomization
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Correct Answer: b.
Randomization
• Question 290 out of 4 points
Screening for disease involve which type(s) of prevention?Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer: b.
secondary
• Question 304 out of 4 points
Compliant patients tend to have better prognoses regardless of screening.
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
!
Question!1!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!good!screening!test!result!produces!either!no!labeling!effect!or!a!positive!labeling!effect.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!2!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyconfirmed!myocardial!
infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as!
shown!in!the!table!
!!!
Clinical!
diagnosis!
!!!!!!Autopsy!findings! !!
!
Total!!MI! No!MI!
MI! !!160! !!!!!!80! 240!
No!MI! !!40! !!!!720! 760!
Total! !!200! !!!!800! 1,000!
!! !
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!!
!
From!these!data,!the!negative!predictive!value!of!the!clinical!diagnosis!was!
closest!to!
Answer!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
95%!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
95%!!!
!! !
Question!3!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Screening!tests!are!part!of!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
a!and!b!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
a!and!b!!
!! !
Question!4!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!degree!of!the!burden!of!suffering!caused!by!the!condition!is!decided!
based!on!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!
!! !
Question!5!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Screenig!tests!are!part!of!many!primary!and!all!secondary!prevention!activities.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!! !! !Question!6!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
An!abnormal!result!of!a!screening!test!in!a!person!without!disease!is!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!!! !
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falsepositive!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
falsepositive!!
Question!7!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
The!incidence!method!can!be!used!to!calculate!sensitivity!for!cancer!screening!tests!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!True!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
True!!
!! !
Question!8!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
Simple,!quick!examinations!such!as!blood!pressure!determinations!are!ideal!
screening!tests.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
True!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
True!!
!! !
Question!9!!
0!out!of!4!points!! !
!
Treatments!in!primary!prevention!is!(are)!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
immunization!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!
!! !
Question!10!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!screening!test!for!the!developmental!disabilities!in!children!fails!to!detect!a!substantial!proportion!of!children!with!such!disabilities.!Select!the!most!
appropriate!limitation!for!applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!Low!sensitivity! !!!
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Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
Low!sensitivity!!
Question!11!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Which!one!of!the!following!is!a!consequence!of!overdiagnosis!in!screening?!Answer!! !!!
Selected!
Answer:!
!d.!!!
A!decrease!in!the!calculated!sensitivity!of!the!screening!
test.!
Correct!
Answer:!
!e.!!!
An!increase!in!the!observed!5year!survival!for!the!target!
disease.!!
!! !
Question!12!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!prior!probability!of!a!disease!is!equivalent!to!which!of!the!following?!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
prevalence!!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
prevalence!!!
!! !
Question!13!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Clinicians'!efforts!are!aimed!at!preventing!the!untimely!occurrences!of!the!five!Ds:!!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
disease,!disability,!discomfort,!dissatisfaction,!and!death!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!disease,!disability,!discomfort,!dissatisfaction,!and!death!
!
!! !
Question!14!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
When!randomized!controlled!trial!is!difficult!to!conduct,!case!series!in!which!a!group!of!people!participating!in!a!screening!program!are!followed!over!
time,!is!an!appropriate!method!to!use!for!the!evaluation!of!the!effectiveness!
of!the!screening!program.!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!True! !!!
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Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!!
Question!15!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!positive!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!for!breast!cancer!will!increase!if!the!test!is!performed!on!women!with!family!history!of!breast!
cancer.!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!False!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
True!!
!! !
Question!16!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
More!aggressive!forms!of!a!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!picked!up!in!a!
screening!program.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!!
!! !
Question!17!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Among!1000!women!without!breast!cancer,!screening!mammograms!are!normal!for!920!women.!!Select!the!most!appropriate!measure!from!the!
following!lettered!options!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
sensitivity!!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
specificity!!!
!! !
Question!18!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyconfirmed!myocardial!
infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as!
shown!in!the!table!
!!
!
Clinical! !!!!!!Autopsy!findings! !!
!! !
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diagnosis! !MI! No!MI! !
Total!
MI! !!160! !!!!!!80! 240!
No!MI! !!40! !!!!720! 760!
Total! !!200! !!!!800! 1,000!
!!!
From!these!data,!the!prevalence!of!myocardial!infarction!at!autopsy!was!
closest!to!Answer!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
20%!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
20%!!
!! !
Question!19!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Low!predictive!values!of!a!screening!tests!are!usually!caused!by!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
both!a!and!c!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
both!a!and!c!!
!! !
Question!20!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!diagnostic!test,!but!not!a!screening!test,!requires!a!gold!standard.!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
True!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!!
!! !
Question!21!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
When!prevalence!is!low,!the!negative!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!is!likely!to!be!high.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
True!!
!! !
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Question!22!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!major!purpose!of!randomization!is!to!minimize!the!differences!between!
subjects!in!the!screened!group!and!those!in!the!control!group.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !!![None!Given]!!
Correct!Answer:! !!![None]!!!
!! !
Question!23!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Among!750!patients!with!normal!screening!test!results!for!serum!
cholesterol,!50!actually!have!elevated!serum!cholesterol.!!Select!the!most!
appropriate!measure!from!the!following!lettered!options!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
falsenegative!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
falsenegative!!
!! !
Question!24!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!type!of!prevention!that!is!particularly!important!in!the!management!of!
patients!having!a!fatal!disease.!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
tertiary!prevention!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
tertiary!prevention!!!
!! !
Question!25!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
When!lead!time!is!very!short!treatment!of!the!medical!condition!found!on!
screening!can!be!very!effective!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!!
!! !
Question!26!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Most!primary!prevention!is!done!in!clinical!settings!!! !
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Answer!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!!
!! !
Question!27!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Among!500!persons!with!positive!screening!tests!for!antibodies!to!the!human!immunodeficiency!virus!(HIV),!492!are!infected!with!the!virus.!!
Select!the!most!appropriate!measure!from!the!following!lettered!options!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
positive!predictive!value!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!positive!predictive!value!!
!
!! !
Question!28!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!bias!occurs!because!the!proportion!of!slowgrowing!lesions!diagnosed!
during!screening!is!greater!than!the!proportion!of!those!diagnosed!during!
usual!medical!care!is!called!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
lengthtime!bias!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!lengthtime!bias!
!
!! !
Question!29!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!screening!measure!may!be!invalid!and!reliable.!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!30!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Ascertainment!bias!in!determining!the!cause!of!death!does!not!affect!the!
estimation!of!the!screening!effect.!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Sunday,!March!24,!2013!11:48:33!AM!EDT!
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OK!!
!Question!1!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Which!of!the!following!best!define!specificity?!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!Proportion!of!people!with!a!negative!test!who!do!ot!have!the!disease.!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Proportion!of!people!without!the!disease!who!have!a!negative!test.!!
!!
.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Ascertainment!bias!in!determining!the!cause!of!death!does!not!affect!the!estimation!
of!the!screening!effect.!
!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!!False!!Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!.!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!The!positive!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!for!breast!cancer!will!increase!if!the!test!is!performed!on!women!with!family!history!of!breast!cancer.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
True!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Hand!washing!to!stop!bacteria!and!viruses!from!spreading!is!classified!as!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!
!!.!Question!5!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Getting!a!young!person!to!quit!smoking!is!an!example!of!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
secondary!prevention!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
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primary!prevention!!
!!.!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Federal!laws!require!rigorous!evidence!of!efficacy!for!behavioral!counseling!
methods!before!these!methods!are!approved!for!use.!Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!7!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Ocular!antibiotic!prophylaxis!of!all!newborns!to!prevent!gonococcal!opthalmia!
neonatorum!is!classified!as!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
both!primary!and!secondary!prevention!!Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!chemoprevention!!
!!.!Question!8!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!The!percentage!of!falsepositive!in!screening!mammograms!is!approximately!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!10%!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
10%!!!!
.!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!clinical!activities!are!considered!tertiary!prevention!except!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
Treating!high!cholesterol!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!Treating!high!cholesterol!!
!!
.!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!The!degree!of!the!burden!of!suffering!caused!by!the!condition!is!decided!based!on!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!
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!!
.!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Flouridation!of!water!would!be!an!example!of!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!primary!prevention!!Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!
!!
.!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!activities!in!medicine!could!be!defined!as!prevention!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
True!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!True!!!!
.!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Which!one!of!the!following!statements!related!to!length!bias!is!TRUE?!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!Slowly!progressing!cases!of!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!detected!during!screening!
than!rapidly!progressing!cases.!
!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Slowly!progressing!cases!of!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!detected!during!screening!
than!rapidly!progressing!cases.!
!!
!!
.!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!When!prevalence!is!low,!the!negative!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!is!likely!to!be!high.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
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!Among!100!patients!with!Alzheimer’s!disease,!15!subjects!score!within!the!normal!
range!on!a!battery!of!tests!of!cognitive!performance.!Select!the!most!appropriate!measure!from!the!following!lettered!options!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!f.!!!sensitivity!!!Correct!Answer:!!f.!!!
sensitivity!!!
!!
.!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Subjects!who!do!not!comply!with!their!randomized!assignment!should!not!be!
included!in!the!analysis!of!the!screening!effect.!
!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!Correct!Answer:!!!False!!!!
.!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Typically,!many!health!care!professionals!practice!what!type!of!disease!prevention?!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
Tertiary!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Tertiary!!
!!.!Question!18!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Chest!radiographs!tend!to!lead!to!earlier!recognition!of!lung!cancers,!with!no!
impact!on!delaying!the!eventual!time!of!death.!Select!the!most!appropriate!
limitation!for!applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!!
!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!Leadtime!bias!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!Leadtime!bias!
!!!!
.!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Which!one!of!the!following!is!a!consequence!of!overdiagnosis!in!screening?!
!
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Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!An!increase!in!the!observed!5year!survival!for!the!target!disease.!
!!Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
An!increase!in!the!observed!5year!survival!for!the!target!disease.!!!!!
.!Question!20!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Which!of!the!following!should!not!be!considered!when!deciding!the!appropriate!use!
of!a!screening!test?!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Whether!the!disease!condition!is!sufficiently!imprtant!for!the!individual!and!the!
commuity.!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!All!of!the!above.!!!!
.!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Taking!preventative!steps!that!stop!a!health!problem!before!it!starts!is!called!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!
!!.!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!terms!are!used!for!determining!how!good!is!the!screening!test!
except:!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
profitability!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!profitability!!
!!
.!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!When!lead!time!is!very!short!treatment!of!the!medical!condition!found!on!screening!can!be!very!effective!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
False!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
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False!!
!!.!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Among!1000!women!without!breast!cancer,!screening!mammograms!are!normal!
for!920!women.!!Select!the!most!appropriate!measure!from!the!following!lettered!options!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
specificity!!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!
specificity!!!
!!
.!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!More!aggressive!forms!of!a!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!picked!up!in!a!screening!program.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
False!!!!
.!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!The!first!time!that!screening!is!carried!out!is!called!an!incidence!screen.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
False!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
False!!
!!
.!Question!27!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!When!applied!in!the!general!population,!a!screening!test!that!is!normal!among!99%!of!unaffected!persons!and!abnormal!among!97%!of!affected!persons!nevertheless!
yields!a!low!positive!predictive!value.!Select!the!most!appropriate!limitation!for!
applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
Low!specificity!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Low!prevalence!
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!!
!!.!Question!28!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Effective!counseling!methods!could!promote!health!more!than!most!anything!else!a!
clinician!can!do.!Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
True!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
True!!
!!
.!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Which!is!the!best!way!to!avoid!biases!when!evaluating!the!efficacy!of!a!screening!
test!or!treatment!in!a!clinical!trial?!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!Randomization!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!Randomization!!
!!
.!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Pap!smears!and!mammograms!are!examples!of!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
secondary!prevention!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
secondary!prevention!!
!!
.Sunday,!March!24,!2013!6:29:53!PM!EDT!
!
OK!!
.!
Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyconfirmed!myocardial!
infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as!shown!in!
the!table!
!
!!!
!
!
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!
Clinical!!
diagnosis!!!!!!!!Autopsy!findings!
!!!!!
!
!
!
Total!
!!
!MI!
!No!MI!
!!
MI!!!!160!!!!!!!!80!
!240!!!
No!MI!
!!!40!!!!!!720!
!760!!!
Total!
!!!200!!!!!!800!
!1,000!
!!
!
!
!!
!
!!
!
From!these!data,!the!prevalence!of!myocardial!infarction!at!autopsy!was!closest!to!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
20%!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!
20%!!
!!
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.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!When!lead!time!is!very!short!treatment!of!the!medical!condition!found!on!screening!
can!be!very!effective!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!False!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
False!!
!!
.!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!For!a!screening!to!be!successful!you!need!a!suitable!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!all!of!the!above!!!!
.!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Which!of!the!following!measures!is!conditioned!on!having!a!positive!test?!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
positive!predictive!value!!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
positive!predictive!value!!!
!!.!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Screenig!tests!are!part!of!many!primary!and!all!secondary!prevention!activities.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!A!sreening!measure!may!be!unreliable!but!valid.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!!!
.!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
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!For!many!diseases,!there!is!a!critical!point!in!time!beyond!which!therapy!is!less!
effective.!For!most!cancers,!the!critical!point!occurs!when!the!primary!tumor!metastasizes.!When!must!the!critical!point!occur!for!screening!to!be!effective?!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!After!the!disease!is!detectable!but!before!it!produces!symptoms.!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
After!the!disease!is!detectable!but!before!it!produces!symptoms.!
!!
!!
.!Question!8!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Treatments!in!primary!prevention!is!(are)!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!all!of!the!above!!Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!!!
.!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Selective!screening!involves!applying!the!screening!test!to!which!of!the!following?!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
Highrisk!groups!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!Highrisk!groups!!
!!
.!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!A!screening!measure!may!be!invalid!and!reliable.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!!!
.!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!All!the!following!diseases!are!suitable!for!screening!except:!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
lung!cancer!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
lung!cancer!!
!!
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.!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!The!first!time!that!screening!is!carried!out!is!called!an!incidence!screen.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
False!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Slowprogressing!cases!of!disease!with!a!better!prognosis!are!more!likely!to!be!
identified!than!fasterprogressing!cases!of!a!disease!with!a!poorer!prognosis.Thus,!
cases!diagnosed!through!screening!tend!to!have!better!prognosis!than!the!average!
of!all!cases.!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!lengthtime!bias!!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
lengthtime!bias!!!!!
.!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Pap!smears!and!mammograms!are!examples!of!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
secondary!prevention!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!secondary!prevention!!
!!
.!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Among!100!patients!with!Alzheimer’s!disease,!15!subjects!score!within!the!normal!
range!on!a!battery!of!tests!of!cognitive!performance.!Select!the!most!appropriate!
measure!from!the!following!lettered!options!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
sensitivity!!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
sensitivity!!!!!
.!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Ocular!antibiotic!prophylaxis!of!all!newborns!to!prevent!gonococcal!opthalmia!
neonatorum!is!classified!as!
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Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!chemoprevention!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!chemoprevention!!
!!.!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Hand!washing!to!stop!bacteria!and!viruses!from!spreading!is!classified!as!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!
!!
.!Question!18!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyconfirmed!myocardial!infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as!shown!in!
the!table!!
!
!!!
!!
Clinical!
!diagnosis!
!!!!!!!Autopsy!findings!
!!
Total!
!!
!MI!
!No!MI!
!!MI!
!!!160!
!!!!!!!80!!240!
!!No!MI!
!!!40!
!!!!!720!
!760!
!!
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Total!
!!!200!!!!!!800!
!1,000!!!
!!From!these!data,!the!sensitivity!of!the!clinical!diagnosis!was!closest!to!
!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
80%!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
80%!!
!!
.!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Sensitivity,!specificity,!predictive!value,!and!cost!are!independent!of!each!other.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!20!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Which!of!the!following!best!defines!the!"yield"!of!a!screening!test?!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
How!much!of!a!disease!the!screening!test!can!detect!in!the!screening!process.!!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
How!much!of!a!disease!the!screening!test!can!detect!in!the!screening!process.!!!
!!
.!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!The!prior!probability!of!a!disease!is!equivalent!to!which!of!the!following?!
!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
prevalence!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!prevalence!!!
!!.!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Subjects!who!do!not!comply!with!their!randomized!assignment!should!not!be!
included!in!the!analysis!of!the!screening!effect.!
!
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Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!.!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!All!the!following!terms!are!used!for!determining!how!good!is!the!screening!test!except:!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
profitability!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
profitability!!
!!
.!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Laws!mandating!seatbelt!use!in!automobile!and!helmet!use!on!motorcycles!are!considered!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!primary!prevention!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!!!
.!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!A!screening!test!for!the!developmental!disabilities!in!children!fails!to!detect!a!
substantial!proportion!of!children!with!such!disabilities.!Select!the!most!appropriate!limitation!for!applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!!
!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
Low!sensitivity!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!
Low!sensitivity!!!
!!
.!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Getting!a!young!person!to!quit!smoking!is!an!example!of!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!!
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!!
.!Question!27!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!The!screening!test!looks!better!than!it!actually!is,!because!younger,!healthier!people!are!more!likely!to!get!the!test.!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answers:!!!b.!!!selection!bias!!
!
!!!
Correct!Answers:!!!b.!!!
selection!bias!!
!
!!!
!!
.!Question!28!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Which!of!the!following!should!not!be!considered!when!deciding!the!appropriate!use!of!a!screening!test?!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
All!of!the!above.!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!All!of!the!above.!!
!!.!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Which!of!the!following!best!define!specificity?!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Proportion!of!people!without!the!disease!who!have!a!negative!test.!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Proportion!of!people!without!the!disease!who!have!a!negative!test.!!
!!
.!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!The!best!way!to!establish!the!efficacy!of!treatment!is!with!a!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!randomized!controlled!trial!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!randomized!controlled!trial!!
!!
.Sunday,!March!24,!2013!6:44:08!PM!EDT!
!• Question 1
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0 out of 4 points
The major purpose of randomization is to minimize the differences betweensubjects in thescreened group and those in the control group. Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:[None]
• Question 24 out of 4 points
To be suitable for screening, disease treatment must be effective at an earlier stage.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 34 out of 4 points
Typically, many health care professionals practice what type of disease prevention?Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Tertiary
Correct Answer:c.
Tertiary
• Question 40 out of 4 points
Only conditions posing threats to life or health should be included in
preventive care.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 54 out of 4 points
Which of the following should not be considered when deciding the
appropriate use of a screening test?Answer
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Selected Answer:e.
All of the above.
Correct Answer:e.
All of the above.
• Question 64 out of 4 points
A type of prevention that is particularly important in the management of
patients having a fatal disease.Answer
Selected Answer:c.
tertiary prevention
Correct Answer:c.
tertiary prevention
• Question 74 out of 4 points
Getting a young person to quit smoking is an example of Answer
Selected Answer:a.
primary prevention
Correct Answer:a.
primary prevention
• Question 80 out of 4 points
For many diseases, there is a critical point in time beyond which therapy is less
effective. For most cancers, the critical point occurs when the primary tumor metastasizes. When must the critical point occur for screening to be effective?
Answer
Selected
Answer: b.
After the disease is detectable and after it producessymptoms.
Correct Answer:
c.After the disease is detectable but before it produces
symptoms.
• Question 94 out of 4 points
Most primary prevention is done in clinical settingsAnswer
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Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 104 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial
infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, asshown in the table
Clinical
diagnosis
Autopsy findings
Total
MI No MI
MI 160 80 240
No MI 40 720 760
Total 200 800 1,000
From these data, the specificity of the clinical diagnosis was closest to
Answer
Selected Answer: d.
90%
Correct Answer:d.
90%
• Question 114 out of 4 points
A diagnostic test, but not a screening test, requires a gold standard.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Effective counseling methods could promote health more than most anything
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else a clinician can do.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer: a.
True
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Simple, quick examinations such as blood pressure determinations are ideal
screening tests.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer: a.
True
• Question 144 out of 4 points
Compliant patients tend to have better prognoses regardless of screening.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:
a.True
• Question 154 out of 4 points
The degree of the burden of suffering caused by the condition is decided based
onAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:
d.all of the above
• Question 164 out of 4 points
The first time that screening is carried out is called an incidence screen.Answer
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Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 174 out of 4 points
The positive predictive value for test results will decrease after the first round
of screening.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 184 out of 4 points
To be suitable for screening, a particular test needs to beAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 194 out of 4 points
Screening for disease involve which type(s) of prevention?Answer
Selected Answer: b.
secondary
Correct Answer: b.
secondary
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
Among 750 patients with normal screening test results for serum cholesterol,
50 actually have elevated serum cholesterol. Select the most appropriatemeasure from the following lettered options
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
false-negative
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Correct Answer:c.
false-negative
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Screening tests are totally different from diagnostic tests.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 224 out of 4 points
Which of the following is not a primary requirement for conducting screening
for disease controlAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
The government should fund the program
Correct Answer:c.
The government should fund the program
• Question 234 out of 4 points
Screening tests are part of Answer
Selected Answer:d.
a and b
Correct Answer:d.
a and b
• Question 240 out of 4 points
Regular ophthalmologic examination for early diabetic retinopathy is a form of Answer
Selected Answer: b.
secondary prevention
Correct Answer:c.
tertiary prevention
• Question 254 out of 4 points
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It is unethical to accept a certain risk for diagnostic test applied to sick patientsseeking help for specific complaints.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer: False
• Question 264 out of 4 points
A prevention program that is oriented to the most experienced drug user would
be referred to as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
tertiary
Correct Answer:c.
tertiary
• Question 274 out of 4 points
Which one of the following is a consequence of overdiagnosis in screening?
Answer
Selected
Answer: b.
An increase in the observed 5-year survival for the targetdisease.
Correct Answer: b.
An increase in the observed 5-year survival for the targetdisease.
• Question 284 out of 4 points
Which is the best way to avoid biases when evaluating the efficacy of a
screening test or treatment in a clinical trial?Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Randomization
Correct Answer: c.
Randomization
• Question 294 out of 4 points
The screening test looks better than it actually is, because younger, healthier
people are more likely to get the test.Answer
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Selected Answers: b.
selection bias
Correct Answers: b.
selection bias
• Question 304 out of 4 points
A screening test for the developmental disabilities in children fails to detect a
substantial proportion of children with such disabilities. Select the mostappropriate limitation for applying results from this screening test.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Low sensitivity
Correct Answer: b.
Low sensitivity
• Question 14 out of 4 points
The positive predictive value for test results will decrease after the first round
of screening.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 24 out of 4 points
Compliant patients tend to have better prognoses regardless of screening.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 30 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed gastric and
peptic ulcers was performed in 10,000 consecutive deceased patients, as shown
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in the table
Clinical
diagnosis
Autopsy findings
Total
Ulcer No ulcer
Ulcer 130 20 150
No ulcer 170 9,680 9,850
Total 300 9,700 10,000
From these data, the sensitivity of the clinical diagnosis was closest to
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
87%
Correct Answer:e.
43%
• Question 44 out of 4 points
The lead time for lung cancer is very long.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 54 out of 4 points
The prior probability of a disease is equivalent to which of the following?
Answer
Selected Answer:
a. prevalence
Correct Answer:a.
prevalence
• Question 64 out of 4 points
As the true positive of a screening test increases, which of the following
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occurs?Answer
Selected Answer:c.
sensitivity and positive predictive value increase
Correct Answer: c.
sensitivity and positive predictive value increase
• Question 70 out of 4 points
Percent 5-year survival from diagnosis is a statistic that is often used in studies
involvingdiseases with a significant mortality rate. In the context of ahypothetic study of a new screening program, investigators compared 5-year
survival between the screening-detected cases in the program and cases presenting with symptoms outside the program. Which one of the following
statements about these comparisons of 5-year survival is TRUE?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
They are affected by recall bias.
Correct Answer: b.
They are affected by overdiagnosis bias.
• Question 84 out of 4 points
Which of the following should not be considered when deciding the
appropriate use of a screening test?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
All of the above.
Correct Answer:e.
All of the above.
• Question 94 out of 4 points
All activities in medicine could be defined as preventionAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 104 out of 4 points
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More aggressive forms of a disease are more likely to be picked up in a
screening program.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 114 out of 4 points
Screening for very rare disease is beneficial to very few peopleAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer: a.
True
• Question 124 out of 4 points
All the following terms are used for determining how good is the screening test
except:Answer
Selected Answer: b.
profitability
Correct Answer: b.
profitability
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and cost are independent of eachother.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 140 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardialinfarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, as
shown in the table
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Clinical diagnosis
Autopsy findings Total
MI No MI
MI 160 80 240
No MI 40 720 760
Total 200 800 1,000
From these data, the false negative rate of the clinical diagnosis was closest to
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
8%
Correct Answer:d.
4%
• Question 154 out of 4 points
The identification of asymptomatic disease or risk factors is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
screening
Correct Answer: b.
screening
• Question 164 out of 4 points
The period of time between the detection of a medical condition by screening
and when it ordinarily would be diagnosed because a patient experiencessymptoms and seeks medical care is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
lead time
Correct Answer:c.
lead time
• Question 174 out of 4 points
Clinicians' efforts are aimed at preventing the untimely occurrences of the fiveDs:Answer
Selected Answer:c.
disease, disability, discomfort, dissatisfaction, and death
Correct Answer:c.
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disease, disability, discomfort, dissatisfaction, and death
• Question 184 out of 4 points
Selective screening involves applying the screening test to which of the
following?Answer
Selected Answer:a.
High-risk groups
Correct Answer:a.
High-risk groups
• Question 194 out of 4 points
The major purpose of randomization is to minimize the differences between
subjects in thescreened group and those in the control group. Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:[None]
• Question 204 out of 4 points
Which of the following is not a primary requirement for conducting screeningfor disease controlAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
The government should fund the program
Correct Answer:c.
The government should fund the program
• Question 214 out of 4 points
The screening test looks better than it actually is, because younger, healthier
people are more likely to get the test.Answer
Selected Answers:d.
selection bias
Correct Answers:d.
selection bias
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• Question 224 out of 4 points
Screening for disease involve which type(s) of prevention?Answer
Selected Answer: b.
secondary
Correct Answer: b.
secondary
• Question 234 out of 4 points
Regular ophthalmologic examination for early diabetic retinopathy is a form of Answer
Selected Answer: c.
tertiary prevention
Correct Answer:c.
tertiary prevention
• Question 244 out of 4 points
Flouridation of water would be an example of Answer
Selected Answer:a.
primary prevention
Correct Answer:a.
primary prevention
• Question 250 out of 4 points
Handing out pamphlets on how to reduce bad cholesterol level in subjects withhypercholesterolemia is an example of Answer
Selected Answer:a.
primary prevention
Correct Answer: b.
secondary prevention
• Question 264 out of 4 points
All the following activities are considered secondary prevention except:
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Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Construction of a pair of dentures
Correct Answer: b.
Construction of a pair of dentures
• Question 274 out of 4 points
Typically, many health care professionals practice what type of disease prevention?Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Tertiary
Correct Answer:c.
Tertiary
• Question 284 out of 4 points
Lack of compliance in the screened group results in an overestimation of thescreening effect. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 29
0 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial
infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, asshown in the table
Clinical diagnosis
Autopsy findings Total
MI No MI
MI 160 80 240
No MI 40 720 760
Total 200 800 1,000
From these data, the sensitivity of the clinical diagnosis was closest to
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
67%
Correct Answer: b.
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80%
• Question 304 out of 4 points
Which is the best way to avoid biases when evaluating the efficacy of a
screening test or treatment in a clinical trial?Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Randomization
Correct Answer: b.
Randomization
!
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• Question 14 out of 4 points
In decision tree models for prognosis, every tree contains terminal nodes thatrepresent “subsequent prognosis” for a particular combination of patient
characteristics and events.
Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 24 out of 4 points
Overestimating probability of a diagnosis when the correct diagnosis is already
known
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Hindsight error
Correct Answer: b.
Hindsight error
• Question 30 out of 4 points
The quantitative expression of the value or importance of a given variable is
called
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Assigned weight
Correct Answer:d.
Utility
• Question 44 out of 4 points
Markov chain is a special type of Markov process in which the transition
probabilities are constant over time.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer: True
• Question 54 out of 4 points
Decision analysis is appropriate for events that reoccur throughout a lifetime.Answer
Selected Answer:False
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Correct Answer:False
• Question 64 out of 4 points
Decision analyses
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
a and b
Correct Answer:c.
a and b
• Question 74 out of 4 points
The maximin criteria is a(n) __________ criteria. Answer
Selected Answer: c.
Pessimistic
Correct Answer:c.
Pessimistic
• Question 80 out of 4 points
The standards that define the best thinking for achieving the thinker’s goals. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Prescriptive models
Correct Answer:d.
Normative models
• Question 94 out of 4 points
Decision making situations can be categorized along a scale which rangesfrom: Answer
Selected Answer:
b.Certainty to risk to uncertainty to ambiguity
Correct Answer: b.
Certainty to risk to uncertainty to ambiguity
• Question 104 out of 4 points
The Markov process is analogous to a utility in an ordinary decision tree.
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Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
Used to find the alternative that maximizes the maximum payoff Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Maximax
Correct Answer:e.
Maximax
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Choosing riskier treatments when they are described in negative (e.g.,mortality) rather than positive (e.g., survival) terms. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Framing bias
Correct Answer: b.
Framing bias
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Decision analyses always require comparison of at least two clinical strategies.
One strategy ought to contain advantages and countervailing disadvantages.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 144 out of 4 points
A state of a Markov model may be defined as
Answer
Selected Answer: d.
a or b
Correct Answer:d.
a or b
• Question 154 out of 4 points
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The states of a Markov model describe a partial set of interrelated conditions
under which a system operates.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 164 out of 4 points
A weighted average compromise between optimistic and pessimistic
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Hurwicz criterion
Correct Answer:a.
Hurwicz criterion
• Question 174 out of 4 points
EMV refers to
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
expected monetary value
Correct Answer:c.
expected monetary value
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
In influence diagram, decision nodes are depicted as
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
squares or rectangles
Correct Answer:a.
squares or rectangles
• Question 194 out of 4 points
Any problem that can be represented in a decision table can also be graphically
illustrated in a: Answer
Selected Answer:c.
decision tree.
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Correct Answer:c.
decision tree.
• Question 204 out of 4 points
The difference between the optimal profit and actual payoff for a decision Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Minimax regret
Correct Answer:d.
Minimax regret
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Models describe how people ought to think. Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Prescriptive models
Correct Answer:d.
Prescriptive models
• Question 224 out of 4 points
A quantitative method used to assess the relative value of different options to
deal with a clinical choice under conditions of uncertainty. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Decision analysis
Correct Answer:c.
Decision analysis
• Question 234 out of 4 points
The utility that is associated with spending one cycle in a particular state is
referred to as
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
incremental utility
Correct Answer: b.
incremental utility
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• Question 244 out of 4 points
The Decision-making process involve
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
All of the above
Correct Answer:d.
All of the above
• Question 254 out of 4 points
The Laplace decision criterion is also known as Answer
Selected Answer: b.
equally likely
Correct Answer: b.
equally likely
• Question 264 out of 4 points
A point in a decision tree at which several choices are possible. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Decision node
Correct Answer:a.
Decision node
• Question 274 out of 4 points
Providing more detail of an event increases its judged probability. Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Description bias
Correct Answer:d.
Description bias
• Question 284 out of 4 points
“The process of systematically finding, appraising, and using
contemporaneous research findings as the basis for clinical decisions” is called
Answer
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Selected Answer:d.
Systematic review
Correct Answer:d.
Systematic review
• Question 294 out of 4 points
Maximax is also called decisions under uncertainty.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 304 out of 4 points
Which of the following is (are) types of decision-making environments?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
All of the above
Correct Answer:e.
All of the above
Question 14 out of 4 points
The equally likely decision criterion is also known as
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Laplace.
Correct Answer: b.
Laplace.
• Question 24 out of 4 points
Both the timing of events and the representation of events that may occur morethan once can be addressed by using a recursive decision tree.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 30 out of 4 points
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For a decision to exist, there must be at least ---- options in response to a
problem. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
5
Correct Answer:d.
2
• Question 40 out of 4 points
Models describe how people ought to think. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Bayes’ theorem
Correct Answer:a.
Prescriptive models
• Question 50 out of 4 points
Considers all the payoffs for each alternative
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Minimax regret
Correct Answer:
e.Laplace
• Question 60 out of 4 points
A quantitative method used to assess the relative value of different options to
deal with a clinical choice under conditions of uncertainty. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Cost-benefit analysis
Correct Answer:a.
Decision analysis
• Question 70 out of 4 points
Decision making situations can be categorized along a scale which ranges
from: Answer
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Selected Answer:c.
Uncertainty to certainty to risk
Correct Answer:d.
Certainty to risk to uncertainty to ambiguity
• Question 80 out of 4 points
The states of a Markov model describe a partial set of interrelated conditions
under which a system operates.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 94 out of 4 points
In Markov models (well – stroke – disabled – death ), stroke is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
temporary states
Correct Answer:a.
temporary states
• Question 104 out of 4 points
In influence diagram, squares or rectangles depict
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
decision nodes
Correct Answer: b.
decision nodes
• Question 110 out of 4 points
Conventional decision analysis models assumptions include all the followingexcept:
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Events that do not recur
Correct Answer:d.
Timing of events is important
• Question 12
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4 out of 4 points
Decision-analytic models must be sufficiently complex to incorporate theimportant events and values, yet sufficiently simple to be understandable. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 130 out of 4 points
In order for a Markov process to terminate, it must have at least one state thatthe patient cannot leave. Such states are called
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
tunnel states
Correct Answer:
e.absorbing states
• Question 140 out of 4 points
For a Markov model of three states, there will be --- transition probabilities. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
6
Correct Answer: b.
9• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
A point in a decision tree at which several choices are possible. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Decision node
Correct Answer:c.
Decision node
• Question 164 out of 4 points
Markov chain is a special type of Markov process in which the transition probabilities are constant over time.Answer
Selected Answer:True
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Correct Answer:True
• Question 170 out of 4 points
Any problem that can be represented in a decision table can also be graphically
illustrated in a: Answer
Selected Answer:a.
utility curve.
Correct Answer:c.
decision tree.
• Question 180 out of 4 points
In the medical and pharmacoeconomics literature, the states of a Markov
model often represent Answer
Selected Answer:d.
assigned probabilities
Correct Answer:a.
various levels of disease progression
• Question 190 out of 4 points
The process of choosing from a number of hypothetical clinical paradigms by
comparing them in terms of model-based probabilistic outcomes is oftenreferred to asAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
hypothesis testing
Correct Answer: b.
decision analysis
• Question 200 out of 4 points
Decision analysis is appropriate for events that reoccur throughout a lifetime.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 210 out of 4 points
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The process of choosing from a number of hypothetical clinical paradigms by
comparing them in terms of model-based probabilistic outcomes is oftenreferred to as
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
hypothesis testing
Correct Answer:d.
decision analysis
• Question 220 out of 4 points
Used to find the alternative that maximizes the maximum payoff Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Criterion of realism
Correct Answer:a.
Maximax
• Question 230 out of 4 points
Markov models are not suited for censored and intermittent data. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 240 out of 4 points
Markov models are useful when
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
the timing of events is important.
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 254 out of 4 points
A state of a Markov model may be defined as
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
a or b
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Correct Answer:d.
a or b
• Question 264 out of 4 points
“The process of systematically finding, appraising, and usingcontemporaneous research findings as the basis for clinical decisions” is called
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Systematic review
Correct Answer:c.
Systematic review
• Question 270 out of 4 points
The difference between the optimal profit and actual payoff for a decision
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Maximax
Correct Answer:c.
Minimax regret
• Question 284 out of 4 points
Providing more detail of an event increases its judged probability. Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Description bias
Correct Answer:d.
Description bias
• Question 294 out of 4 points
The fact that the data are censored does not imply that only intermediateendpoints are observed or that complete information regarding disease states is
unavailable for all patients. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 304 out of 4 points
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Decision analyses always require comparison of at least two clinical strategies.
One strategy ought to contain advantages and countervailing disadvantages.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 10 out of 4 points
In influence diagram, squares or rectangles depict Answer
Selected Answer:c.
chance nodes
Correct Answer:d.
decision nodes
•
Question 2 0 out of 4 points
In order for a Markov process to terminate, it must have at least one state that
the patient cannot leave. Such states are called
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
temporary states
Correct Answer:c.
absorbing states
• Question 3
0 out of 4 points
Patients who have carotid artery stenosis of more than 70% after suffering
transient ischemic attacks clearly benefit from carotid endarterectomy, asdemonstrated by the NASCET Trial. Do we need not perform a decision
analysis of this question? Answer
Selected Answer:1.
Yes
Correct Answer:2.
No
• Question 40 out of 4 points
Markov models are not suited for censored and intermittent data. Answer
Selected Answer:True
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Correct Answer:False
• Question 50 out of 4 points
A point in a decision tree at which chance determines which outcome will
occur. Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Change point
Correct Answer:c.
Chance node
• Question 60 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of decision trees except:
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Places a numerical value on likely or potential outcomes
Correct Answer:e.
High accuracy irrespective of the nature of the data
• Question 70 out of 4 points
The number of patients that need to be treated with the technique beinginvestigated to prevent an unwanted outcome.
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
EMV
Correct Answer:d.
Number needed to treat
• Question 80 out of 4 points
Decision analyses
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
None of the above
Correct Answer:c.
a and b
• Question 90 out of 4 points
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Markov process terminates irrespective of the nature of the states.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 100 out of 4 points
Conventional decision analysis models assumptions include all the followingexcept: Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Limited time horizon
Correct Answer:a.
Timing of events is important
• Question 114 out of 4 points
Markov chain is a special type of Markov process in which the transition probabilities are constant over time.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 120 out of 4 points
A commonly used representation of Markov processes
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
All of the above
Correct Answer: b.
State transition diagram
• Question 130 out of 4 points
Estimating the probability of a disease by judging how similar the case is to a
diagnostic category or prototype; can lead to base rate neglect. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Description bias
Correct Answer:a.
Representativeness bias
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• Question 140 out of 4 points
A decision problem is characterized by Answer
Selected Answer:e.
none of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 154 out of 4 points
The fact that the data are censored does not imply that only intermediate
endpoints are observed or that complete information regarding disease states is
unavailable for all patients. Answer
Selected Answer: True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 160 out of 4 points
The Laplace decision criterion is also known as Answer
Selected Answer:c.
minimax.
Correct Answer: b.
equally likely
• Question 170 out of 4 points
The equally likely decision criterion is also known as
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Hurwicz.
Correct Answer: b.
Laplace. • Question 18
0 out of 4 points
Markov models generally rely on the assumption that a patient’s progression
rate to the next state is dependent on his or her progression rate through
previous states.Answer
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Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 190 out of 4 points
Models describe how people ought to think. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Descriptive models
Correct Answer:a.
Prescriptive models
• Question 200 out of 4 points
Used to minimize the maximum possible loss. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Equally likely
Correct Answer:a.
Maximin
• Question 210 out of 4 points
The process of choosing from a number of hypothetical clinical paradigms by
comparing them in terms of model-based probabilistic outcomes is oftenreferred to as
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
statistical analysis
Correct Answer:d.
decision analysis
• Question 224 out of 4 points
Maximax is also called decisions under uncertainty.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 234 out of 4 points
Markov models are useful when
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Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 240 out of 4 points
Considers all the payoffs for each alternative
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Criterion of realism
Correct Answer:e.
Laplace
• Question 250 out of 4 points
All of the following are steps in the decision-making process EXCEPT: Answer
Selected Answer:d.
List alternatives
Correct Answer:e.
Compute the posterior probabilities
• Question 260 out of 4 points
All the following decision making methods are deterministic except: Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Conservative
Correct Answer:d.
Markov
• Question 27
0 out of 4 points
The essence of decision making is: Answer
Selected Answer:d.
problem solving.
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Correct Answer: b.
choosing between alternatives.
• Question 280 out of 4 points
In the medical and pharmacoeconomics literature, the states of a Markovmodel often represent Answer
Selected Answer:d.
decision nodes
Correct Answer:c.
various levels of disease progression
• Question 290 out of 4 points
For a decision to exist, there must be at least ---- options in response to a problem. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
1
Correct Answer:d.
2
• Question 300 out of 4 points
The criteria of Expected Monetary Value is used for making decisions under Answer
Selected Answer:c.
risk.
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
!
Question!1!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!are!advantages!of!decision!trees!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!!
!! !
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Question!2!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!probability!model!that!predicts!the!conditional!probability!of!one!event!
given!the!occurrence!of!another!event!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
Bayes’!theorem!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Bayes’!theorem!!
!! !
Question!3!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
In!a!state!transition!diagram!each!state!is!represented!by!a!!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!circle!!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
circle!!!
!! !
Question!4!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Markov!models!are!useful!when!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!all!of!the!above!
!
!! !
Question!5!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Decision!analysis!is!appropriate!for!events!that!reoccur!throughout!a!
lifetime.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!6!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!difference!between!the!optimal!profit!and!actual!payoff!for!a!decision!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
Minimax!regret! !!!
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Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!Minimax!regret!
!
Question!7!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
States!required!whenever!there!is!an!event!that!has!only!shortOterm!effects.!Such!states!are!defined!by!having!transitions!only!to!other!states!and!not!to!
themselves.!This!guarantees!that!the!patient!can!spend,!at!most,!one!cycle!in!
that!state.!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
temporary!states!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
temporary!states!!
!! !
Question!8!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
For!a!Markov!model!of!three!states,!there!will!be!OOO!transition!probabilities.!!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
9!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!9!
!
!! !
Question!9!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
To!examine!how!a!particular!decision!might!change!with!different!input!
data,!you!need!to!use!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
Sensitivity!analysis!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!Sensitivity!analysis!
!
!! !
Question!10!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!process!of!choosing!from!a!number!of!hypothetical!clinical!paradigms!by!
comparing!them!in!terms!of!modelObased!probabilistic!outcomes!is!often!
referred!to!as!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!decision!analysis!! !!!
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Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!decision!analysis!!
!
Question!11!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Markov!models!are!particularly!useful!when!a!decision!problem!involves!a!risk!that!is!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
ongoing!over!time!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
ongoing!over!time!!!
!! !
Question!12!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!weighted!average!compromise!between!optimistic!and!pessimistic!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
Hurwicz!criterion!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
Hurwicz!criterion!!
!! !
Question!13!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
verestimating!probability!of!a!diagnosis!when!the!correct!diagnosis!is!
already!known!Answer!! !! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
Hindsight!error!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Hindsight!error!!
!! !
Question!14!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
“The!process!of!systematically!finding,!appraising,!and!using!
contemporaneous!research!findings!as!the!basis!for!clinical!decisions”!is!called!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!Systematic!review!!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Systematic!review!!!
!! !
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Question!15!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Considers!all!the!payoffs!for!each!alternative!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!Laplace!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Laplace!!
!! !
Question!16!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!essence!of!decision!making!is:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
choosing!between!alternatives.!Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
choosing!between!alternatives.!!
!! !
Question!17!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Decision!analyses!always!require!comparison!of!at!least!two!clinical!
strategies.!ne!strategy!ought!to!contain!advantages!and!countervailing!
disadvantages.!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!18!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
In!decision!tree!models!for!prognosis,!every!tree!contains!terminal!nodes!
that!represent!“subsequent!prognosis”!for!a!particular!combination!of!
patient!characteristics!and!events.!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!19!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Any!problem!that!can!be!represented!in!a!decision!table!can!also!be!
graphically!illustrated!in!a:!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
decision!tree.! !!!
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Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!decision!tree.!
!
Question!20!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!decision!making!methods!are!deterministic!except:!!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!Markov!!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
Markov!!!
!! !
Question!21!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
For!the!study!of!a!terminal!illness!such!as!HIV,!a!common!constraint!for!the!
Markov!process!is!that!state!transitions!are!irreversible!and!sequential.!!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!22!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
DecisionOanalytic!models!must!be!sufficiently!complex!to!incorporate!the!
important!events!and!values,!yet!sufficiently!simple!to!be!understandable.!!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!23!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Which!of!the!following!is!(are)!types!of!decisionOmaking!environments?!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
All!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
All!of!the!above!!
!! !
Question!24!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!number!of!patients!that!need!to!be!treated!with!the!technique!being!
investigated!to!prevent!an!unwanted!outcome.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!!! !
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Number!needed!to!treat!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!Number!needed!to!treat!
!
Question!25!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
In!influence!diagram,!squares!or!rectangles!depict!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
decision!nodes!!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
decision!nodes!!!
!! !
Question!26!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Conventional!decision!analysis!models!assumptions!include!all!the!following!
except:!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
Timing!of!events!is!important!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Timing!of!events!is!important!!
!! !
Question!27!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!point!!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!chance!determines!which!outcome!will!occur.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
Chance!node!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
Chance!node!!
!! !
Question!28!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!point!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!several!choices!are!possible.!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
Decision!node!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!Decision!node!
!
!! !
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Question!29!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Decision!making!situations!can!be!categorized!along!a!scale!which!ranges!
from:!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
Certainty!to!risk!to!uncertainty!to!ambiguity!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
Certainty!to!risk!to!uncertainty!to!ambiguity!!
!! !
Question!30!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
In!influence!diagram,!decision!nodes!are!depicted!as!!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!squares!or!rectangles!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
squares!or!rectangles!!
!! !
Sunday,!April!21,!2013!8:11:22!AM!EDT!
!
Question!1!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!essence!of!decision!making!is:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
choosing!between!alternatives.!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
choosing!between!alternatives.!!
!! !
Question!2!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!point!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!several!choices!are!possible.!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
Decision!node!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Decision!node!!
!! !
Question!3!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
In!Markov!model,!all!events!of!interest!are!modeled!as!!!! !
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Answer!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
transitions!from!one!state!to!another!!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
transitions!from!one!state!to!another!!!
!! !
Question!4!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!criteria!of!Expected!Monetary!Value!is!used!for!making!decisions!under!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!
!! !
Question!5!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!are!components!of!a!decision!problem!except:!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!significance!level!!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
significance!level!!!
!! !
Question!6!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
The!fact!that!the!data!are!censored!does!not!imply!that!only!intermediate!
endpoints!are!observed!or!that!complete!information!regarding!disease!states!is!unavailable!for!all!patients.!!!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!7!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Choosing!riskier!treatments!when!they!are!described!in!negative!(e.g.,!mortality)!rather!than!positive!(e.g.,!survival)!terms.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
Framing!bias!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
Framing!bias!!
!! !
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Question!8!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Providing!more!detail!of!an!event!increases!its!judged!probability.!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!Description!bias!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Description!bias!!
!! !
Question!9!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!are!advantages!of!decision!trees!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!!
!! !
Question!10!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Decision!analyses!always!require!comparison!of!at!least!two!clinical!
strategies.!ne!strategy!ought!to!contain!advantages!and!countervailing!
disadvantages.!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!11!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!state!of!a!Markov!model!may!be!defined!as!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
a!or!b!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
a!or!b!!
!! !
Question!12!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!point!!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!chance!determines!which!outcome!will!
occur.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!!! !
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Chance!node!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!Chance!node!
!
Question!13!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
A!probability!model!that!predicts!the!conditional!probability!of!one!event!
given!the!occurrence!of!another!event!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
Bayes’!theorem!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
Bayes’!theorem!!
!! !
Question!14!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
In!influence!diagram,!decision!nodes!are!depicted!as!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
squares!or!rectangles!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
squares!or!rectangles!!
!! !
Question!15!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
EMV!refers!to!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
expected!monetary!value!!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!expected!monetary!value!!
!
!! !
Question!16!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!decision!making!methods!are!deterministic!except:!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!Markov!!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Markov!!!
!! !
Question!17!!
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4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!process!of!choosing!from!a!number!of!hypothetical!clinical!paradigms!by!
comparing!them!in!terms!of!modelObased!probabilistic!outcomes!is!often!
referred!to!as!!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
decision!analysis!!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
decision!analysis!!!
!! !
Question!18!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Markov!process!terminates!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!states.!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!19!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
verestimating!probability!of!a!diagnosis!when!the!correct!diagnosis!is!
already!known!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!Hindsight!error!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
Hindsight!error!!
!! !
Question!20!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!decision!problem!is!characterized!by!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
all!of!the!above!!!
!! !
Question!21!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
In!a!state!transition!diagram!each!state!is!represented!by!a!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
circle!! !!!
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Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!circle!!
!
Question!22!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!good!decision!always!implies!that!we!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!have!followed!a!logical!process.!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
have!followed!a!logical!process.!!
!! !
Question!23!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!number!of!patients!that!need!to!be!treated!with!the!technique!being!
investigated!to!prevent!an!unwanted!outcome.!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
Number!needed!to!treat!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
Number!needed!to!treat!!
!! !
Question!24!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
For!the!study!of!a!terminal!illness!such!as!HIV,!a!common!constraint!for!the!
Markov!process!is!that!state!transitions!are!irreversible!and!sequential.!!Answer!! !! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!25!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Any!problem!that!can!be!represented!in!a!decision!table!can!also!be!
graphically!illustrated!in!a:!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
decision!tree.!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!decision!tree.!
!
!! !
Question!26!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Decision!analyses!!! !
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Answer!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
a!and!b!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
a!and!b!!
!! !
Question!27!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!commonly!used!representation!of!Markov!processes!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
State!transition!diagram!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
State!transition!diagram!!
!! !
Question!28!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Markov!models!are!particularly!useful!when!a!decision!problem!involves!a!
risk!that!is!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
ongoing!over!time!!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
ongoing!over!time!!!
!! !
Question!29!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Markov!chain!is!a!special!type!of!Markov!process!in!which!the!transition!probabilities!are!constant!over!time.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!30!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Decision!analysis!is!appropriate!for!events!that!reoccur!throughout!a!lifetime.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
!
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Question)1))
)
) )
)
Anything)that)increases)the)duration)of)the)disease)or)clinical)finding)in)a)patient)will)decrease)the)
chance)that)patient)will)be)identified)in)a)prevalence)study.)))
Answer)))) )
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
)
) )
)
Cumulative)incidence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in))
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )a.)) )
80%)of)people)will)experience)back)pain)sometime)in)their)lifetime)
) )
)
)) )
Question)3))
)
) )
)
An)epidemic)curve)can)provide)information)on)the)following)characteristics)of)an)outbreak)except)
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )a.)) )
Number)of)microorganisms)involved)
) )
)
)) )
Question)4))
) )
)
The)term,)simple)random)sample,)is)used)when)every)person)has)a)known)(not)necessarily)equal)
probability)of)being)selected.)
Answer)))) )
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Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)5))
)
) )
)
Assume)a)population)of)1,000,000)people)of)who)100)are)sick)with)disease)X),)and)in)2008,)50)die)
from)the)disease.)The)case)fatality)rate=))
Answer)))) )
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
50/100)
)
)) )
Question)6))
)
) )
)
In)the)study)of)an)outbreak)of)an)infectious)disease,)plotting)an)epidemic)curve)is)useful)because))
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
a)and)c)
) )
)
)) )
Question)7))
)
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)moderate)
dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years)from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)UK)(140)with)
dementia),)39)healthy)controls.)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)months.)Dementia)
participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personyears)than)controls)(1023/1000)
personyears.)The)design)of)the)study)is)known)as)
Answer))
)) )
Correct)Answer:) )a.)) )
prospective)cohort) )) )
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) )
)
Question)8))
4)out)of)4)points)
))
)
A)study)was)conducted)to)assess)a)new)surgical)procedure)designed)to)reduce)the)incidence)of)
postoperative)complications.)The)incidence)of)complications)was)found)to)be)40%)in)25)patients)
having)the)new)procedure)and)60%)for)20)patients)having)the)old)procedure.)This)difference)is)not)
statistically)significant.)Thus,)it)may)be)concluded)that))
Answer))
)) )
Correct)
Answer:)
)d.)))
The)evidence)is)insufficient)to)demonstrate)that)the)new)procedure)is)effective)in)reducing)postoperative)complications.)
)
)) )
Question)9))
)
) )
)
When)epidemic)curve)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual)downward)slope,)the)type)of)
outbreak)can)be)identified)as))
Answer)))) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
point)source)
)
)) )
Question)10))
)
) )
)
Is)incidence)or)prevalence)more)useful)in)planning)services)for)people)with)motor)neuron)disease)in)a)
community?)
Answer)))) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Prevalence) )) )
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) )
)
Question)11))
)
) )
)
The)incidence)of)sjogren's)syndrome)is)5/10,000)years,)and)the)prevalence)is)about)9/1000.)On)
average,)how)many)years)does)this)disease)last?))
Answer)))) )
Correct)Answer:) )a.)) )
18)
)
)) )
Question)12))
)
) )
)
A)highly)effective)new)drug)was)recently)discovered)for)treating)a)form)of)cancer)that)previously)had)
been)fatal.)Which)of)the)following)measures)would)NOT)be)affected)by)the)widespread)use)of)this)
new)drug?))
Answer))
)) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Incidence)of)this)cancer))
) )
)
)) )
Question)13))
) )
)
The)difference)between)a)common)point)source)outbreak)and)a)propagated)outbreak)of)illness)is)that))
Answer)) )) )
Correct)
Answer:)
)d.)))
all)cases)in)a)common)point)source)outbreak)occur)within)one)incubation)period)of)
the)exposure))) )
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) )
)
Question)14))
)
) )
)
The)proportion)of)people)having)a)disease)who)die)of)it)is)called)
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
case)fatality)rate)
)
)) )
Question)15))
)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)is)characteristic)of)common)source)outbreak?)
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
none)of)the)above))
)
)) )
Question)16))
)
) )
)
An)investigation)of)an)outbreak)of)diarrhea)revealed)that)the)proportion)of)cases)eating)in)restaurant)
A)was)85%,)in)restaurant)B)was)15%,)and)in)restaurant)C)was)55%,)and)the)proportion)consuming)
public)water)was)95%.)Which)of)the)following)statements)is)correct?)
Answer))
)) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Similar)data)on)a)well)group)must)be)collected)to)reach)a)valid)conclusion.)
) )
)
)) )
Question)17))
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)
) )) ) ) ) )
)
The)fraction)of)a)group)of)people)possessing)a)clinical)condition)or)outcome)at)a)single)point)in)
time)is)
Answer))) ) )
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
point)prevalence)
)
) ) )
Question)18))
)
) )
)
A)cardiologist)with)an)interest)in)preventive)medicine)wishes)to)know)the)proportion)of)seniors)living)
in)a)nursing)home)who)have)hypertension.)On)December)10th,)his)research)nurse)reviews)the)
medical)records)of)all)the)seniors)at)the)nursing)home,)interviews)all)the)seniors,)and)measures)their)
blood)pressure.)Each)senior)is)then)classified)as)having)hypertension)or)not)having)hypertension)on)
that)day.)What)measure)of)disease)frequency)best)describes)the)resulting)proportion?)
Answer))
)) )
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Point)prevalence))
) )
)
)) )
Question)19))
) )
)
All)the)following)statements)about)prevalence)and)incidence)are)true)except))
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Prevalence)always)requires)a)duration)
) )
)
)) )
Question)20))
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)
) )
)
Have)you)ever)had)health)condition?)The)data)generated)by)this)question)pertain)to))
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
lifetime)prevalence)
) )
)
)) )
Question)21))
)
) )
)
With)measures)of)incidence,)time)is)assumed)to)be)instantaneous.)
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
) )
)
)) )
Question)22))
)
) )
)
The)time)between)the)exposure)and)the)peak)of)the)epidemic)curve)represents))
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
the)median)incubation)period)
) )
)
)) )
Question)23))
)
) )
)
Select)the)most)appropriate)explanation)for)prevalence)rate.)
)) )
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Answer))
Correct)
Answer:)
)e.)))
the)number)of)patients)who)have)the)disease)at)a)particular)time,)divided)by)the)
population)at)risk)of)having)the)disease)at)that)time.))
) )
)
)) )
Question)24))
)
) )
)
A)researcher)is)interested)in)recording)the)number)of)individuals)in)a)particular)geographic)region)
who)have)a)common)cold)at)some)point)during)the)month)of)February)2007.)Which)of)the)following)
measures)of)morbidity)would)be)most)appropriate)in)answering)this)question?))
Answer))
)) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Period)prevalence))
) )
)
)) )
Question)25))
)
) )
)
The)epidemic)curve)in)common)source)outbreak)
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
has)irregular)peaks)that)reflect)the)timing)and)the)extent)of)exposure))
) )
)
)) )
Question)26))
4)out)of)4)points)
))
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)
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)moderate)
dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years)from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)UK)(140)with)
dementia),)39)healthy)controls.)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)months.)Dementia)
participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personyears)than)controls)(1023/1000)
personyears.)The)exposure)in)this)cohort)is)
Answer))
)) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.))dementia))
)
)) )
Question)27))
4)out)of)4)points)
))
)
Outbreak)with)point)source)exposure)typically)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual)downward)
slope.))
Answer)))) )
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
) )
)
)) )
Question)28))
)
) )
)
The)term)pandemic)is)used)to)describe)a)
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
widely)spread)disease)
) )
)
)) )
Question)29))
)
) )
)
Age) Annual)Incidence) Duration)
)) )
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05) )))))6/1,000) 4.8))years)
616) )))))3/1,000) 10.7)years)
1744) )))))2/1,000) 13.0)years)
4564) )))))1/1,000) 33.0)years)
The)age)group)with)the)highest)prevalence)is)
Answer))
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
4564))
) ))
)) )
Question)30))
)
) )
)
The)strength)of)the)evidence)as)obtained)by)prevalence)studies)is))
Answer)) )) )
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
weak)
)
)) )
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies may raise promising hypotheses about risk, prognosis, treatment,
and prevention. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
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The term, simple random sample, is used when every person has a known (notnecessarily equal) probability of being selected. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer: False
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
Select the most appropriate explanation for prevalence rate. Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
the number of patients who have the disease at a particular time, divided
by the population at risk of having the disease at that time.)
Correct
Answer:a.
the number of patients who have the disease at a particular time, divided
by the population at risk of having the disease at that time.)
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for estimating the pretest probability of disease beforediagnostic testing.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
A study was conducted to assess a new surgical procedure designed to reduce the
incidence of postoperative complications. The incidence of complications was foundto be 40% in 25 patients having the new procedure and 60% for 20 patients having the
old procedure. This difference is not statistically significant. Thus, it may beconcluded thatAnswer
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Selected
Answer:b.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure iseffective in reducing postoperative complications.
Correct
Answer:
b.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure is
effective in reducing postoperative complications.
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
The incidence of sjogren's syndrome is 5/10,000 years, and the prevalence is about 9/1000. On average,
how many years does this disease last?
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
18
Correct Answer:a.
18
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderatedementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with
dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia
participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 person-
years). The incidence density ratio is approximately
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
9
Correct Answer:d.
9
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
Outbreak with point source exposure typically shows a sharp upward slope and agradual downward slope.Answer
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Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 9
0 out of 4 points
A group of people who have something in common at the beginning of follow-up
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
Cohort
Correct Answer:b.
Cohort
• Question 10
0 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for studies of cause and effect. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
A cohort is a group of people who are a random sample of a defined population. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Cumulative incidence is the appropriate measure to use in
Answer
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Selected Answer:a.
80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
Correct Answer:a.
80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
The fraction of a group of people possessing a clinical condition or outcome at a single point in time is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
point prevalence
Correct Answer: d.point prevalence
• Question 14
0 out of 4 points
Which)of)the)following)is)a)measure)of)the)strength)of)association?)
Answer
Selected Answer:
e.None of the above
Correct Answer:e.
None of the above
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
Every measure of disease frequency necessarily contains some indication of time.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 16
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0 out of 4 points
In a probability sample, every individual in the population has an equal probability of
being selected.Answer
Correct Answer: False
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
All the following statements about prevalence and incidence are true except
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Prevalence always requires a duration
Correct Answer:e.
Prevalence always requires a duration
• Question 18
0 out of 4 points
The)two)main)determinants)of)disease)prevalence)are)incidence)rate)and)duration)of)
illness.)
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 19
0 out of 4 points
Which of the following statements regarding the measurement of health and disease in
a population is true? Answer
Correct
Answer:a.
a rate is the number of times an event has occurred during a certain timeinterval divided by the number of persons at risk during the same
interval.
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• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
Anything that increases the duration of the disease or clinical finding in a patient will
decrease the chance that patient will be identified in a prevalence study.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
Attack rate is a type of Answer
Selected Answer:a.
cumulative incidence
Correct Answer:a.
cumulative incidence
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
Is incidence or prevalence more useful in understanding your risk of getting lung
cancer?
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Incidence
Correct Answer:a.
Incidence
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Question 23
4 out of 4 points
A sum of instances of a particular disease within the given population at a certain point in time is called
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
prevalence
Correct Answer:b.
prevalence
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
Assume a population of 50,000 people of whom 50 are sick with disease ‘B’, and in
2010, 10 die from the disease. The case-fatality rate equals
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
0.2
Correct Answer:d.
0.2
•
• Question 25
0 out of 4 points
The time between the exposure and the peak of the epidemic curve representsAnswer
Correct Answer:b.
the median incubation period
•
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Question 26
0 out of 4 points
The duration of disease x is 18 years, and the prevalence is about 9/1000. The incidence of the disease=
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
5/10,000
Correct Answer:c.
5/10,000
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
Which of the following is characteristic of common source outbreak?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
none of the above
Correct Answer:e.
none of the above
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
The strength of the evidence as obtained by prevalence studies is
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
weak
Correct Answer:c.
weak
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Question 29
0 out of 4 points
A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate
dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 withdementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia
participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 person-
years). The exposure in this cohort is
Answer
Correct Answer:b. dementia
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate
dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with
dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia
participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 person-
years). The rate 9118/1000 person-years is called
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
incidence density
Correct Answer:e.
incidence density
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
The strength of the evidence as obtained by prevalence studies is))
Answer)
Selected)Answer: )d.)))
weak
Correct)Answer: )d.)))
weak
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• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
Is incidence or prevalence more useful in planning services for people with motor
neuron disease in a community?
Answer)
Selected)Answer: )a.)))
Prevalence
Correct)Answer: )a.)))
Prevalence
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
The)incidence)of)sjogren's)syndrome)is)5/10,000)years,)and)the)prevalence)is)about)9/1000.)
On)average,)how)many)years)does)this)disease)last?))
Answer)
Selected)Answer: )a.)))
18
Correct)Answer: )a.)))
18
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Question 4
The)calculated)risk)of)acquiring)a)new)state)(e.g.)becoming)sick)within)a)certain)timeframe,)which)is)
best)represented)as)a)rate)with)a)denominator)is)known)as)
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )c.)))
incidence
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
Outbreak with point source exposure typically shows a sharp upward slope and a
gradual downward slope. )
Answer)
Selected)Answer:) )True
Correct)Answer:) )True
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
The term pandemic is used to describe a
Answer)
Selected)Answer: )b.)))
widely spread disease
Correct)Answer: )b.)))
widely spread disease
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• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies may raise promising hypotheses about risk, prognosis, treatment,
and prevention.)
Answer)
Selected)Answer:) )True
Correct)Answer:) )True
• Question 8
100 males and 100 females who were not infected by malaria at Week 0 were followed up for 25 weeks
and weekly checked for malaria infection. The result was shown in this graph. What does the graph
indicate?
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )b.)))
Malaria incidence was higher in female than in male.
Question 9
4 out of 4 points
Outbreak with propagated exposure can last longer than common source outbreaks. )
Answer)
Selected)Answer:) )True
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Question 10
4 out of 4 points
The)epidemic)curve)in)common)source)outbreak)
Answer)
Selected)Answer: )d.)))
has)irregular)peaks)that)reflect)the)timing)and)the)extent)of)exposure)
Correct)Answer: )d.)))
has)irregular)peaks)that)reflect)the)timing)and)the)extent)of)exposure)
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
A group of people who have something in common at the beginning of follow-up))
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )b.))Cohort)
Question 12
Point source outbreak is spread from person to person.)
Answer)
Correct)Answer:) )False
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• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
In)calculating)cumulative)incidence,)the)denominator)is)the)total)population)(at)risk)or)
not)in)the)study. )
Answer)
Selected)Answer:) )False
Correct)Answer:) )False
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
A)measure)describes)cases)that)were)present)at)any)time)during)a)specified)period)of)time)is)called)
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )a.)))
period)prevalence
Question 15
Incidence)density)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in))
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )e.)))
About)2%)of)the)U.S.)workforce)is)compensated)for)back)injuries)each)year
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• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
Attack rate is a type of point prevalence. )
Answer)
Selected)Answer:) )False
Correct)Answer:) )False
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
Have)you)ever)had)health)condition?)The)data)generated)by)this)question)pertain)to))
Answer)
Selected)Answer: )e.)))
lifetime)prevalence
Correct)Answer: )e.)))
lifetime)prevalence
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
A cohort is a group of people who are a random sample of a defined population.)
Answer)
Correct)Answer:) )False
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• Question 19
0 out of 4 points
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)moderate)
dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years)from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)UK)(140)with)
dementia),)39)healthy)controls.)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)months.)Dementia)
participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personyears)than)controls)(1023/1000)
personyears.)The)design)of)the)study)is)known)as)
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )a.))prospective)cohort)
Question 20
Age Annual Incidence Duration
0-5 6/1,000 4.8 years
6-16 3/1,000 10.7 years
17-44 2/1,000 13.0 years
45-64 1/1,000 33.0 years
The prevalence of the disease in age group ‘6-16’ isAnswer)
Correct)Answer: )d.)))
32/1,000
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Question 21
0 out of 4 points
A)retrospective)cohort)study)was)conducted)from)1998)to)2006)to)examine)the)value)of)combining)
fasting)plasma)glucose)(FPG)and)glycated)haemoglobin)(HbA1c)as)a)predictor)of)diabetes.)There)
were)368)cases)in)10,042)persons)(55,884)personyears.)The)incidence)density)is)
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )b.))368/55,884)
Question 22
0 out of 4 points
Period)prevalence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in))
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )c.)))
15%45%)of)adults)have)back)pain)at)some)time)in)any)year
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
The number of people diagnosed with disease A each year will double. The death rates from
disease A continue to fall about 1 percent. The prevalence of disease A will Answer)
Correct)Answer: )d.)))
increase
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Question 24
4 out of 4 points
Cross-sectional studies are useful for studies of chronic diseases. )
Answer)
Correct)Answer:) )True
• Question 25
0 out of 4 points
A group of 50 people are exposed to virus “A”. Of those 50 people, 9 develop a mildinfection, 10 become seriously ill, and 3 die. The attack rate of virus “A” in the population
would be: Answer)
Correct)Answer: )a.)))
22/50
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Question 26
4 out of 4 points
Differentiation between a point-source epidemic and a progressive (propagated) epidemic is
made by))
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )d.)) plotting the distribution of cases by time onset)
• Question 27
0 out of 4 points
Assume a population of 50,000 people of whom 50 are sick with disease ‘B’, and in2010, 10 die from the disease. The mortality rate equals
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )c.)))
0.001
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
Age Annual Incidence Duration
0-5 6/1,000 4.8 years
6-16 3/1,000 10.7 years
17-44 2/1,000 13.0 years
45-64 1/1,000 33.0 years
The age group with the highest prevalence is
Answer)
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Correct)Answer: )b.)))
45-64)
Question 29
4 out of 4 points
A)sum)of)instances)of)a)particular)disease)within)the)given)population)at)a)certain)point)in)
time)is)called)
Answer)
Correct)Answer: )b.)))
prevalence
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
The term, simple random sample, is used when every person has a known (not
necessarily equal) probability of being selected.)
Answer)
Selected)Answer:) )False
Correct)Answer:) )False
Question)1))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)cardiologist)with)an)interest)in)preventive)medicine)wishes)to)know)the)proportion)of)seniors)
living)in)a)nursing)home)who)have)hypertension.)On)December)10th,)his)research)nurse)reviews)
the)medical)records)of)all)the)seniors)at)the)nursing)home,)interviews)all)the)seniors,)and)
measures)their)blood)pressure.)Each)senior)is)then)classified)as)having)hypertension)or)not)
)) )
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having)hypertension)on)that)day.)What)measure)of)disease)frequency)best)describes)the)
resulting)proportion?)
Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Point)prevalence))
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Point)prevalence))
)
)) )
Question)2))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Assume)a)population)of)50,000)people)of)whom)50)are)sick)with)disease)‘B’,)and)in)2010,)10)die)
from)the)disease.))The)mortality)rate)equals)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
0.001)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
0.001)
)
)) )
Question)3))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Age) Annual)Incidence) Duration)
05) )))))6/1,000) 4.8))years)
616) )))))3/1,000) 10.7)years)
1744) )))))2/1,000) 13.0)years)
4564) )))))1/1,000) 33.0)years)
The)prevalence)of)the)disease)in)age)group)‘616’)is))
)) )
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
32/1,000)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
32/1,000)
)
)) )
Question)4))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
100)males)and)100)females)who)were)not)infected)by)malaria)at)Week)0)were)followed)up)for)25)
weeks)and)weekly)checked)for)malaria)infection.)The)result)was)shown)in)this)graph.)What)does)the)
graph)indicate?)
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
A group of 50 people are exposed to virus “A”. Of those 50 people, 9 develop a
mild infection, 10 become seriously ill, and 3 die. The attack rate of virus “A” in the population would be: Answer
Selected Answer:b.
22/50
Correct Answer:b.
22/50
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate
dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with
dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia
participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000
person-years). The rate 9118/1000 person-years is called
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
) ))
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incidence density
Correct Answer:e.
incidence density
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
All the following statements about prevalence and incidence are true except
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Prevalence always requires a duration
Correct Answer:e.
Prevalence always requires a duration
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
A study was conducted to assess a new surgical procedure designed to reduce the
incidence of postoperative complications. The incidence of complications wasfound to be 40% in 25 patients having the new procedure and 60% for 20 patients
having the old procedure. This difference is not statistically significant. Thus, it may
be concluded thatAnswer
Selected
Answer:a.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure is
effective in reducing postoperative complications.
Correct
Answer:a.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure is
effective in reducing postoperative complications.
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
Differentiation between a point-source epidemic and a progressive (propagated)epidemic is made by
Answer
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Selected Answer:d.
plotting the distribution of cases by time onset
Correct Answer:d.
plotting the distribution of cases by time onset
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
The risk of acquiring a disease is measured by
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
incidence rate
Correct Answer:e.
incidence rate
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
The incidence of new cases of diabetes in a population is 2 per 1000 people per year
and the prevalence of diabetes in a population is 7 percent. The duration of the
disease equalsAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
35
Correct Answer:d.
35
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for studies of cause and effect. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
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• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
Cumulative incidence is the appropriate measure to use in
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
Correct Answer:a.
80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate
dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with
dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia
participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000
person-years). The incidence density ratio is approximately
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
9
Correct Answer: d.9
• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
An epidemiologist is interested in the incidence of hepatitis A infection among a population of 1000
students who are known to be at risk for this disease. 500 students were followed for 1 year and
among these students there were 40 cases of hepatitis A. Owing to a school zone change, the
remaining 500 students could only be followed for 6 months and among these students there were 35
cases of hepatitis What is the incidence density of hepatitis A from this study?Answer
Selected Answer:c.
75 per 500 per year
Correct Answer:b.
11 per 100 per year
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• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
The calculated risk of acquiring a new state (e.g. becoming sick) within a certain timeframe, which is
best represented as a rate with a denominator is known as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
incidence
Correct Answer:c.
incidence
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
The difference between a common point source outbreak and a propagated outbreak
of illness is that Answer
Selected
Answer:e.
all cases in a common point source outbreak occur within oneincubation period of the exposure
Correct
Answer: e.all cases in a common point source outbreak occur within oneincubation period of the exposure
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis is 30/100,000 years, and the prevalence is about 1/100. On
average, how many years does this disease last?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
33
Correct Answer:e.
33
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• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
In a probability sample, every individual in the population has an equal probabilityof being selected.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
With measures of incidence, time is assumed to be instantaneous. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
The proportion of patients who suffer a complication of a disease or its treatment is known as
complication
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
rate
Correct Answer:b.
rate
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
100 males and 100 females who were not infected by malaria at Week 0 were followed up for
25 weeks and weekly checked for malaria infection. The result was shown in this graph.
What does the graph indicate?
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Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Malaria incidence was higher in female than in male.
Correct Answer:c.
Malaria incidence was higher in female than in male.
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
A cardiologist with an interest in preventive medicine wishes to know the proportion of seniors
living in a nursing home who have hypertension. On December 10th, his research nurse reviews the
medical records of all the seniors at the nursing home, interviews all the seniors, and measures theirblood pressure. Each senior is then classified as having hypertension or not having hypertension on
that day. What measure of disease frequency best describes the resulting proportion?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Point prevalence
Correct Answer:e.
Point prevalence
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
A group of people who have something in common at the beginning of follow-up
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
Cohort
Correct Answer:b.
Cohort
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
Case fatality rate for a given disease refers toAnswer
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Selected Answer:c.
the percentage of deaths among cases of the disease
Correct Answer:c.
the percentage of deaths among cases of the disease
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
A sum of instances of a particular disease within the given population at a certain point in time is
called
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
prevalence
Correct Answer:b.
prevalence
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
The proportion of people having a disease who die of it is called
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
case fatality rate
Correct Answer:c.
case fatality rate
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
The fraction of a group of people possessing a clinical condition or outcome at a single point in time
is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
point prevalence
Correct Answer:d.
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point prevalence
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
Have you ever had health condition? The data generated by this question pertain to
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
lifetime prevalence
Correct Answer:e.
lifetime prevalence
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for studies that arise and resolve rapidly. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
•Question 27
4 out of 4 points
The actual number of people affected by a condition in a year can be estimated
using
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Prevalence
Correct Answer:
a.Prevalence
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
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A highly effective new drug was recently discovered for treating a form of cancer that
previously had been fatal. Which of the following measures would NOT be affected by
the widespread use of this new drug?Answer
Selected Answer:b.
Incidence of this cancer
Correct Answer:b.
Incidence of this cancer
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
Age Annual Incidence Duration 0-5 6/1,000 4.8 years
6-16 3/1,000 10.7 years
17-44 2/1,000 13.0 years
45-64 1/1,000 33.0 years
The prevalence of the disease in age group ‘6-16’ isAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
32/1,000
Correct Answer:a.
32/1,000
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
In#calculating#cumulative#incidence,#the#denominator#is#the#total#population#(at#
risk#or#not)#in#the#study. Answer
Selected Answer:
FalseCorrect Answer:
False
)
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
Malaria)incidence)was)higher)in)female)than)in)male.))
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Malaria)incidence)was)higher)in)female)than)in)male.))
)
) ))
Question)5))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)is)characteristic)of)common)source)outbreak?)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
none)of)the)above))
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
none)of)the)above))
)
)) )
Question)6))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Select)the)most)appropriate)explanation)for)prevalence)rate.)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)
Answer:)
)a.)))
the)number)of)patients)who)have)the)disease)at)a)particular)time,)divided)by)
the)population)at)risk)of)having)the)disease)at)that)time.))
Correct)
Answer:)
)a.)))
the)number)of)patients)who)have)the)disease)at)a)particular)time,)divided)by)
the)population)at)risk)of)having)the)disease)at)that)time.))
)
)) )
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Question)7))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)incidence)of)sjogren's)syndrome)is)5/10,000)years,)and)the)prevalence)is)about)9/1000.)On)
average,)how)many)years)does)this)disease)last?))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
18)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
18)
)
)) )
Question)8))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)difference)between)a)common)point)source)outbreak)and)a)propagated)outbreak)of)illness)
is)that))
Answer)))) )
Selected)
Answer:)
)c.)))
all)cases)in)a)common)point)source)outbreak)occur)within)one)incubation)
period)of)the)exposure)
Correct)
Answer:)
)c.)))
all)cases)in)a)common)point)source)outbreak)occur)within)one)incubation)
period)of)the)exposure)
)
)) )
Question)9))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)group)of)people)who)have)something)in)common)at)the)beginning)of)followup))
Answer)) )) )
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Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
Cohort)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Cohort)
)
)) )
Question)10))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)calculated)risk)of)acquiring)a)new)state)(e.g.)becoming)sick)within)a)certain)timeframe,)
which)is)best)represented)as)a)rate)with)a)denominator)is)known)as)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
incidence)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
incidence)
)
)) )
Question)11))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)
moderate)dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years)from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)
UK)(140)with)dementia),)39)healthy)controls.)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)
months.)Dementia)participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personyears)than)
controls)(1023/1000)personyears.)The)exposure)in)this)cohort)is)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.))dementia))
Correct)Answer:) )b.))dementia))
)
)) )
Question)12))
4)out)of)4)points)
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) )
)
Crosssectional)studies)are)useful)for)studies)of)chronic)diseases.)))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)13))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Case)fatality)rate)for)a)given)disease)refers)to))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
the)percentage)of)deaths)among)cases)of)the)disease)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
the)percentage)of)deaths)among)cases)of)the)disease)
)
)) )
Question)14))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Point)prevalence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
31)million)American)have)low)back)pain)at)any)given)time)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
30%)of)adults)have)low)back)pain)at)any)given)time)
)
)) )
Question)15))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
The)strength)of)the)evidence)as)obtained)by)prevalence)studies)is))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
weak)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
weak)
)
)) )
Question)16))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Period)prevalence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
15%45%)of)adults)have)back)pain)at)some)time)in)any)year)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
15%45%)of)adults)have)back)pain)at)some)time)in)any)year)
)
)) )
Question)17))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Outbreak)with)point)source)exposure)typically)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual)
downward)slope.))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)18))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
Age) Annual)Incidence) Duration)
05) )))))6/1,000) 4.8))years)
616) )))))3/1,000) 10.7)years)
1744) )))))2/1,000) 13.0)years)
4564) )))))1/1,000) 33.0)years)
The)age)group)with)the)highest)prevalence)is)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
4564))
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
4564))
)
)) )
Question)19))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)
moderate)dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years)from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)UK)(140)with)dementia),)39)healthy)controls.)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)
months.)Dementia)participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personyears)than)
controls)(1023/1000)personyears.)The)design)of)the)study)is)known)as)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
prospective)cohort)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
prospective)cohort)
)
)) )
Question)20))
4)out)of)4)points)
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) )
)
Incidence)density)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
About)2%)of)the)U.S.)workforce)is)compensated)for)back)injuries)each)year)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
About)2%)of)the)U.S.)workforce)is)compensated)for)back)injuries)each)year)
)
)) )
Question)21))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)
moderate)dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years)from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)
UK)(140)with)dementia),)39)healthy)controls.)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)
months.)Dementia)participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personyears)than)
controls)(1023/1000)personyears.)The)rate)9118/1000)personyears)is)called)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
incidence)density)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
incidence)density)
)
)) )
Question)22))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Is)incidence)or)prevalence)more)useful)in)planning)services)for)people)with)motor)neuron)
disease)in)a)community?)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
)) )
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Prevalence)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Prevalence)
)
Question)23))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)study)was)conducted)to)assess)a)new)surgical)procedure)designed)to)reduce)the)incidence)of)
postoperative)complications.)The)incidence)of)complications)was)found)to)be)40%)in)25)
patients)having)the)new)procedure)and)60%)for)20)patients)having)the)old)procedure.)This)
difference)is)not)statistically)significant.)Thus,)it)may)be)concluded)that))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)
Answer:)
)e.)))
The)evidence)is)insufficient)to)demonstrate)that)the)new)procedure)is)
effective)in)reducing)postoperative)complications.)
Correct)
Answer:)
)e.)))
The)evidence)is)insufficient)to)demonstrate)that)the)new)procedure)is)
effective)in)reducing)postoperative)complications.)
)
)) )
Question)24))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)sum)of)instances)of)a)particular)disease)within)the)given)population)at)a)certain)point)in)time)
is)called)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
prevalence)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
prevalence)
)
)) )
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Question)25))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Differentiation)between)a)pointsource)epidemic)and)a)progressive)(propagated)epidemic)is)
made)by))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
plotting)the)distribution)of)cases)by)time)onset)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
plotting)the)distribution)of)cases)by)time)onset)
)
)) )
Question)26))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)1997,)the)JCHBP)changed)its)definition)of)hypertension;)the)old)definition)called)for)the)
treatment)of)people)with)SBP)>=)160,)while)the)new)definition)would)treat)people)with)SBP)>=)
140.)Changing)the)definition)of)hypertention)resulted)in))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
an)increase)in)prevalence)of)hypertension)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
an)increase)in)prevalence)of)hypertension)
)
)) )
Question)27))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Assume)a)population)of)1,000,000)people)of)who)100)are)sick)with)disease)X),)and)in)2008,)50)
die)from)the)disease.)The)case)fatality)rate=))
Answer)))) )
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Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
50/100)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
50/100)
)
)) )
Question)28))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)retrospective)cohort)study)was)conducted)from)1998)to)2006)to)examine)the)value)of)
combining)fasting)plasma)glucose)(FPG)and)glycated)haemoglobin)(HbA1c)as)a)predictor)of)
diabetes.)There)were)368)cases)in)10,042)persons)(55,884)personyears.)The)incidence)density)
is)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
368/55,884)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
368/55,884)
)
)) )
Question)29))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)actual)number)of)people)affected)by)a)condition)in)a)year)can)be)estimated)using))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
Prevalence)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
Prevalence)
)
)) )
Question)30))
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4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
When)epidemic)curve)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual)downward)slope,)the)type)of)
outbreak)can)be)identified)as))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
point)source)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
point)source)
)
)) )
• Question 14 out of 4 points
If we assume that the relative risk reduction associated with statin treatment is 33%, in
patients with an initial risk of 30% the absolute risk will be reduced from 30% to Answer
Selected Answer:c.
20%
Correct Answer:c.
20%
• Question 24 out of 4 points
Case-control studies would be useful for answering all the following questions exceptAnswer
Selected
Answer:d.
What is the incidence of impotence following the use of cholesterol-
lowering drugs?
Correct
Answer:d.
What is the incidence of impotence following the use of cholesterol-
lowering drugs?
• Question 34 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate fromCHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung
cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. Therefore for an individual, smokingwas much more likely to result in death from lung cancer than from CHD.Answer
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Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 44 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate fromCHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. The
relative risk Answer
Selected Answer:d.
1.6
Correct Answer:d.
1.6
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
Measures of absolute, attributable, and relative risks are less frequently encountered inthe clinical literature than are measures of population risk.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 64 out of 4 points
All the followings are disadvantages of cross-sectional studies exceptAnswer
Selected
Answer: b.
Always less generalizable than cohort due to the use of population- based samples, instead of convenient samples.
Correct
Answer: b.
Always less generalizable than cohort due to the use of population- based samples, instead of convenient samples.
• Question 74 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate fromCHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lungcancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. The attributable risk of CHD related
to smoking Answer
Selected Answer:a.
320 per 100 000
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Correct Answer:a.
320 per 100 000
• Question 80 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 30 70 100
No 30 270 300
Total 60 240 400
Incidece of CHD=
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
0.1
Correct Answer: b.
0.15
• Question 94 out of 4 points
The effect of most risk factors in human cannot be studied with experimental studies.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 104 out of 4 points
The incidence of disease A among smokers is 6/10000 and is (5 / 10000) among
nonsmokers. The relative risk for smoking=Answer
Selected Answer:c.
1.2
Correct Answer:c.
1.2
• Question 114 out of 4 points
A design well suited for studying symptoms and signs of a disease isAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
case series
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Correct Answer:a.
case series
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total
Yes No
Yes 10 90 100
No 5 95 100
Total 15 185 200
Risk among smokers=
Answer
Selected Answer:
0.1
Correct Answer:
0.1
• Question 130 out of 4 points
Public health officials believe that they could prevent 10 cases of Hepatitis C per 5,000 interns over a 10-year period by preventing all of their needle stick injuries.
Select the best answer:Answer
Selected
Answer:d.
This is the incidence rate of Hepatitis C in interns with needle stick
injuries.
Correct
Answer:a.
This is the attributable risk of Hepatitis C due to needle stick injuriesin interns.
• Question 144 out of 4 points
A heavy smoker has about 50% chance of getting lung cancer in the next 10 years.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 154 out of 4 points
The excess incidence of disease in a community that is associated with a risk factor Answer
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Selected Answer:a.
population attributable risk
Correct Answer:a.
population attributable risk
• Question 164 out of 4 points
The presence of a strong risk factor indicates that an individual is very likely to get thediseaseAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
False
Correct Answer:a.
False
• Question 174 out of 4 points
If we assume that the relative risk reduction associated with certain treatment is 10%,
in patients with an initial risk of 20% the absolute risk will be reduced from 20% to Answer
Selected Answer: b.
18%
Correct Answer: b.
18%
• Question 184 out of 4 points
The excess incidence of disease in a community that is associated with a risk factor Answer
Selected Answer:a.
population attributable risk
Correct Answer:a.
population attributable risk
• Question 194 out of 4 points
Most studies of risk are observational studies and are either cross-sectional or caseseriesAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
False
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Correct Answer: b.
False
• Question 204 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total
Yes No
Yes 10 90 100
No 5 95 100
Total 15 185 200
Risk among nonsmokers=
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
0.05
Correct Answer:a.
0.05
• Question 214 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true exceptAnswer
Selected
Answer:d.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to prevent the disease.
Correct
Answer:d.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to prevent the disease.
• Question 224 out of 4 points
A measure suitable for policy decision Answer
Selected Answer:
a.attributable risk
Correct Answer:a.
attributable risk
• Question 230 out of 4 points
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The odds ratio (OR) is the
Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
ratio of the odds of the exposure in the disease group, to the odds of thedisease in the unexposed group.
Correct
Answer:c.
ratio of the odds of the disease in the group exposed to the factor, to theodds of the disease in the unexposed group.
• Question 244 out of 4 points
Population attributable risk is the excess incidence of disease in a community that is
associated with a risk factor.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 254 out of 4 points
The prevalence of a disease at a point in time is a function of incidence and duration. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 264 out of 4 points
In a series of 1000 women with breast cancer, 32 were pregnant. From this we can
conclude: Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were
pregnant
Correct Answer:c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were pregnant
• Question 274 out of 4 points
Incidence studies are also called Answer
Selected Answer:e.
a and b
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Correct Answer:e.
a and b
• Question 284 out of 4 points
All of the following statements are true about both prospective and retrospectivecohort studies except:Answer
Selected Answer:d.
They allow investigators to decide beforehand what data to collect
Correct Answer:d.
They allow investigators to decide beforehand what data to collect
• Question 294 out of 4 points
The number of times that exposed persons are more likely to get the disease relative tononexposed is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
relative risk
Correct Answer: b.
relative risk
• Question 304 out of 4 points
If we assume that the relative risk reduction associated with certain treatment is 50%,in patients with an initial risk of 50% the absolute risk will be reduced from 50% to
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
25%
Correct Answer:a.
25%
)
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• Question 14 out of 4 points
Ideally, no association should be accepted as causal until it has been repeatedlyandindependently confirmed.Answer
Selected Answer: True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 20 out of 4 points
The lack of scientific plausibility should deter us from inferring causality.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 3
0 out of 4 points
Which of the following factors is necassary to have coronary artery disease?Answer
Selected Answer:c.
cigarette smoking and heridity
Correct Answer:e.
none of the above
• Question 40 out of 4 points
Demonstrating a dose response relationshipAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
is strong evidence for cause
Correct Answer:d.
both a and b
• Question 50 out of 4 points
In the formula, "If x happens, then y always happens," x is a __________ condition for y. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Necessary
Correct Answer:a.
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Necessary
• Question 64 out of 4 points
For high RR estimates (say ≥5.0) small numbers may be sufficient to set
confidence limits that exclude 1.0.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 74 out of 4 points
Confounding can either suppress or inflate an association. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer: True
• Question 80 out of 4 points
A factor which is indispensible and must have occurred if a specifiable state of
affairs has occurred is a __________ condition. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Contradictory
Correct Answer:d.
Necessary
• Question 94 out of 4 points
Which of the following would strengthen your sense that cell phones are or arenot related to brain tumors?Answer
Selected Answer:d.
All of the above
Correct Answer:d.
All of the above
• Question 100 out of 4 points
Studies in which exposure to a risk factor is characterized by the averageexposure of the group to which individuals belong are calledAnswer
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Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer: b.
ecological
• Question 11 0 out of 4 points
Which of the following criteria of causality is satisfied ; when several studies,conducted at different times in different settings and with different kinds of
patients, all come to the same conclusion?Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Specificity
Correct Answer:e.
Consistency
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Exposure to benzene is __________ for causing leukemia. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Sufficient
Correct Answer:c.
Sufficient
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Coronary artery disease has multiple causes, includingAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
Lack of temporal sequence is powerful evidence against causeAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
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true
• Question 150 out of 4 points
The suspected cause and the effect must be associated if they are to be
considered as causally related.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
false
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 160 out of 4 points
Many studies conducted in various geographic regions and with differing study
methods report areduced rate of infection associated with implementation of hygiene intervention programs. Which causality criterion is satisfied here?
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Analogy
Correct Answer:a.
Consistency
• Question 170 out of 4 points
When more than one cause acts together, the resulting risk may be greater or less than would be expected by simply combining the effects of the separatecauses. This phenomenon is known asAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
biologic plausibility
Correct Answer:d.
interaction
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
Unrecognized bias could account for small relative risks but is unlikely to
result in large ones.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
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Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 190 out of 4 points
OR is defined as the odds of Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
exposure among the diseased as compared with those of thenon-diseased.
Correct
Answer:d.
disease among the exposed as compared with those of the
unexposed.
• Question 20
0 out of 4 points
Radiation exposure is a __________ exposure for causing leukemia. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Necessary
Correct Answer:c.
Sufficient
• Question 210 out of 4 points
Does 1 cause have a single effect? Which causality criterion is referred to inthis question?
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Coherence
Correct Answer:c.
Specificity
• Question 224 out of 4 points
The confidence interval provides information on the precision of the point
estimate (RR, IDR, or OR) and the magnitude of the association.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 230 out of 4 points
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The presence or absence of a dose-response effect may not necessarily beevidence of causality. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer: True
• Question 244 out of 4 points
The main bias afflicting ecological studies isAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
ecological fallacy
Correct Answer:c.
ecological fallacy
• Question 254 out of 4 points
Antagonism occurs when the joint effect is less than the sum of the effects of individual causes.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 260 out of 4 points
An alternative to estimation of the relative risk (RR) and its confidence
interval (CI) is to estimate
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Clinical significance
Correct Answer:e.
Statistical significance
• Question 270 out of 4 points
In both follow-up and case-control studies the single most important
determinant of power is
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
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alpha level
Correct Answer:a.
number of exposed cases
• Question 28 0 out of 4 points
The OR, generated when the study design used is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Cohort
Correct Answer:c.
Case-control
• Question 294 out of 4 points
The further one departs from randomized trials, the more the research design
protects against possible biases.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
false
Correct Answer: b.
false
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
The probability of disease in the exposed group as compared with that in
the unexposed group. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
RR
Correct Answer:a.
RR
• Question 1
0 out of 4 points
A phenomenon occurs when the strength of the relationship between twovariables is different according to the level of some third variableAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
synergism
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Correct Answer:c.
effect modification
• Question 24 out of 4 points
Cause is defined as anything producing an effect or a resultAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 30 out of 4 points
High fat diet is a __________ factor for having certain kind of cancer.
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Sufficient
Correct Answer:a.
Contributing
• Question 44 out of 4 points
For high RR estimates (say ≥5.0) small numbers may be sufficient to setconfidence limits that exclude 1.0.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 54 out of 4 points
The further one departs from randomized trials, the more the research design
protects against possible biases.Answer
Selected Answer: b.
false
Correct Answer: b.
false
• Question 60 out of 4 points
Example of causation in the absence of a dose-response effect
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Answer
Selected Answer:e.
BMI and MI
Correct Answer:d.
Allergy to beestings
• Question 70 out of 4 points
The risk of developing diarrhea among those who were exposed to an eggsalad contaminated with Salmonella compared with the risk among those who
were not exposed. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
OR
Correct Answer: d.
RR
• Question 80 out of 4 points
Unrecognized bias could account for small relative risks but is unlikely to
result in large ones.Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:
a.true
• Question 90 out of 4 points
Which of the following does not belong to Koch postulates
Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
the organism does not occur in other diseases as a
nonpathogenic agent.
Correct
Answer: d.the organism does not mutate, reproduce outside the culture
media.
• Question 104 out of 4 points
Radiation exposure is a __________ exposure for causing leukemia. Answer
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Selected Answer:c.
Sufficient
Correct Answer:c.
Sufficient
• Question 114 out of 4 points
Antagonism occurs when the joint effect is less than the sum of the effects of
individual causes.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Coronary artery disease has multiple causes, includingAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 130 out of 4 points
When more than one cause acts together, the resulting risk may be greater or
less than would be expected by simply combining the effects of the separatecauses. This phenomenon is known asAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
biologic plausibility
Correct Answer:d.
interaction• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
The probability of disease in the exposed group as compared with that in
the unexposed group. Answer
Selected Answer:d.
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RR
Correct Answer:d.
RR
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Reversible associations are strong, but not perfect, evidence of a causalrelationship.Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 16 0 out of 4 points
Loss to follow-up is a type of selection bias in a
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
prevalence study
Correct Answer:a.
cohort study
• Question 17
0 out of 4 points
Is there a 1-to-1 relationship between “cause” and “effect?” Which causality
criterion is referred to in this question?
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Strength
Correct Answer:e.
Specificity
• Question 18
0 out of 4 points
The evidence that oral contraceptives cause VTE and myocardial infarction (insmokers), for example, might be invoked as evidence to support the claim that
they also cause strokes. This criteria of causality is called
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Biological plausibility
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Correct Answer: b.
Analogy
• Question 194 out of 4 points
The confidence interval provides information on the precision of the pointestimate (RR, IDR, or OR) and the magnitude of the association.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 200 out of 4 points
Research designs are ordered in terms of strength (strongest to weakest) asfollows:Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Randomized trial, case-control, cohort, cross-sectional
Correct Answer:a.
Randomized trial, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional
• Question 214 out of 4 points
AIDS cannot occur without exposure to HIVAnswer
Selected Answer: a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 220 out of 4 points
High fat diet is a __________ factor for having heart disease. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Necessary
Correct Answer:d.
Contributing
• Question 230 out of 4 points
Did the “outcome” occur after the “cause” was introduced? Which causality
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criterion is referred to in this question?
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Specificity
Correct Answer:a.
Temporality
• Question 244 out of 4 points
The presence or absence of a dose-response effect may not necessarily be
evidence of causality. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 250 out of 4 points
High fat diet is a __________ factor for having diabetes. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Necessary
Correct Answer:a.
Contributing
• Question 260 out of 4 points
An apparent association that does not exist in nature could be merely due toAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
measurement bias
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 274 out of 4 points
Lack of temporal sequence is powerful evidence against causeAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
true
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Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 284 out of 4 points
The best evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship come from randomizedcontrolled trials withAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
all of the above
• Question 290 out of 4 points
The main bias afflicting ecological studies isAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
non-random bias
Correct Answer:c.
ecological fallacy
• Question 300 out of 4 points
In the formula, "If x happens, then y always happens," x is a __________
condition for y. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Necessary
Correct Answer: b.
Necessary
Question)1))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Cause)is)defined)as)anything)producing)an)effect)or)a)result)Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
True)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))True)
)
)) )
Question)2))
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4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Lack)of)biologic)plausibility)is)a)strong)evidence)against)causal)association.)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
false)Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
false))
)) )
Question)3))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)probability)of)disease)in)the)exposed)group)as)compared)with)that)in)the)) unexposed)group.))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
RR)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
RR))
)) )
Question)4))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)drawback)to)p)values)is)that)they)do)not)provide)direct)insight)into)the)magnitude)of)the)association)or)into)the)extent)that)a)RR)point)estimate)may)
vary)by)chance)if)the)same)study)were)to)be)repeated.))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
Question)5))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Do)the)studies)concerning)health)and)hygiene)show)a)persistent)association)
with)different)study)designs,)populations,)at)different)times,)or)geographic)
areas)and)according)to)various)study)investigators?))Which)causality)
criterion)is)appropriate)for)this)question?)Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
Consistency)Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
Consistency))
)) )
Question)6))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
An)estimate)that)measures)the)rate)with)which)new)cases)of)disease)occur)in)
the)exposed)relative)to)the)unexposed.) )))
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
IDR)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
IDR))
)) )
Question)7))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Biologic)gradient)refers)to)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
DosePresponse)relation)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
DosePresponse)relation))
)) )
Question)8))0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)a)casePcontrol)study,)patients)with)brain)cancer)and)matched)controls)
without)brain)cancer)were)asked)about)cellPphone)use.)The)estimated)
relative)risk)for)at)least)100)hours)of)use)compared)to)no)or)rare)use)was)1.0)
for)all)types)of)brain)tumors)combined)(95%)confidence)interval,)0.6)to)1.5.)
This)finding)is)consistent)with:)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)
Answer:)
)c.)))
Use)of)cell)phones)is)not)associated)with)protection)of)
development)of)brain)tumors)
Correct)
Answer:)
)e.)))
All)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)9))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)certain)kind)of)cancer.)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Contributing)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Contributing))
)) )
Question)10))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)factor)which)is)indispensible)and)must)have)occurred)if)a)specifiable)state)
of)affairs)has)occurred)is)a)__________)condition.) )))
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
Necessary)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Necessary))
)) )
Question)11))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)would)strengthen)your)sense)that)cell)phones)are)or)
are)not)related)to)brain)tumors?)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
None)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
All)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)12))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)hypertension.)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Contributing)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Contributing))
)) )
Question)13))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
For)high)RR)estimates)(say)≥5.0)small)numbers)may)be)sufficient)to)set)confidence)limits)that)exclude)1.0.)))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
Question)14))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Is)there)a)1PtoP1)relationship)between)“cause”)and)“effect?”)Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Specificity)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Specificity))
)) )
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Question)15))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)both)followPup)and)casePcontrol)studies)the)single)most)important)
determinant)of)power)is))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
number)of)exposed)cases))
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
number)of)exposed)cases)))
)) )
Question)16))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Example)of)causation)in)the)absence)of)a)dosePresponse)effect)Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))Allergy)to)beestings)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
Allergy)to)beestings))
)) )
Question)17))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
All)the)followings)are)true)except:)
Answer)) )))
Selected)
Answer:)
)e.)))
Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal)
relationship))
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal)
relationship)))
)) )
Question)18))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Unrecognized)bias)could)account)for)small)relative)risks)but)is)unlikely)to)
result)in)large)ones.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)19))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
Many)studies)conducted)in)various)geographic)regions)and)with)differing)
study)methods)report)a)reduced)rate)of)infection)associated)with)implementation)of)hygiene)intervention)programs.)Which)causality)criterion)
is)satisfied)here?)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Consistency)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Consistency))
)) )
Question)20))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)evidence)that)oral)contraceptives)cause)VTE)and)myocardial)infarction)
(in)smokers,)for)example,)might)be)invoked)as)evidence)to)support)the)claim)
that)they)also)cause)strokes.)This)criteria)of)causality)is)called)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
Analogy))
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
Analogy)))
)) )
Question)21))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)diabetes.)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))Contributing)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Contributing))
)) )
Question)22))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
By)assessing)effect)modification,)the)investigator)is)able)to)consider)how)risk)factors)work)together)to)cause)disease.)))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)23))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Randomized)controlled)trials)are)well)suited)to)study)risk)factors)of)disease)
Answer)) )))
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Selected)Answer:) )a.)))true)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
false))
)) )
Question)24))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
An)alternative)to)estimation)of)the)relative)risk)(RR)and)its)confidence)
interval)(CI)is)to)estimate)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
Statistical)significance)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
Statistical)significance))
)) )
Question)25))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Analogy)is)weak)evidence)for)cause)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)26))
0)out)of)4)points)) )
)
Antagonism)occurs)when)the)joint)effect)is)less)than)the)sum)of)the)effects)of)
individual)causes.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
false)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)27))
4)out)of)4)points)) )
)
Knowledge)of)strong)risk)factors)is)insufficient)for)effective)treatment)and)
prevention)of)the)disease)unless)the)pathogenetic)mechanism)is)clear.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
false) )))
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Correct)Answer:) )b.)))false)
)
Question)28))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)main)bias)afflicting)ecological)studies)is))Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))ecological)fallacy)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
ecological)fallacy))
)) )
Question)29))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)absence)of)specificity)is)weak)evidence)against)a)causePandPeffect)
relationship.)Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)30))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Radiation)exposure)is)a)__________)exposure)for)causing)leukemia.)
Answer)) )))Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Sufficient)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Sufficient))
)) )
)
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)study)where)the)effect)is)measured)at)various)points)in)time)before)and)
after)the)purported)cause)has)been)introduced)is)called)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))timePseries)study)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
timePseries)study))
)) )
Question)2))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)hypertension.)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))Contributing)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))Contributing)
)
)) )
Question)3))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)drawback)to)p)values)is)that)they)do)not)provide)direct)insight)into)the)
magnitude)of)the)association)or)into)the)extent)that)a)RR)point)estimate)may)
vary)by)chance)if)the)same)study)were)to)be)repeated.))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
Question)4))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)both)followPup)and)casePcontrol)studies)the)single)most)important)
determinant)of)power)is))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
number)of)exposed)cases))
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
number)of)exposed)cases)))
)) )
Question)5))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)confidence)interval))provides)information)on)the)precision)of)the)point)estimate)(RR,)IDR,)or)OR)and)the)magnitude)of)the)association.)))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
Question)6))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
When)more)than)one)cause)acts)together),)the)resulting)risk)should)always)be)greater)than)would)be)expected)by)simply)combining)the)effects)of)the)
separate)causes.)))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False))
)) )
Question)7))
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4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)came)first?)Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Temporality)Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Temporality))
)) )
Question)8))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Is)there)a)1PtoP1)relationship)between)“cause”)and)“effect?”)Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Specificity)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Specificity))
)) )
Question)9))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)factor)which)is)indispensible)and)must)have)occurred)if)a)specifiable)state)of)affairs)has)occurred)is)a)__________)condition.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))Necessary)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Necessary))
)) )
Question)10))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)confidence)limits)that)includes)1.0)is)taken)to)suggest)that)it)is)unlikely)that)
the)observed)association)is)due)to)chance.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False))
)) )
Question)11))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Do)the)studies)concerning)health)and)hygiene)show)a)persistent)association)
with)different)study)designs,)populations,)at)different)times,)or)geographic)areas)and)according)to)various)study)investigators?))Which)causality)
criterion)is)appropriate)for)this)question?)
Answer))
)) )
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Selected)Answer:) )b.)))Consistency)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Consistency))
)) )
Question)12))0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
When)more)than)one)cause)acts)together,)the)resulting)risk)may)be)greater)
or)less)than)would)be)expected)by)simply)combining)the)effects)of)the)
separate)causes.)This)phenomenon)is)known)as)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
biologic)plausibility)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
interaction))
)) )
Question)13))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Ecologic)correlation)))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)
))))An)association)between)two)variables,)the)exposure)and)the)
outcome,)and)are)measured)at)the)group)level.)))
)
Correct)
Answer:)
))))
An)association)between)two)variables,)the)exposure)and)the)
outcome,)and)are)measured)at)the)group)level.))))
)
)) )
Question)14))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)would)strengthen)your)sense)that)cell)phones)are)or)
are)not)related)to)brain)tumors?)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))All)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
All)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)15))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
What)is)most)important)reason)for)not)conducting)a)randomized)controlled))) )
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trial)(RCT)to)determine)whether)or)not)cell)phones)cause)brain)cancer?)
Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))It)would)be)unethical)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))It)would)be)unethical)
)
)) )
Question)16))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)factors)is)necassary)to)have)coronary)artery)disease?)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
none)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
none)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)17))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)heart)disease.)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
Contributing)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Contributing))
)) )
Question)18))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)formula,)"If)x)happens,)then)y)always)happens,")x)is)a)__________)condition)for)y.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Necessary)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Necessary))
)) )
Question)19))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)presence)or)absence)of)a)dosePresponse)effect)may)not)necessarily)be)evidence)of)causality.))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
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Question)20))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Exposure)to)HIV)commonly)results)in)AIDS)after)needlesticks)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))false)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
false))
)) )
Question)21))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
All)the)followings)are)true)except:)
Answer)) )))
Selected)
Answer:)
)e.)))
Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal)relationship))
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal)
relationship)))
)) )
Question)22))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Antagonism)occurs)when)the)joint)effect)is)less)than)the)sum)of)the)effects)of)
individual)causes.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)23))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)greater)the)magnitude)of)the)RR)the)larger)is)the)number)of)exposures)
and)outcomes)needed)to)document)it.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False))
)) )
Question)24))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)diabetes.)
Answer)) )))
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Selected)Answer:) )c.)))Contributing)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
Contributing))
)) )
Question)25))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Reversible)associations)are)strong,)but)not)perfect,)evidence)of)a)causal)
relationship.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)26))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Analogy)is)weak)evidence)for)cause)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)27))
4)out)of)4)points)) )
)
An)apparent)association)that)does)not)exist)in)nature)could)be)merely)due)to)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
all)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)28))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Knowledge)of)strong)risk)factors)is)insufficient)for)effective)treatment)and)prevention)of)the)disease)unless)the)pathogenetic)mechanism)is)clear.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))false)
Correct)Answer:) )b.))))) )
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false))
Question)29))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)absence)of)specificity)is)weak)evidence)against)a)causePandPeffect)
relationship.)Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)30))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
For)high)RR)estimates)(say)≥5.0)small)numbers)may)be)sufficient)to)set)
confidence)limits)that)exclude)1.0.)))Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)) )) )4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
For)high)RR)estimates)(say)≥5.0)small)numbers)may)be)sufficient)to)set)
confidence)limits)that)exclude)1.0.)))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
Question)2))0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)drawbacks)of)the)ecologic)study))
Answer)) )))
Selected)
Answer:)
)e.)))
)are)only)used)in)environmental)epidemiologic)research.)))
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
The)ecologic)fallacy)and)imprecise)measurement)of)
exposure.))
))
)) )
Question)3))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)factors)is)necassary)to)have)coronary)artery)disease?)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
none)of)the)above) )))
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Correct)Answer:) )e.)))none)of)the)above)
)
Question)4))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Coronary)artery)disease)has)multiple)causes,)including)Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
all)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)5))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)lack)of)scientific)plausibility)should)deter)us)from)inferring)causality.)))
Answer)) )))Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False))
)) )
Question)6))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Exposure)to)the)virus)is)a)__________)condition)for)contracting)chicken)pox.)Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
Necessary)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))Necessary)
)
)) )
Question)7))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
An)apparent)association)that)does)not)exist)in)nature)could)be)merely)due)to)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
all)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)8))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)suspected)cause)and)the)effect)must)be)associated)if)they)are)to)be)
considered)as)causally)related.))
Answer)))) )
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Selected)Answer:) )a.)))true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)9))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
All)the)followings)are)true)except:)
Answer)) )))
Selected)
Answer:)
)e.)))
Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal)
relationship))
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal)
relationship)))
)) )
Question)10))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Unrecognized)bias)could)account)for)small)relative)risks)but)is)unlikely)to)result)in)large)ones.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Question)11))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)main)bias)afflicting)ecological)studies)is))
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
ecological)fallacy)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
ecological)fallacy))
)) )
Question)12))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)drawback)to)p)values)is)that)they)do)not)provide)direct)insight)into)the)
magnitude)of)the)association)or)into)the)extent)that)a)RR)point)estimate)may)
vary)by)chance)if)the)same)study)were)to)be)repeated.))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True))) )
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Correct)Answer:)) )True))
Question)13))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Many)studies)conducted)in)various)geographic)regions)and)with)differing)
study)methods)report)a)reduced)rate)of)infection)associated)with)implementation)of)hygiene)intervention)programs.)Which)causality)criterion)
is)satisfied)here?)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
Consistency)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))Consistency)
)
)) )
Question)14))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)evidence)that)oral)contraceptives)cause)VTE)and)myocardial)infarction)
(in)smokers,)for)example,)might)be)invoked)as)evidence)to)support)the)claim)
that)they)also)cause)strokes.)This)criteria)of)causality)is)called)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Analogy))
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Analogy)))
)) )
Question)15))
4)out)of)4)points)) )
)
The)best)evidence)for)a)causePandPeffect)relationship)come)from)randomized)
controlled)trials)with)Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
all)of)the)above))
)) )
Question)16))
4)out)of)4)points)) )
)
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)heart)disease.)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
Contributing)
Correct)Answer:) )b.))))) )
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Contributing))
Question)17))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)factor)which)is)indispensible)and)must)have)occurred)if)a)specifiable)state)
of)affairs)has)occurred)is)a)__________)condition.)Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))Necessary)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Necessary))
)) )
Question)18))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Loss)to)followPup)is)a)type)of)selection)bias)in)a))
Answer)) )))Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
cohort)study)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
cohort)study))
)) )
Question)19))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)came)first?)Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))Temporality)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Temporality))
)) )
Question)20))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
An)appropriate)temporal)sequence)alone)is)a)strong)evidence)for)cause)Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
false)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))false)
)
)) )
Question)21))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)absence)of)specificity)is)weak)evidence)against)a)causePandPeffect))) )
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relationship.)
Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))true)
)
)) )
Question)22))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Does)1)cause)have)a)single)effect?))Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in)
this)question?)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))Specificity)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))Specificity)
)
)) )
Question)23))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Ideally,)no)association)should)be)accepted)as)causal)until)it)has)been)
repeatedly)and)independently)confirmed.)))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
Question)24))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)study)where)the)effect)is)measured)at)various)points)in)time)before)and)
after)the)purported)cause)has)been)introduced)is)called)Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
timePseries)study)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))timePseries)study)
)
)) )
Question)25))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)both)followPup)and)casePcontrol)studies)the)single)most)important)
determinant)of)power)is))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
number)of)exposed)cases)) )))
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Correct)Answer:) )d.)))number)of)exposed)cases))
)
Question)26))4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
When)more)than)one)cause)acts)together,)the)resulting)risk)may)be)greater)or)less)than)would)be)expected)by)simply)combining)the)effects)of)the)
separate)causes.)This)phenomenon)is)known)as)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
interaction)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
interaction))
)) )
Question)27))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Confounding)can)either)suppress)or)inflate)an)association.))
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True))
)) )
Question)28))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Do)the)studies)concerning)health)and)hygiene)show)a)persistent)association)with)different)study)designs,)populations,)at)different)times,)or)geographic)
areas)and)according)to)various)study)investigators?))Which)causality)
criterion)is)appropriate)for)this)question?)Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Consistency)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Consistency))
)) )
Question)29))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Research)designs)are)ordered)in)terms)of)strength)(strongest)to)weakest)as)
follows:))Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Randomized)trial,)cohort,)casePcontrol,)crossPsectional)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
Randomized)trial,)cohort,)casePcontrol,)crossPsectional))
)) )
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Question)30))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Weakest)of)all)research)designs)are)case)series)
Answer)) )))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))true)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
true))
)) )
Sunday,)April)14,)2013)11:04:26)AM)EDT)
)
)
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nstructions
• Question 14 out of 4 points
Censored subjects usually terminate the interval in K-M curve.Answer
Selected Answer: False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 20 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when groups being compared are not equally susceptible to the
outcome of interest for reasons other than the factor under study is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
measurement bias
Correct Answer: b.
assembly bias
• Question 34 out of 4 points
With this strategy, data are analyzed and results presented according tosubgroups of patients of similar characteristics. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Stratification
Correct Answer: b.
Stratification
• Question 44 out of 4 points
In K-M analysis, only event occurrences define known survival time intervals.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 54 out of 4 points
Matching controls bias only for those variables involved in the match.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 6
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4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients showing some evidence of improvement following anintervention.Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Response
Correct Answer:e.
Response
• Question 74 out of 4 points
Patients who are enrolled in a study can be confined to only those possessing anarrow range of characteristics, a strategy calledAnswer
Selected Answer:
b.restriction
Correct Answer: b.
restriction
• Question 84 out of 4 points
factors are not necessarily the same as the prognostic factors. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer: True
• Question 90 out of 4 points
The best way to balance all extraneous variables between groups isAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
matching
Correct Answer:a.
randomization
• Question 100 out of 4 points
External validity of a cohort study is limited withAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
randomization
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Correct Answer:d.
restriction
• Question 114 out of 4 points
Percent of patients who have return of disease after a disease-free interval. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Recurrence
Correct Answer: b.
Recurrence
• Question 120 out of 4 points
Prognosis studies are studies that tackle clinical questions about prognosis
in ways similar to cross-sectional studies of risk. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 130 out of 4 points
All the following are true regarding risk and prognosis except:Answer
Selected Answer: a.
Studies of risk factors usually deal with healthy people
Correct Answer:e.
Risk factors are usually for high-probability events
• Question 140 out of 4 points
A form of selection bias occurs when groups of patients assembled for study
differ in ways other than the variables under study is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
information bias
Correct Answer:e.
none of the above
• Question 150 out of 4 points
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Community A and community B each have crude mortality rates for
coronary heart disease (CHD) of 4 per 1,000. The age-adjusted CHDmortality rate is 5 per 1,000 for community A and 3 per 1,000 for
community B. One may conclude that Answer
SelectedAnswer:
b.
Diagnosis is less accurate in community A than in
community B.
Correct
Answer:a.
Community A has a younger population than community
B.
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
With this strategy, for each patient in one group, one or more patients with the
same characteristics (except for the factor of interest) are selected for acomparison group. Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Matching
Correct Answer:e.
Matching
• Question 174 out of 4 points
In the investigation of an epidemic of a fatal disease such as SARS, the mostappropriate measure to describe the frequency of death from the disease is the:Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Case-fatality rate
Correct Answer: b.
Case-fatality rate
• Question 184 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except:Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many
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variables at one time
Correct
Answer:a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many
variables at one time
• Question 194 out of 4 points
For each patient in one group one or more patients with the samecharacterisitics (except for the factor of interest) is selected for a comparison
group. This approach is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
matching
Correct Answer:e.
matching
• Question 204 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when patients selected for study are systematically differentfrom those the results are generalized to is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
Sampling bias
Correct Answer: b.
Sampling bias
• Question 210 out of 4 points
Number of people dying of a specific disease. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Case fatality
Correct Answer: b.
Disease specific mortality
• Question 224 out of 4 points
In most clinical situations, the joint effects of two or more variables might be
greater than the sum of their individual effects.Answer
Selected Answer:True
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Correct Answer:True
• Question 234 out of 4 points
Applying results from referral centers to community practice would result in
falsely underestimating the likelihood of recurrent seizures.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 244 out of 4 points
Calendar time refers to the way we usually think of time and the way clinical
trials are designed.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 254 out of 4 points
Percent of patients entering a phase in which disease is no longer detectable. Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Remission
Correct Answer:e.
Remission
• Question 264 out of 4 points
The standardized death rate (adjusted for preoperative risk) in hospital A is the
same as the standardized rate for hospital B. The crude rate for hospital A ishigher than the crude rate for hospital B. This indicates that more high-risk
patients are treated at hospital B.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 274 out of 4 points
Two rates can be compared without bias related to extraneous factor if they areadjusted to equalize the weight given to the factor. This process is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
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standardization
Correct Answer: b.
standardization
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Randomization not only balances variables known to affect prognosis, but italso balances those that are unknown.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 290 out of 4 points
In preparing K-M survival analysis, each subject is characterized by three
variables. Answer
Selected Answer: b.
serial time
Correct Answer:d.
time of entry
• Question 304 out of 4 points
Using the results of population-based studies for children seen in referral
centers would overestimate rates for those children. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 14 out of 4 points
The standardized death rate (adjusted for preoperative risk) in hospital A is the
same as the standardized rate for hospital B. The crude rate for hospital A is
higher than the crude rate for hospital B. This indicates that more high-risk patients are treated at hospital B.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 24 out of 4 points
The effects of possible prognostic factors, relative to one another, can be
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summarized usingAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
hazard ratio
Correct Answer: d.
hazard ratio
• Question 30 out of 4 points
All the following ways of dealing with extraneous differences between groups
do not deal with risk or prognostic factors that are not known at the time of thestudy except: Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Stratification
Correct Answer:c.
Randomization
• Question 44 out of 4 points
Percent of patients who have the disease back after a disease free interval Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Recurrence
Correct Answer:c.
Recurrence
• Question 54 out of 4 points
Applying results from referral centers to community practice would result infalsely underestimating the likelihood of recurrent seizures.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 64 out of 4 points
A way of combining data on all the variables, based on certain assumptionsabout their distributions and relationships is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
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Mathematical modeling
Correct Answer:e.
Mathematical modeling
• Question 7 0 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except:Answer
Selected
Answer:d.
In cohort studies, it is usually not possible to randomize risk or prognostic factors
Correct
Answer:e.
Matching by age and sex should be avoided because these
variables are strongly related to risk or prognosis for many
diseases
• Question 84 out of 4 points
The term inception cohort is used to describe a group of people that isassembled at theAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
onset, or inception, of their disease
Correct Answer:a.
onset, or inception, of their disease
• Question 90 out of 4 points
The prognosis of disease without medical intervention is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer: b.
natural history of the disease
• Question 104 out of 4 points
A clinical course duration variable for each subject, having a beginning and anend anywhere along the time line of the complete study. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
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Time-to-event
Correct Answer:a.
Time-to-event
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points
Matching controls bias only for those variables involved in the match.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Two rates can be compared without bias related to extraneous factor if they are
adjusted to equalize the weight given to the factor. This process is called
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
standardization
Correct Answer: b.
standardization
• Question 134 out of 4 points
All ways of dealing with extraneous differences between groups are limited to
variables that are singled out for consideration except:
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Randomization
Correct Answer:c.
Randomization
• Question 144 out of 4 points
Prediction of the future course of disease following its onset is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
prognosis
Correct Answer:d.
prognosis
• Question 154 out of 4 points
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Measurement bias is possible whenAnswer
Selected
Answer:d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup.
Correct
Answer:d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of
having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup.
• Question 160 out of 4 points
The two main determinants of disease prognosis are incidence rate and duration of
illness. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 174 out of 4 points
All the following are prognostic factors for myocardial infarction exceptAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
LDL/HDL
Correct Answer:c.
LDL/HDL• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
The prognosis of disease that has come under medical care and has been
treated in a variety of ways that affect the subsequent course of events is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
clinical course of the disease
Correct Answer: b.
clinical course of the disease• Question 19
0 out of 4 points
Multivariable analysis is the only feasible way of dealing with many variablesat one time.Answer
Selected Answer:False
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Correct Answer:True
• Question 204 out of 4 points
A phase in which disease is no longer detectable
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Remission
Correct Answer:d.
Remission
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Randomization not only balances variables known to affect prognosis, but italso balances those that are unknown.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 220 out of 4 points
When important data are not available, it is possible to estimate their potentialeffects on the study usingAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
Mathematical modelingCorrect Answer:
b.
Sensitivity analysis
• Question 230 out of 4 points
A new treatment is developed that prevents death but does not produce
recovery from disease. Which of the following will occur?
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Case-fatality will increase
Correct Answer:e.
Prevalence will increase
• Question 244 out of 4 points
In most clinical situations, the joint effects of two or more variables might be
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greater than the sum of their individual effects.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 254 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except:Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with manyvariables at one time
Correct
Answer:a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many
variables at one time• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
All the following are true regarding risk and prognosis except:Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Risk factors are usually for high-probability events
Correct Answer:e.
Risk factors are usually for high-probability events
• Question 274 out of 4 points
In the investigation of an epidemic of a fatal disease such as SARS, the mostappropriate measure to describe the frequency of death from the disease is the:Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Case-fatality rate
Correct Answer:a.
Case-fatality rate
• Question 284 out of 4 points
K-M survival curves that have many small steps usually have a limited number
of participating subjects, whereas curves with large steps usually have a higher number of subjects and are thus not as accurate.Answer
Selected Answer:False
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Correct Answer:False
• Question 290 out of 4 points
In 2002, a land mark study has showed hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
may increase the risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women.Therefore, a decrease of breast cancer incidence is expected. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 300 out of 4 points
In 2002, a land mark study has showed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may
increase the risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women. How will this
impact the incidence and case-fatality rate from breast cancer in the US?
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
An increase in both
Correct Answer:f.
A decrease of beast incidence
!
Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!statements!about!Kaplan8Meier!survival!curves!are!true!except:!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
Account!for!confounding!or!effect!modification!by!other!covariates!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Account!for!confounding!or!effect!modification!by!other!covariates!!!
!!.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!myocardial!infarction!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!!Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!!
!!
.!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!A!way!of!combining!data!on!all!the!variables,!based!on!certain!assumptions!about!
their!distributions!and!relationships!is!called!!
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Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!Mathematical!modeling!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!Mathematical!modeling!!
!!.!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Community!A!and!community!B!each!have!crude!mortality!rates!for!coronary!heart!
disease!(CHD)!of!4!per!1,000.!The!age8adjusted!CHD!mortality!rate!is!5!per!1,000!for!
community!A!and!3!per!1,000!for!community!B.!One!may!conclude!that!!
!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
Community!A!has!a!younger!population!than!community!B.!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!Community!A!has!a!younger!population!than!community!B.!!!
!!.!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!A!new!treatment!is!developed!that!prevents!death!but!does!not!produce!recovery!from!disease.!Which!of!the!following!will!occur?!!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
Prevalence!will!increase!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Prevalence!will!increase!
!!
!!
.!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Matching!controls!bias!only!for!those!variables!involved!in!the!match.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!!!
.!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!All!the!following!are!true!regarding!risk!and!prognosis!except:!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!!
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Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!
Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!!!!
.!Question!!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Multivariable!analysis!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one!time.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!External!validity!of!a!cohort!study!is!limited!with!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
restriction!!Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!restriction!!
!!.!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!The!term!inception!cohort!is!used!to!describe!a!group!of!people!that!is!assembled!at!the!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!!
!!
.!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Two!rates!can!be!compared!without!bias!related!to!extraneous!factor!if!they!are!
adjusted!to!equalize!the!weight!given!to!the!factor.!This!process!is!called!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!standardization!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
standardization!!!!
.!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Number!of!people!dying!of!a!specific!disease.!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Disease!specific!mortality!
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!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!Disease!specific!mortality!
!!!!
.!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!!A!bias!occurs!when!groups!being!compared!are!not!equally!susceptible!to!the!
outcome!of!interest!for!reasons!other!than!the!factor!under!study!is!called!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
assembly!bias!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
assembly!bias!!
!!
.!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!The!prognosis!of!disease!that!has!come!under!medical!care!and!has!been!treated!in!a!variety!of!ways!that!affect!the!subsequent!course!of!events!is!called!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
clinical!course!of!the!disease!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!clinical!course!of!the!disease!!
!!.!Question!15!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Matching!can!account!for!many!variables!at!a!time.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!ways!of!dealing!with!extraneous!differences!between!groups!do!
not!deal!with!risk!or!prognostic!factors!that!are!not!known!at!the!time!of!the!study!except:!
!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
Randomization!!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!
Randomization!
!!
!!
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.!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!The!sum!of!the!number!of!years!of!observation!in!each!individual!in!the!study.!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!Person!years!!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Person!years!
!!
!!
.!Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!K8M!survival!curves!that!have!many!small!steps!usually!have!a!limited!number!of!
participating!subjects,!whereas!curves!with!large!steps!usually!have!a!higher!
number!of!subjects!and!are!thus!not!as!accurate.!Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!!!
.!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!In!preparing!K8M!survival!analysis,!each!subject!is!characterized!by!three!variables.!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
time!of!entry!!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
time!of!entry!
!!
!!
.!Question!20!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Cigarette!smoking!is!a!prognostic!factor!for!myocardial!infarction!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!!!
.!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!All!the!following!are!prognostic!factors!for!myocardial!infarction!except!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
LDL/HDL!!!
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Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
LDL/HDL!!!!!
.!Question!22!.0!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable!is!known!as!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Response!!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
Remission!!!
!!
.!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Risk!factors!are!not!necessarily!the!same!as!the!prognostic!factors.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!!True!!Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!.!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!A!form!of!migration!bias!occurs!when!patients!move!from!one!group!to!another!in!the!cohort!during!follow8up!is!called!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
crossover!bias!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!crossover!bias!!
!!
.!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!a!case8control!study!that!includes!prevalent!cases!of!disease!the!results!may!be!
confounded!by!factors!that!affect!survival.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!In!most!clinical!situations,!the!joint!effects!of!two!or!more!variables!might!be!greater!than!the!sum!of!their!individual!effects.!!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
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.!Question!27!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Life!tables!or!Kaplan!Meier!plots.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
Observed!survival!!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Observed!survival!
!!
!!
.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!The!degree!to!which!a!measurement!truly!measures!what!it!purports!to!measure!is!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
validity!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!validity!!
!!.!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!a!Cox!proportional!hazard!regression,!the!exponential!!of!regression!coefficient!estimates!is!called!!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
Hazard!ratio!!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Hazard!ratio!!
!!
!!
.!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Percent!of!patients!surviving!5!years!from!some!point!in!the!course!of!the!disease.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
Five8year!survival!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!Five8year!survival!
!!
!!
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!
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OK!!
!
Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Time!at!which!50%!of!patients!still!alive.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Median!survival!time!!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Median!survival!time!
!!
!!
.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!ways!of!dealing!with!extraneous!differences!between!groups!do!
not!deal!with!risk!or!prognostic!factors!that!are!not!known!at!the!time!of!the!study!except:!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!Randomization!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!Randomization!
!!!!
.!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!All!the!following!rates!are!commonly!used!to!describe!prognosis!except:!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
attributable!risk!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
attributable!risk!!
!!
.!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Cigarette!smoking!is!a!prognostic!factor!for!myocardial!infarction!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!!!
.!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
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!A!bias!occurs!when!groups!being!compared!are!not!equally!susceptible!to!the!
outcome!of!interest!for!reasons!other!than!the!factor!under!study!is!called!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!assembly!bias!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!assembly!bias!!!!
.!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!K8M!analysis,!only!event!occurrences!define!known!survival!time!intervals.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!Remission!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!Remission!
!!!!
.!Question!!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!In!most!clinical!situations,!the!joint!effects!of!two!or!more!variables!might!be!
greater!than!the!sum!of!their!individual!effects.!!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Patients!who!are!enrolled!in!a!study!can!be!confined!to!only!those!possessing!a!
narrow!range!of!characteristics.!This!strategy!is!called!
!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!Restriction!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
Restriction!!
!!
.!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points!
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!!!
!A!bias!occurs!when!patients!selected!for!study!are!systematically!different!from!those!the!results!are!generalized!to!is!called!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
Sampling!bias!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!Sampling!bias!!
!!
.!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!statements!are!true!except:!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Randomization!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one!time!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Randomization!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one!time!!!!.!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!In!2002,!a!land!mark!study!has!showed!hormone!replacement!therapy!(HRT)!may!
increase!the!risk!of!breast!cancer!among!post8menopausal!women.!Therefore,!a!
decrease!of!breast!cancer!incidence!is!expected.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!The!term!inception!cohort!is!used!to!describe!a!group!of!people!that!is!assembled!at!
the!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!!!!
.!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Prediction!of!the!future!course!of!disease!following!its!onset!is!called!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
prognosis!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
prognosis!!
!!
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.!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!The!effects!of!possible!prognostic!factors,!relative!to!one!another,!can!be!
summarized!using!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!hazard!ratio!!Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
hazard!ratio!!
!!
.!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Measurement!bias!is!possible!when!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
patients!in!one!subgroup!of!a!cohort!stand!a!better!chance!of!having!their!outcomes!
detected!than!those!in!another!subgroup.!!Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!patients!in!one!subgroup!of!a!cohort!stand!a!better!chance!of!having!their!outcomes!
detected!than!those!in!another!subgroup.!!!!
.!Question!17!.0!out!of!4!points!
!!!!All!the!following!are!examples!of!when!times8to8events!may!be!important!end8point!
variables!except:!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!cancer!survival!times!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
time!to!complete!a!bypass!graft!
!!
!!
.!Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!If!the!age8standardized!mortality!rate!in!a!population!is!lower!than!the!crude!rate!
this!means!that!the!population!has!a!higher!proportion!of!older!people!than!the!
standard!population.!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
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!Two!rates!can!be!compared!without!bias!related!to!extraneous!factor!if!they!are!
adjusted!to!equalize!the!weight!given!to!the!factor.!This!process!is!called!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!standardization!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!standardization!!!!
.!Question!20!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Percent!of!patients!showing!some!evidence!of!improvement!following!an!
intervention.!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
Response!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!Response!!!
!!.!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Censored!subjects!usually!terminate!the!interval!in!K8M!curve.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Data!are!analyzed!and!results!presented!according!to!subgroups!of!patients!of!
similar!characteristics.!This!approach!is!called!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
stratification!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
stratification!!!!
.!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!K8M!survival!curves!that!have!many!small!steps!usually!have!a!limited!number!of!
participating!subjects,!whereas!curves!with!large!steps!usually!have!a!higher!number!of!subjects!and!are!thus!not!as!accurate.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
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.!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!A!clinical!course!duration!variable!for!each!subject,!having!a!beginning!and!an!end!
anywhere!along!the!time!line!of!the!complete!study.!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!Time8to8event!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Time8to8event!
!!
!!
.!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!a!well8designed!clinical!trial!of!treatment!of!ovarian!cancer,!remission!rate!at!one!
year!is!similar!for!a!new!drug!and!usual!care,!The!p8value!is!0.4.!What!is!the!interpretation!of!this!information?!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using!
this!information!alone.!
!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using!this!information!alone.!
!!
!!.!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!With!this!strategy,!data!are!analyzed!and!results!presented!according!to!subgroups!
of!patients!of!similar!characteristics.!
!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Stratification!!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Stratification!!!
!!.!Question!27!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!are!prognostic!factors!for!myocardial!infarction!except!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
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LDL/HDL!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!LDL/HDL!!!
!!.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Life!tables!or!Kaplan!Meier!plots.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Observed!survival!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Observed!survival!
!!
!!
.!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!The!best!way!to!balance!all!extraneous!variables!between!groups!is!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!randomization!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
randomization!!!!
.!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!In!a!Cox!proportional!hazard!regression,!the!exponential!!of!regression!coefficient!
estimates!is!called!!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
Hazard!ratio!!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
Hazard!ratio!!
!!!!
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!OK!!
.!
Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!With!this!strategy,!data!are!analyzed!and!results!presented!according!to!subgroups!
of!patients!of!similar!characteristics.!
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!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
Stratification!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!Stratification!!!
!!
.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Matching!can!account!for!many!variables!at!a!time.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!!The!degree!to!which!a!measurement!truly!measures!what!it!purports!to!measure!is!!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
validity!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!validity!!
!!.!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!survival!analysis,!censoring!occurs!only!terminally!at!the!end!of!the!study.!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!All!the!following!are!examples!of!when!times8to8events!may!be!important!end8point!
variables!except:!!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!time!to!complete!a!bypass!graft!
!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
time!to!complete!a!bypass!graft!
!!
!!
.!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points!
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!!!
!Applying!results!from!referral!centers!to!community!practice!would!result!in!falsely!underestimating!the!likelihood!of!recurrent!seizures.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!!!.!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Life!tables!or!Kaplan!Meier!plots.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
Observed!survival!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
Observed!survival!
!!!!.!Question!!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Case!fatality!rate!for!a!given!disease!refers!to!!
!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
the!percentage!of!deaths!among!cases!of!the!disease!!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!
the!percentage!of!deaths!among!cases!of!the!disease!!!
!!
.!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!When!important!data!are!not!available,!it!is!possible!to!estimate!their!potential!
effects!on!the!study!using!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!Sensitivity!analysis!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
Sensitivity!analysis!!!!
.!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!The!prognosis!of!disease!without!medical!intervention!is!called!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
natural!history!of!the!disease!!
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Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
natural!history!of!the!disease!!!!
.!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Calendar!time!refers!to!the!way!we!usually!think!of!time!and!the!way!clinical!trials!are!designed.!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!The!proportion!of!cases!of!a!specified!disease!or!condition!which!are!fatal!within!a!
specified!time.!
!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!Case!fatality!rate!
!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
Case!fatality!rate!
!!!!
.!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!A!bias!occurs!when!groups!being!compared!are!not!equally!susceptible!to!the!
outcome!of!interest!for!reasons!other!than!the!factor!under!study!is!called!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
assembly!bias!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
assembly!bias!!
!!
.!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!All!the!following!are!true!regarding!risk!and!prognosis!except:!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!!
!!
.!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
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!The!prognosis!of!disease!that!has!come!under!medical!care!and!has!been!treated!in!
a!variety!of!ways!that!affect!the!subsequent!course!of!events!is!called!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!clinical!course!of!the!disease!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!clinical!course!of!the!disease!!!!
.!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Percent!of!patients!who!have!return!of!disease!after!a!disease8free!interval!is!
known!as!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
Recurence!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
Recurence!!!!.!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Randomization!not!only!balances!variables!known!to!affect!prognosis,!but!it!also!
balances!those!that!are!unknown.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!!!
.!Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Multivariable!analysis!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one!
time.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!
.!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Prognosis!can!be!described!as!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!either!a!clinical!course!or!the!natural!history!of!disease!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!either!a!clinical!course!or!the!natural!history!of!disease!!
!!
.!Question!20!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!myocardial!infarction!
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Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!!
!!.!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!External!validity!of!a!cohort!study!is!limited!with!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
restriction!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
restriction!!
!!
.!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!In!a!well8designed!clinical!trial!of!treatment!of!ovarian!cancer,!remission!rate!at!one!year!is!similar!for!a!new!drug!and!usual!care,!The!p8value!is!0.4.!What!is!the!
interpretation!of!this!information?!!Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using!this!information!alone.!
!!Correct!Answer:!!c.!!!
it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using!
this!information!alone.!!!
!!
.!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!A!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!e.!!!
Remission!!Correct!Answer:!!e.!!!
Remission!!
!!.!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!!Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable!is!
known!as!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!d.!!!
Remission!!!
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Correct!Answer:!!d.!!!
Remission!!!!!
.!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!The!standardized!death!rate!(adjusted!for!preoperative!risk)!in!hospital!A!is!the!same!as!the!standardized!rate!for!hospital!B.!!The!crude!rate!for!hospital!A!is!higher!than!the!crude!rate!for!hospital!B.!This!indicates!that!more!high8risk!patients!are!
treated!at!hospital!B.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!False!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Percent!of!patients!who!have!return!of!disease!after!a!disease8free!interval.!
Answer!!!Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!Recurrence!
!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
Recurrence!
!!!!
.!Question!27!.0!out!of!4!points!!!!
!In!2002,!a!land!mark!study!has!showed!hormone!replacement!therapy!(HRT)!may!
increase!the!risk!of!breast!cancer!among!post8menopausal!women.!Therefore,!the!case!fatality!rate!is!likely!to!have!major!reduction.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!
Correct!Answer:!!!False!!
!!
.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!In!a!case8control!study!that!includes!prevalent!cases!of!disease!the!results!may!be!confounded!by!factors!that!affect!survival.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!!True!!Correct!Answer:!!!True!!
!!.!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
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Remission!
!!Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
Remission!!!
!!.!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points!!!!
!Percent!of!patients!with!disease!who!die!of!it.!
Answer!!!
Selected!Answer:!!a.!!!
Case!fatality!
!!
Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
Case!fatality!
!!
• Question 14 out of 4 points
Percent of patients entering a phase in which disease is no longer detectable. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Remission
Correct Answer:a.
Remission
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
Calendar time refers to the way we usually think of time and the way clinical
trials are designed.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 34 out of 4 points
In survival analysis, censoring occurs only terminally at the end of the study. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 40 out of 4 points
A transparent way of recognizing and controlling for bias isAnswer
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Selected Answer: b.
standardization
Correct Answer:a.
stratification
• Question 54 out of 4 points
A new treatment is developed that prevents death but does not produce
recovery from disease. Which of the following will occur?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Prevalence will increase
Correct Answer:e.
Prevalence will increase
• Question 64 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when groups being compared are not equally susceptible to theoutcome of interest for reasons other than the factor under study is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
assembly bias
Correct Answer: b.
assembly bias
• Question 74 out of 4 points
The effects of possible prognostic factors, relative to one another, can besummarized usingAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
hazard ratio
Correct Answer:d.
hazard ratio• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
The sum of the number of years of observation in each individual in the study. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Person years
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Correct Answer:a.
Person years
• Question 94 out of 4 points
A form of migration bias occurs when patients move from one group toanother in the cohort during follow-up is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
crossover bias
Correct Answer: b.
crossover bias
• Question 104 out of 4 points
K-M survival curves that have many small steps usually have a limited number of participating subjects, whereas curves with large steps usually have a higher
number of subjects and are thus not as accurate.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 114 out of 4 points
All the following statements about Cox Proportional Hazards are true except:Answer
Selected Answer:e.
none of the above
Correct Answer:e.
none of the above
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Data are analyzed and results presented according to subgroups of patients of
similar characteristics. This approach is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
stratification
Correct Answer:c.
stratification
• Question 134 out of 4 points
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Applying results from referral centers to community practice would result infalsely underestimating the likelihood of recurrent seizures.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer: False
• Question 144 out of 4 points
Percent of patients who have return of disease after a disease-free interval is
known asAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
Recurence
Correct Answer:d.
Recurence
• Question 154 out of 4 points
Percent of patients with disease who die of it. Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Case fatality
Correct Answer:e.
Case fatality
• Question 164 out of 4 points
Prediction of the future course of disease following its onset is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
prognosis
Correct Answer:d.
prognosis
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points
External validity of a cohort study is limited withAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
restriction
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Correct Answer:d.
restriction
• Question 184 out of 4 points
Multivariable analysis is the only feasible way of dealing with many variablesat one time.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 194 out of 4 points
Percent of patients showing some evidence of improvement following anintervention.Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Response
Correct Answer:d.
Response
• Question 204 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when patients selected for study are systematically differentfrom those the results are generalized to is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
Sampling bias
Correct Answer: b.
Sampling bias
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Measurement bias is possible whenAnswer
SelectedAnswer:
d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of
having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup.
Correct
Answer:d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of
having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup.
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• Question 224 out of 4 points
Two rates can be compared without bias related to extraneous factor if they areadjusted to equalize the weight given to the factor. This process is calledAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
standardization
Correct Answer: b.
standardization
• Question 234 out of 4 points
The best way to balance all extraneous variables between groups isAnswer
Selected Answer:
a.randomization
Correct Answer:a.
randomization
• Question 244 out of 4 points
All the following are prognostic factors for myocardial infarction exceptAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
LDL/HDLCorrect Answer:
c.
LDL/HDL
• Question 254 out of 4 points
In 2002, a land mark study has showed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may
increase the risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women. How will this
impact the incidence and case-fatality rate from breast cancer in the US?
Answer
Selected Answer:
d.A decrease of beast incidence
Correct Answer:d.
A decrease of beast incidence
• Question 264 out of 4 points
All the following ways of dealing with extraneous differences between groups
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do not deal with risk or prognostic factors that are not known at the time of the
study except: Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Randomization
Correct Answer: b.
Randomization
• Question 274 out of 4 points
In calculating case fatality rate, the denominator is the total population in the
study. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 284 out of 4 points
When important data are not available, it is possible to estimate their potential
effects on the study usingAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
Sensitivity analysis
Correct Answer: b.
Sensitivity analysis• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except:Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with manyvariables at one time
Correct
Answer:a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with manyvariables at one time
• Question 304 out of 4 points
Matching can account for many variables at a time.Answer
Selected Answer:False
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Correct Answer:False
!
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• Question 14 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for testing for Interaction.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 24 out of 4 points
Clinical trial randomization of study subjects is performed to reduce theinfluence of Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Selection bias
Correct Answer:c.
Selection bias
• Question 34 out of 4 points
Parallel designs only employ randomized control groupsAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False• Question 4
0 out of 4 points
Pre–post designs with no control group is the most commonly encounteredquasi-experimental designs.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 54 out of 4 points
Intention-to-treat analysis entails analyzing the results without regard tosubject compliance.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
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• Question 64 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of pre and post designs except Answer
Selected Answer:d.
No history bias
Correct Answer:d.
No history bias
• Question 70 out of 4 points
All the following are true in a randomized control trial (RCT) except:Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
Baseline characteristics of intervention and control groups should be
similar
Correct Answer:a.
The sample size required depends on the hypothesis
• Question 84 out of 4 points
An advantage of analysis by "intention to treat" is thatAnswer
Selected
Answer:d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or
not they are actually taken
Correct
Answer:d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or
not they are actually taken
• Question 94 out of 4 points
In clinical trials with parallel groups, random allocation guarantees that the
groups will be similar.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
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Question 104 out of 4 points
Observational studies of treatment effects are likely to have all of thefollowing advantages over randomized controlled trials except
Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis exceptfor treatment itself
Correct
Answer:a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except
for treatment itself
• Question 114 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of parallel designs with historical controlexcept Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Eliminate time trend differences
Correct Answer:e.
Eliminate time trend differences
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for Answer
Selected Answer:c.
a or b
Correct Answer:c.
a or b
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Randomized controlled trials are observation studies because study arms are
observed for outcomes.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
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Question 140 out of 4 points
All the following statements about parallel design are true except:Answer
SelectedAnswer:
e.
Each subject is randomized to one and only one treatment.
Correct
Answer:d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively small
compared to the inter-patients variability
• Question 150 out of 4 points
All the following studies are observational except:Answer
Selected Answer: b.
case-control
Correct Answer:d.
quasi-experimental
• Question 164 out of 4 points
Compared to RCT, in quasi-experimental designAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
Both A and B are true
Correct Answer:c.
Both A and B are true
• Question 174 out of 4 points
A weakness of randomized controlled trials is that they are prone to misclassification of
exposure status.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
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Question 180 out of 4 points
As heterogeneity is restricted, the internal validity of the study is improved.Answer
Selected Answer: False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 190 out of 4 points
Always analyze the results of the subjects according to the group they were
randomized to. This method is known asAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
blinded analysis
Correct Answer: c.
intention to treat
• Question 200 out of 4 points
Incomplete follow-up in clinical trials Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Will always bias results but direction unclear
Correct Answer: b.
May be a cause of bias
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Total number of phases in clinical trials Answer
Selected Answer:d.
5
Correct Answer:d.
5
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Question 220 out of 4 points
In a hospital-based clinical trial of the management of paranoid schizophrenia,relief of symptoms in patients treated with a new drug is compared with
symptom relief among patients previously treated with a standard drug. Whichof the following may bias the analysis of the relative benefits of the new and
standard drugs? Answer
Selected
Answer: b.
Changes over time in the methods used to assess symptom
relief
Correct Answer:d.
All of the above
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Quasi experimental study design can also be used in situations where there are practical or ethical barriers to conducting a true RCT.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 244 out of 4 points
A clinical trial phase where investigators initially evaluate how well the
treatment works Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Phase II
Correct Answer:a.
Phase II
• Question 250 out of 4 points
Parallel designs are good if the intra-subjects variability relatively small
compared to the inter-subjects variability.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
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Question 264 out of 4 points
When participants are repeatedly observed using the same ‘test’, there is a possibility of learning effect and this could lead to
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Testing bias
Correct Answer: b.
Testing bias
• Question 270 out of 4 points
In a randomized controlled trial, a beta-blocker drug is found to be moreeffective than placebo for stage fright. Participants taking the beta-blocker
tended to have a lower pulse rate and to feel more lethargic, which are knowneffects of this drug. In this situation, blinding is possible for which of the
following:Answer
Selected Answer:d.
A and B
Correct Answer:c.
The investigators who assess outcome
• Question 284 out of 4 points
Researchers want to assess if there is an association between cigarette smoking and strokes. Of
the following, which is the best study design to assess for this association?Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Prospective cohort study
Correct Answer: b.
Prospective cohort study
• Question 294 out of 4 points
There is generally an increased threat to the internal and external validity of quasi-experimental study compared to a randomized controlled trial.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
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Question 304 out of 4 points
What is the key difference between an observational study and an experiment? Answer
SelectedAnswer:
d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive any
intervention designed to influence their responses.
Correct
Answer:d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive anyintervention designed to influence their responses.
• Question 14 out of 4 points
All the following statements about parallel design are true except:
Answer
Selected
Answer:d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively smallcompared to the inter-patients variability
Correct
Answer:d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively small
compared to the inter-patients variability
• Question 24 out of 4 points
A design that is particularly relevant in situations where researchers are reluctant to depriveany subject of the intervention.Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Parallel with wait-List Control
Correct Answer:d.
Parallel with wait-List Control
• Question 34 out of 4 points
Parallel designs only employ randomized control groupsAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
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Question 44 out of 4 points
Observational studies of treatment effects are likely to have all of thefollowing advantages over randomized controlled trials except
Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis exceptfor treatment itself
Correct
Answer:a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except
for treatment itself
• Question 54 out of 4 points
Evaluation of efficacy and detection of rare or long-term adverse effects areachieved usingAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
phase IV trials
Correct Answer:e.
phase IV trials
• Question 64 out of 4 points
In a randomized controlled trial, a beta-blocker drug is found to be moreeffective than placebo for stage fright. Participants taking the beta-blocker
tended to have a lower pulse rate and to feel more lethargic, which are knowneffects of this drug. In this situation, blinding is possible for which of the
following:Answer
Selected Answer:c.
The investigators who assess outcome
Correct Answer:c.
The investigators who assess outcome
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Question 70 out of 4 points
Rigorous clinical trials, with proper attention to bias and chance, can be done
with individual patients, one at a time.Answer
Selected Answer: False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 84 out of 4 points
Total number of phases in clinical trials Answer
Selected Answer:d.
5
Correct Answer:d.
5
• Question 94 out of 4 points
Investigators know the assignments of subjects in a randomized controlled trial. What might be
done to help avoid random (non-differential) misclassification of outcomes in the trial? Select
the best answer.Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Ask a blinded outcome assessment committee to assess outcomes.
Correct Answer:e.
Ask a blinded outcome assessment committee to assess outcomes.
• Question 100 out of 4 points
Quasi-experimental studies are threatened by which of the following biases
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
History bias
Correct Answer:e.
All of the above
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Question 110 out of 4 points
A trial that provides preliminary information on whether the drug is efficacious
and the relationship between dose and efficacy isAnswer
Selected Answer: e.
Phase I trial
Correct Answer:d.
Phase II trial
• Question 124 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of interrupted time series design except:Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Few data points are needed
Correct Answer:a.
Few data points are needed
• Question 130 out of 4 points
All the followings are advantages of the before and after designs except:Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
Many characteristics of study population are identical in both phases
Correct
Answer: b.
No secular trends
• Question 144 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of interrupted time series except Answer
Selected Answer:c.
No history bias
Correct Answer:c.
No history bias
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Question 154 out of 4 points
In a hospital-based clinical trial of the management of paranoid schizophrenia,
relief of symptoms in patients treated with a new drug is compared withsymptom relief among patients previously treated with a standard drug. Which
of the following may bias the analysis of the relative benefits of the new andstandard drugs?
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
All of the above
Correct Answer:d.
All of the above
• Question 164 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for Answer
Selected Answer:c.
a or b
Correct Answer:c.
a or b
• Question 174 out of 4 points
In clinical trials with parallel groups, random allocation guarantees that the
groups will be similar.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 184 out of 4 points
Selection and attrition bias are the main disadvantages of interrupted timeseries design.Answer
Selected Answer:
FalseCorrect Answer:
False
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Question 194 out of 4 points
The gold standard for evaluating innovation in health care isAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
Randomized controlled trial
Correct Answer:a.
Randomized controlled trial
• Question 204 out of 4 points
Restricted Randomization includes Answer
Selected Answer:d.
All of the above
Correct Answer:d.
All of the above
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Pre–post designs with no control group is the most commonly encounteredquasi-experimental designs.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 224 out of 4 points
A disadvantage of cross-over designAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
Carry over effects when occur are difficult to detect
Correct Answer:e.
Carry over effects when occur are difficult to detect
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Question 234 out of 4 points
Randomized controlled trials are observation studies because study arms are
observed for outcomes.Answer
Selected Answer: False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 244 out of 4 points
Always analyze the results of the subjects according to the group they were
randomized to. This method is known asAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
intention to treat
Correct Answer:c.
intention to treat
• Question 254 out of 4 points
A treatment that is effective on the average is guaranteed to work on anindividual patients.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 264 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of pre and post designs except Answer
Selected Answer:a.
No history bias
Correct Answer:a.
No history bias
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Question 270 out of 4 points
A trial to identify a dose range that is well tolerated and safe and includes verysmall number of patients without a control group is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Phase II trial
Correct Answer:e.
Phase I trial
• Question 284 out of 4 points
In parallel design, the treatment group is compared toAnswer
Selected Answer: d.
a or b or c
Correct Answer:d.
a or b or c
• Question 294 out of 4 points
Researchers want to assess if there is an association between cigarette smoking and strokes. Of
the following, which is the best study design to assess for this association?Answer
Selected Answer: e.
Prospective cohort study
Correct Answer:e.
Prospective cohort study
• Question 304 out of 4 points
All the following for eligibility criteria are true except:Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Guaranteed benefit
Correct Answer:a.
Guaranteed benefit
!
Question!1!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
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!
Clinical!trial!randomization!of!study!subjects!is!performed!to!reduce!the!
influence!of!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
Selection!bias!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
Selection!bias!!
!! !
Question!2!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
What!is!the!key!difference!between!an!observational!study!and!an!experiment?!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!
Answer:!
!c.!!!
In!observational!studies,!subjects!do!not!receive!any!
intervention!designed!to!influence!their!responses.!
Correct!
Answer:!
!c.!!!
In!observational!studies,!subjects!do!not!receive!any!intervention!designed!to!influence!their!responses.!
!
!! !
Question!3!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!studies!are!observational!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
quasiJexperimental!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
quasiJexperimental!!
!! !
Question!4!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!biases!are!threat!to!pre!and!post!designs!except!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
Selection!bias!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
Selection!bias!!
!! !
Question!5!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Crossover!design!is!less!efficient!than!parallel!design.!
Answer!! !!!
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Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!6!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
It!is!difficult!to!perform!intentionJtoJtreat!analyses!with!randomized!controlled!trials.!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!7!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!clinical!trial!phase!where!investigators!conduct!a!full!scale!evaluation!of!treatment!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
Phase!III!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
Phase!III!!
!! !
Question!8!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Investigators!know!the!assignments!of!subjects!in!a!randomized!controlled!
trial.!What!might!be!done!to!help!avoid!random!(nonJdifferential)!misclassification!of!outcomes!in!the!trial?!Select!the!best!answer.!!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!!Ask!a!blinded!outcome!assessment!committee!to!assess!
outcomes.!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!!Ask!a!blinded!outcome!assessment!committee!to!assess!
outcomes.!!!
!! !
Question!9!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Selection!and!attrition!bias!are!the!main!disadvantages!of!interrupted!time!series!design.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!10!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
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!
There!is!generally!an!increased!threat!to!the!internal!and!external!validity!of!
quasiJexperimental!study!compared!to!a!randomized!controlled!trial.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!11!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Compared!to!RCT,!in!quasiJexperimental!design!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
Both!A!and!B!are!true!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Both!A!and!B!are!true!!
!! !
Question!12!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!for!eligibility!criteria!are!true!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
Guaranteed!benefit!!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!Guaranteed!benefit!!
!
!! !
Question!13!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!gold!standard!for!evaluating!innovation!in!health!care!is!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
Randomized!controlled!trial!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
Randomized!controlled!trial!!
!! !
Question!14!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!number!of!subjects!needed!for!phase!III!clinical!trial!is!usually!between!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
100!and!3000!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
100!and!3000!!
!! !
Question!15!!
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4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Quasi!experimental!study!design!can!also!be!used!in!situations!where!there!
are!practical!or!ethical!barriers!to!conducting!a!true!RCT.!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!16!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Factorial!design!is!suitable!for!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
a!or!b!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
a!or!b!!
!! !
Question!17!!
0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
In!a!hospitalJbased!clinical!trial!of!the!management!of!paranoid!
schizophrenia,!relief!of!symptoms!in!patients!treated!with!a!new!drug!is!compared!with!symptom!relief!among!patients!previously!treated!with!a!
standard!drug.!Which!of!the!following!!may!bias!the!analysis!of!the!relative!
benefits!of!the!new!and!standard!drugs?!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
None!of!the!above!Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
All!of!the!above!!
!! !
Question!18!!0!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!main!advantage!of!randomization!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!
Answer:!
!a.!!!
Makes!balance!with!respect!to!known!and!unknown!
baseline!confounders!unlikely!
Correct!
Answer:!
!d.!!!
Assures!generalizability!of!results!to!a!wider!group!!
!! !
Question!19!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Phase!II!trials!are!used!to!determine!a!safe!dose!!
Answer!! !!!
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Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!!
!! !
Question!20!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!statements!about!phase!II!trials!are!true!except:!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!Usually!recruit!mor!than!100!subjects!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
Usually!recruit!mor!than!100!subjects!!
!! !
Question!21!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
A!clinical!trial!phase!where!investigators!initially!evaluate!how!well!the!
treatment!works!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
Phase!II!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
Phase!II!!
!! !
Question!22!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
Blocking!ensures!close!balance!of!the!numbers!in!each!group!at!all!times!
during!trial.!!!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!23!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Evaluation!of!efficacy!and!detection!of!rare!or!longJterm!adverse!effects!are!
achieved!using!
Answer!! !! !
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!phase!IV!trials!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
phase!IV!trials!!
!! !
Question!24!!
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4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!design!that!is!particularly!relevant!in!situations!where!researchers!are!
reluctant!to!deprive!any!subject!of!the!intervention.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!
!
!! !
Question!25!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!followings!are!advantages!of!the!before!and!after!designs!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
No!secular!trends!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
No!secular!trends!!!
!! !
Question!26!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
QuasiJexperimental!studies!are!threatened!by!which!of!the!following!biases!!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
All!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!All!of!the!above!
!
!! !
Question!27!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Parallel!designs!are!good!if!the!intraJsubjects!variability!relatively!small!compared!to!the!interJsubjects!variability.!!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!28!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Pre–post!designs!with!no!control!group!is!the!most!commonly!encountered!
quasiJexperimental!designs.!!!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
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Question!29!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!statements!about!parallel!design!are!true!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!Good!if!the!intraJpatients!variability!is!relatively!small!
compared!to!the!interJpatients!variability!
Correct!
Answer:!
!d.!!!
Good!if!the!intraJpatients!variability!is!relatively!small!
compared!to!the!interJpatients!variability!!
!! !
Question!30!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Bias!due!to!differences!in!reporting!of!symptoms!between!treatment!groups!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
Information!bias!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
Information!bias!!
!! !
!
!
Question!1!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!are!advantages!of!interrupted!time!series!design!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!Few!data!points!are!needed!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
Few!data!points!are!needed!!
!! !
Question!2!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Which!the!following!actions!are!most!likely!to!preserve!the!benefit!of!initial!
randomization!in!a!clinical!trial!comparing!different!weight!loss!programs?!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
Blinding!of!the!clinicians!who!evaluate!weight!loss!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
Blinding!of!the!clinicians!who!evaluate!weight!loss!!
!! !
Question!3!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
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!
Why!is!randomization!important!to!assignment!in!a!randomized!clinical!
trial?!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
a!and!c!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
a!and!c!!
!! !
Question!4!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Preclinical!animal!studies!are!known!as!phase!0!studies!!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
True!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!True!
!
!! !
Question!5!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!treatment!that!is!effective!on!the!average!is!guaranteed!to!work!on!an!
individual!patients.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!6!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!following!are!true!in!a!randomized!control!trial!(RCT)!except:!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
The!sample!size!required!depends!on!the!hypothesis!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
The!sample!size!required!depends!on!the!hypothesis!!
!! !
Question!7!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Compared!to!parallel!design,!power!of!simple!comparison!may!be!greater!with!factorial!design.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!8!!
4!out!of!4!points!
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! !
!
Data!and!safety!monitoring!board!deals!only!with!current!study!participants!!!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!9!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!trial!to!identify!a!dose!range!that!is!well!tolerated!and!safe!and!includes!
very!small!number!of!patients!without!a!control!group!is!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
Phase!I!trial!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
Phase!I!trial!!
!! !
Question!10!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
An!advantage!of!analysis!by!"intention!to!treat"!is!that!It!is!not!affected!by!patients!dropping!out!of!the!study.!!!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!11!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Always!analyze!the!results!of!the!subjects!according!to!the!group!they!were!
randomized!to.!This!type!of!analysis!is!known!as!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
Intention!to!treat!analysis!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
Intention!to!treat!analysis!!
!! !
Question!12!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Phase!II!trials!are!used!to!determine!a!safe!dose!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
False!!
!! !
Question!13!!
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4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
People!have!a!tendency!to!change!their!behavior!when!they!are!the!target!of!
special!interest!and!attention!in!a!study,!regardless!of!the!specific!nature!of!
the!intervention!they!might!be!receiving.!This!phenomenon!is!called!
Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
Hawthorne!effect!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
Hawthorne!effect!!
!! !
Question!14!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Evaluation!of!efficacy!and!detection!of!rare!or!longJterm!adverse!effects!are!achieved!using!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!
phase!IV!trials!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
phase!IV!trials!!
!! !
Question!15!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
All!the!followings!are!advantages!of!the!before!and!after!designs!except:!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
No!secular!trends!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
No!secular!trends!!!
!! !
Question!16!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Parallel!designs!are!good!if!the!intraJsubjects!variability!relatively!small!
compared!to!the!interJsubjects!variability.!!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!17!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Trials!that!compare!efficacy!of!the!new!treatment!with!the!standard!
treatment!are!!Answer!!
!! !
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Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!
phase!III!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!
phase!III!!
!! !
Question!18!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!disadvantage!of!crossJover!design!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !e.!!!Carry!over!effects!when!occur!are!difficult!to!detect!
Correct!Answer:! !e.!!!
Carry!over!effects!when!occur!are!difficult!to!detect!!
!! !
Question!19!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
Total!number!of!phases!in!clinical!trials!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!5!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!
5!!
!! !
Question!20!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Researchers!want!to!assess!if!there!is!an!association!between!cigarette!smoking!and!strokes.!Of!the!following,!which!is!the!best!study!design!to!
assess!for!this!association?!!Answer!!
!! !
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!
Prospective!cohort!study!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
Prospective!cohort!study!!!
!! !
Question!21!!
4!out!of!4!points!! !
!
Quasi!experimental!study!design!can!also!be!used!in!situations!where!there!
are!practical!or!ethical!barriers!to!conducting!a!true!RCT.!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!22!!
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4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
There!is!generally!an!increased!threat!to!the!internal!and!external!validity!of!
quasiJexperimental!study!compared!to!a!randomized!controlled!trial.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!23!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
IntentionJtoJtreat!analysis!entails!analyzing!the!results!without!regard!to!
subject!compliance.!!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !True!
Correct!Answer:!! !True!!
!! !
Question!24!!
0!out!of!4!points!! !
!
Researchers!want!to!assess!if!there!is!an!association!between!cocaine!use!
and!congestive!heart!failure.!Select!the!correct!statement:!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!
Answer:!
!a.!!!
The!researchers!should!be!concerned!about!recall!bias!if!they!choose!to!perform!a!retrospective!cohort!study.!!
Correct!
Answer:!
!e.!!!
The!researchers!should!be!concerned!about!reporting!bias!if!
they!conduct!a!case!control!study.!!!
!! !
Question!25!!4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!weakness!of!randomized!controlled!trials!is!that!they!are!prone!to!
misclassification!of!exposure!status.!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:!! !False!
Correct!Answer:!! !False!!
!! !
Question!26!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
Always!analyze!the!results!of!the!subjects!according!to!the!group!they!were!randomized!to.!This!method!is!known!as!!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !c.!!!intention!to!treat!
Correct!Answer:! !c.!!!!! !
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intention!to!treat!!
Question!27!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
The!number!of!subjects!needed!for!phase!I!clinical!trial!is!between!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!
20!and!80!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
20!and!80!!
!! !
Question!28!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!design!used!to!test!for!Interaction!!
Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !b.!!!Factorial!!!
Correct!Answer:! !b.!!!
Factorial!!!!
!! !
Question!29!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
A!design!that!is!particularly!relevant!in!situations!where!researchers!are!
reluctant!to!deprive!any!subject!of!the!intervention.!
Answer!!!! !
Selected!Answer:! !a.!!!Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!
Correct!Answer:! !a.!!!
Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!!
!! !
Question!30!!
4!out!of!4!points!
! !
!
In!parallel!design,!the!treatment!group!is!compared!to!Answer!! !!!
Selected!Answer:! !d.!!!
a!or!b!or!c!
Correct!Answer:! !d.!!!a!or!b!or!c!
!
!! !
Thursday,!March!14,!2013!7:42:04!PM!EDT!
OK!!
!
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• Question 14 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for testing for Interaction.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 24 out of 4 points
Clinical trial randomization of study subjects is performed to reduce theinfluence of Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Selection bias
Correct Answer:c.
Selection bias
• Question 34 out of 4 points
Parallel designs only employ randomized control groupsAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False• Question 4
0 out of 4 points
Pre–post designs with no control group is the most commonly encounteredquasi-experimental designs.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 54 out of 4 points
Intention-to-treat analysis entails analyzing the results without regard tosubject compliance.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
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• Question 64 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of pre and post designs except Answer
Selected Answer:d.
No history bias
Correct Answer:d.
No history bias
• Question 70 out of 4 points
All the following are true in a randomized control trial (RCT) except:Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
Baseline characteristics of intervention and control groups should be
similar
Correct Answer:a.
The sample size required depends on the hypothesis
• Question 84 out of 4 points
An advantage of analysis by "intention to treat" is thatAnswer
Selected
Answer:d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or
not they are actually taken
Correct
Answer:d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or
not they are actually taken
• Question 94 out of 4 points
In clinical trials with parallel groups, random allocation guarantees that the
groups will be similar.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
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Question 104 out of 4 points
Observational studies of treatment effects are likely to have all of thefollowing advantages over randomized controlled trials except
Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis exceptfor treatment itself
Correct
Answer:a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except
for treatment itself
• Question 114 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of parallel designs with historical controlexcept Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Eliminate time trend differences
Correct Answer:e.
Eliminate time trend differences
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for Answer
Selected Answer:c.
a or b
Correct Answer:c.
a or b
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Randomized controlled trials are observation studies because study arms are
observed for outcomes.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
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Question 140 out of 4 points
All the following statements about parallel design are true except:Answer
SelectedAnswer:
e.
Each subject is randomized to one and only one treatment.
Correct
Answer:d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively small
compared to the inter-patients variability
• Question 150 out of 4 points
All the following studies are observational except:Answer
Selected Answer: b.
case-control
Correct Answer:d.
quasi-experimental
• Question 164 out of 4 points
Compared to RCT, in quasi-experimental designAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
Both A and B are true
Correct Answer:c.
Both A and B are true
• Question 174 out of 4 points
A weakness of randomized controlled trials is that they are prone to misclassification of
exposure status.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
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Question 180 out of 4 points
As heterogeneity is restricted, the internal validity of the study is improved.Answer
Selected Answer: False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 190 out of 4 points
Always analyze the results of the subjects according to the group they were
randomized to. This method is known asAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
blinded analysis
Correct Answer: c.
intention to treat
• Question 200 out of 4 points
Incomplete follow-up in clinical trials Answer
Selected Answer:c.
Will always bias results but direction unclear
Correct Answer: b.
May be a cause of bias
• Question 214 out of 4 points
Total number of phases in clinical trials Answer
Selected Answer:d.
5
Correct Answer:d.
5
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Question 220 out of 4 points
In a hospital-based clinical trial of the management of paranoid schizophrenia,relief of symptoms in patients treated with a new drug is compared with
symptom relief among patients previously treated with a standard drug. Whichof the following may bias the analysis of the relative benefits of the new and
standard drugs? Answer
Selected
Answer: b.
Changes over time in the methods used to assess symptom
relief
Correct Answer:d.
All of the above
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Quasi experimental study design can also be used in situations where there are practical or ethical barriers to conducting a true RCT.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 244 out of 4 points
A clinical trial phase where investigators initially evaluate how well the
treatment works Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Phase II
Correct Answer:a.
Phase II
• Question 250 out of 4 points
Parallel designs are good if the intra-subjects variability relatively small
compared to the inter-subjects variability.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
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Question 264 out of 4 points
When participants are repeatedly observed using the same ‘test’, there is a possibility of learning effect and this could lead to
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Testing bias
Correct Answer: b.
Testing bias
• Question 270 out of 4 points
In a randomized controlled trial, a beta-blocker drug is found to be moreeffective than placebo for stage fright. Participants taking the beta-blocker
tended to have a lower pulse rate and to feel more lethargic, which are knowneffects of this drug. In this situation, blinding is possible for which of the
following:Answer
Selected Answer:d.
A and B
Correct Answer:c.
The investigators who assess outcome
• Question 284 out of 4 points
Researchers want to assess if there is an association between cigarette smoking and strokes. Of
the following, which is the best study design to assess for this association?Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Prospective cohort study
Correct Answer: b.
Prospective cohort study
• Question 294 out of 4 points
There is generally an increased threat to the internal and external validity of quasi-experimental study compared to a randomized controlled trial.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
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Question 304 out of 4 points
What is the key difference between an observational study and an experiment? Answer
SelectedAnswer:
d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive any
intervention designed to influence their responses.
Correct
Answer:d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive anyintervention designed to influence their responses.
!
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Question)1))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
572)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures)were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)a)comparatively)small)increase)in)risk)of)CHD,)associated)with)
smoking,)results)in)a)large)number)of)deaths.)))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)2))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)high)blood)pressure)today)is)a)poor)predictor)of)its)future)rate)of)rise.))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)3))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Exposure) ))))))))))))))))Outcome) Total)
Yes) No)
Yes) 80) 20) 100)
No) 50) 50) 100)
Total) 130) 70) 200)
The)odds)ratio=)
Answer))
)) )
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Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
4)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
4)
)
)) )
Question)4))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
))
Smoke)
)))))))Develop))CHD) ))
Total))Yes) ))No)
Yes) 30) )))70) 100)
No) 30) )270) 300)
Total) 60) )240) 400)
Risk)among)smokers))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
0.3)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
0.3)
)
)) )
Question)5))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
572)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures)
were)14)and)209,)respectively.)Therefore)for)an)individual,)smoking)was)much)more)likely)to)
result)in)death)from)lung)cancer)than)from)CHD.))
Answer))
)) )
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Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)6))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
For)a)heavy)smoker,)the)probability)of)getting)lung)cancer)in)the)next)10)years)is))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
15%)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
10%)
)
)) )
Question)7))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)excess)incidence)of)disease)in)a)community)that)is)associated)with)a)risk)factor))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
population)attributable)risk))
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
population)attributable)risk))
)
)) )
Question)8))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Cohort)study)establishes)time)sequence)for)causality)
Answer)) )) )
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Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
True)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
True)
)
)) )
Question)9))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Just)because)risk)factors)predict)disease,)it)does)not)necessarily)follow)that)they)cause)disease.)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
True)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
True)
)
)) )
Question)10))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)heavy)smoker)has)at)least)a)hundred)fold)greater)risk)of)lung)cancer)compared)to)
nonsmokers.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)11))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
572)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures)
were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)smoking)is)associated)with)a)larger)attributable)risk)for)CHD))) )
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than)for)lung)cancer.)))
Answer))
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)12))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
All)the)followings)are)disadvantages)of)crosssectional)studies)except)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)
Answer:)
)a.)))
Difficult)to)separate)cause)from)effect,)because)measurement)of)exposure)and)
disease)is)conducted)at)the)same)time.))
Correct)
Answer:)
)b.)))
Always)less)generalizable)than)cohort)due)to)the)use)of)populationbased)
samples,)instead)of)convenient)samples.))
)
)) )
Question)13))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)investigation)of)an)epidemic)of)a)fatal)disease)such)as)SARS,)the)most)appropriate)
measure)to)describe)the)frequency)of)death)from)the)disease)is)the:)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
Mortality)rate)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
Casefatality)rate)
)
)) )
Question)14))
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4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
)Exposure) ))))))))))))))))Outcome) )Total)
Yes) No)
Yes) 80) 20) 100)
No) 50) 50) 100)
Total) 130) 70) 200)
Relative)Risk=)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
1.6)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
1.6)
)
)) )
Question)15))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Consider)a)study)of)1000)people)in)which)500)are)treated)with)a)new)drug)and)500)are)treated)
with)placebo.)If)5)in)the)treatment)group)(1%)and)10)in)the)placebo)group)(2%)have)heart)
attacks,)the)relative)risk)of)heart)attack)with)treatment)would)be)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
0.5))
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
0.5))
)
)) )
Question)16))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
))
)
Smoke)
)))))))Develop))CHD) ))
)
Total)
))Yes) ))No)
Yes) ))10) )))90) 100)
No) )))5) )))95) 100)
Total) )15) )185) 200)
Risk)among)smokers=)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )) ))
0.1)
Correct)Answer:) ))))
0.1)
)
)) )
Question)17))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)strength)of)an)association)between)exposure)and)disease)is)best)measured)by)the:)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Relative)risk)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Relative)risk))
)) )
Question)18))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Measure)of)the)potential)for)prevention)of)disease)if)the)exposure)could)be)eliminated))
)) )
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
attributable)rsk)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
attributable)rsk)
)
)) )
Question)19))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)study)design)(s)can)be)done)on)a)sample)of)the)population?)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Both)c)&)d)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
Both)c)&)d)
)
)) )
Question)20))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Measures)of)absolute,)attributable,)and)relative)risks)are)less)frequently)encountered)in)the)
clinical)literature)than)are)measures)of)population)risk.))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)21))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Most)studies)of)risk)are)observational)studies)and)are)either)crosssectional)or)case)series))
)) )
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
False)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
False)
)
)) )
Question)22))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
572)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures)
were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)smoking)has)a)much)stronger)association)with)CHD)than)lung)
cancer.))))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)23))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
All)the)following)statements)are)true)except)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)
Answer:)
)b.)))
Knowledge)of)risk)factors)can)be)used)to)improve)the)efficiency)of)screening)
programs.)
Correct)
Answer:)
)c.)))
If)a)risk)factor)is)a)cause)of)a)disease),)removing)it)is)not)necessary)to)prevent)
the)disease.)
)
)) )
Question)24))
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0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
I.)Exposure)measured)before)the)development)of)disease)II.)Exposure)measured,)reconstructed,)
or)recollected)after)development)of)disease)III.)Exposure)measured,)at)the)same)time)as)
disease.)In)cohort)studies)exposure)assessment)is)true)for))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
I)&)II)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
I))
)
)) )
Question)25))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
))
)
Smoke)
)))))))Develop))CHD) ))
)
Total)
))Yes) ))No)
Yes) ))10) )))90) 100)
No) )))5) )))95) 100)
Total) )15) )185) 200)
Risk)among)nonsmokers=)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)))
0.05)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
0.05)
)
)) )
Question)26))
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4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)excess)incidence)of)disease)in)a)community)that)is)associated)with)a)risk)factor))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
population)attributable)risk))
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
population)attributable)risk))
)
)) )
Question)27))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
If)we)assume)that)the)relative)risk)reduction)associated)with)statin)treatment)is)33%,)in)patients)
with)an)initial)risk)of)30%)the)absolute)risk)will)be)reduced)from)30%)to)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
20%)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
20%)
)
)) )
Question)28))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Researchers)are)interested)in)assessing)a)possible)association)between)a)rare)exposure)and)a)
reduction)of)bone)mineral)density.)The)best)study)design)to)assess)this)possible)association)is:))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
a)case)control)study)) )) )
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Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
a)prospective)cohort)study))
)
Question)29))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Relative)risk)is)the)basic)expression)of)risk.))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)30))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
All)the)followings)are)strengths)of)cohort)studies)except)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)))
Can)measure)multiple)exposures)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
Can)measure)multiple)exposures)
)
)) )
• Question 10 out of 4 points
For absolute risk reduction of 5%, the NNT is
Answer
Selected Answer:
c.20
Correct Answer:c.
20
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Question 20 out of 4 points
Researchers are interested in assessing a possible association between statin and a raredisease. The best study design to assess this possible association is:
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
a prospective cohort study
Correct Answer:e.
a case control study
• Question 34 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total
Yes No
Yes 10 90 100
No 5 95 100
Total 15 185 200
Risk among nonsmokers=
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
0.05
Correct Answer:a.
0.05
• • Question 4
0 out of 4 points
The basic expression of risk isAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
prevalence
Correct Answer:c.
incidence
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Question 54 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 30 70 100
No 30 270 300
Total 60 240 400
Risk among smokers
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
0.3
Correct Answer: b.
0.3
• Question 64 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from
CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lungcancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. So, smoking has a much stronger
association with CHD than lung cancer.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 70 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 30 70 100
No 30 270 300
Total 60 240 400
Risk difference=
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
0.15Correct Answer:
e.
0.2
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Question 84 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 50 50 100
No 20 280 300
Total 70 230 400
Attibutable Risk Percent (AR%)=Answer
Selected Answer:d.
60%
Correct Answer:
d.60%
• Question 90 out of 4 points
A study reported the association between obesity and colon cancer morbidity asdetermined from review of medical records and death certificates in a nationally
representative cohort of men and women age 25-74 years who participated in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1971 to 1975 and were
subsequently followed up through 1992. Which research design has been used in thisstudy?Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Prospective cohort
Correct Answer: b.
Prospective cohort
Question 104 out of 4 points
All the followings are strengths of cohort studies exceptAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
Provides incidence data
Correct Answer:a.
Can study rare outcomes
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Question 114 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate fromCHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung
cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. Therefore for an individual, smokingwas much more likely to result in death from lung cancer than from CHD.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 124 out of 4 points
Cohort study establishes time sequence for causalityAnswer
Selected Answer:
a.True
Correct Answer:a.
True
• Question 134 out of 4 points
Risk cannot be estimated directly from a case–control study.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer: True
• Question 144 out of 4 points
What research design is used for patient survey research?Answer
Selected Answer:d.
cross sectional study
Correct Answer:d.
cross sectional study
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Question 154 out of 4 points
RR is basicallyAnswer
Selected Answer: c.
Relative Risk
Correct Answer:c.
Relative Risk
• Question 164 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 10 90 100
No 15 285 300
Total 25 375 400
Incidence of CHD among nonsmokers
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
50 per 1000
Correct Answer:d.
50 per 1000
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
Exposure Outcome Total
Yes No
Yes 80 20 100
No 50 50 100
Total 130 70 200
The odds ratio=
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
4
Correct Answer:c.
4
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Question 184 out of 4 points
Uses of risk Answer
Selected Answer: d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 194 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 10 90 100
No 15 285 300
Total 25 375 400
Incidence of CHD among smokers
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
100 per 1000
Correct Answer:a.
100 per 1000
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 30 70 100
No 30 270 300
Total 60 240 400
Risk among nonsmokers
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
0.1
Correct Answer:a.
0.1
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Question 214 out of 4 points
The additional risk of disease following Exposure, over and above that experienced by people who are not exposed is called
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
attributable risk
Correct Answer:c.
attributable risk
• Question 224 out of 4 points
Consider a study of 1000 people in which 500 are treated with a new drug and 500 are treated with placebo.
If 5 in the treatment group (1%) and 10 in the placebo group (2%) have heart attacks, the relative risk of heart
attack with treatment would be
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
0.5
Correct Answer:c.
0.5
• Question 234 out of 4 points
Measures of absolute, attributable, and relative risks are less frequently encountered inthe clinical literature than are measures of population risk.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 240 out of 4 points
The prevalence of a disease at a point in time is a function of Answer
Selected Answer:e.
A & C
Correct Answer:d.
a and b
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Question 254 out of 4 points
When data are combined from smaller studies into a larger sample size, which canthen be statistically evaluated in a more robust fashion than the smaller samples, the
following term is appliedAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
meta-analysis
Correct Answer:d.
meta-analysis
• Question 264 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except
Answer
Selected
Answer:a.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to prevent the disease.
Correct
Answer:a.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to
prevent the disease.
• Question 270 out of 4 points
For absolute risk reduction of 1%, the NNT is Answer
Selected Answer: b.
100
Correct Answer: b.
100
• Question 284 out of 4 points
Measure of the potential for prevention of disease if the exposure could be eliminatedAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
attributable rsk
Correct Answer:a.
attributable rsk
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Question 294 out of 4 points
In a series of 1000 women with breast cancer, 32 were pregnant. From this we canconclude:
Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were pregnant
Correct Answer:c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were
pregnant
• Question 304 out of 4 points
Researchers are interested in assessing a possible association between a rare exposureand a reduction of bone mineral density. The best study design to assess this possible
association is: Answer
Selected Answer:a.
a prospective cohort study
Correct Answer:a.
a prospective cohort study
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has an overall incidence rates in the US of less than one tenthof that of lung cancer. Yet the prevalence rate of MS is much higher than that of lung
cancer. Possible explanation isAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
duration of lung cancer is shorter than multiple sclerosis
Correct Answer: b.
duration of lung cancer is shorter than multiple sclerosis
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Question 20 out of 4 points
Incidence studies are also called
Answer
Selected Answer: a.
prospective studies
Correct Answer:e.
a and b
• Question 34 out of 4 points
The incidence of the disease among the unexposed group is 5 per 1000. The relative
risk of the disease is 5. What is the incidence of the disease among the unexposed?
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
25 per thousand
Correct Answer:d.
25 per thousand
• Question 44 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 10 90 100
No 15 285 300
Total 25 375 400
Incidence of CHD among smokers
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
100 per 1000
Correct Answer:c.
100 per 1000
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Question 54 out of 4 points
Exposure Outcome Total
Yes No
Yes 80 20 100
No 50 50 100
Total 130 70 200
The odds ratio=
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
4
Correct Answer:a.
4
• Question 60 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate fromCHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung
cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. So, a comparatively small increasein risk of CHD, associated with smoking, results in a large number of deaths.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 74 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 50 50 100
No 20 280 300
Total 70 230 400
Attibutable Risk Percent (AR%)=Answer
Selected Answer:a.
60%
Correct Answer:a.
60%
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Question 84 out of 4 points
In the investigation of an epidemic of a fatal disease such as SARS, the mostappropriate measure to describe the frequency of death from the disease is the:
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
Case-fatality rate
Correct Answer: b.
Case-fatality rate
• Question 94 out of 4 points
Exposure Outcome Total
Yes No
Yes 80 20 100
No 50 50 100
Total 130 70 200
Relative Risk=
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
1.6
Correct Answer:a.
1.6
• Question 104 out of 4 points
Most studies of risk are observational studies and are either cross-sectional or case
seriesAnswer
Selected Answer: b.
False
Correct Answer: b.
False
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Question 114 out of 4 points
I. Exposure measured before the development of disease II. Exposure measured,reconstructed, or recollected after development of disease III. Exposure measured, at
the same time as disease In cross-sectional studies exposure assessment is true for Answer
Selected Answer:c.
III
Correct Answer:c.
III
• Question 120 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from
CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. Therelative risk Answer
Selected Answer:a.
320 per 100 000
Correct Answer:d.
1.6
• Question 130 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total Yes No
Yes 30 70 100
No 30 270 300
Total 60 240 400
Risk among nonsmokers
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
3
Correct Answer: a.0.1
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Question 144 out of 4 points
All of the following are true for risk except:Answer
SelectedAnswer:
d.
The risk following inaction is perceived as smaller than the same risk
following action
Correct
Answer:d.
The risk following inaction is perceived as smaller than the same risk following action
• Question 150 out of 4 points
All the followings are strengths of cohort studies except
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Can study rare exposures
Correct Answer:c.
Can study rare outcomes
• Question 164 out of 4 points
All the followings are strengths of cohort studies exceptAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
Can measure multiple exposures
Correct Answer:d.
Can measure multiple exposures
• Question 174 out of 4 points
The additional risk of disease following Exposure, over and above that experienced by people who are not exposed is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
attributable risk
Correct Answer:c.
attributable risk
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Question 180 out of 4 points
If a condition is rare the importance of reducing risk is much lower than if it iscommon.
Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 194 out of 4 points
Measures of absolute, attributable, and relative risks are less frequently encountered inthe clinical literature than are measures of population risk.Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer: False
• Question 204 out of 4 points
A heavy smoker has at least a hundred fold greater risk of lung cancer compared to
nonsmokers.Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 214 out of 4 points
For a heavy smoker, the probability of getting lung cancer in the next 10 years isAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
10%
Correct Answer:c.
10%
• Question 224 out of 4 points
Cohort study establishes time sequence for causalityAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
True
Correct Answer:a.
True
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Question 234 out of 4 points
The fraction of disease occurrence in a population that is associated with a particular risk factor
Answer
Selected Answer: b.
population attributable fraction
Correct Answer: b.
population attributable fraction
• Question 244 out of 4 points
Most studies of risk are experimental studies.Answer
Selected Answer: False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 254 out of 4 points
Measure of the potential for prevention of disease if the exposure could be eliminatedAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
attributable rsk
Correct Answer:
a.attributable rsk
• Question 264 out of 4 points
Population attributable fraction is the fraction of disease occurrence in a population
that is associated with a particular risk factor. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
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Question 274 out of 4 points
The design where exposure status and disease status are measured at one point in timeor over a period is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
cross-sectional
Correct Answer:d.
cross-sectional
• Question 280 out of 4 points
Smoke
Develop CHD
Total
Yes No
Yes 10 90 100
No 5 95 100
Total 15 185 200
Relative risk=
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
0.5
Correct Answer: a.
2
• Question 290 out of 4 points
A design well suited for studying symptoms and signs of a disease isAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
clinical trial
Correct Answer:a.
case series
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Question 304 out of 4 points
Risk ratio is a measure of the potential for prevention of disease if the exposure could be eliminated.
Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:False
!Question)1))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
572)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))The)relative)risk)))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
1.6)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
1.6)
)
)) )
Question)2))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Relative)risk)is)the)additional)risk)of)disease)following)Exposure,)over)and)above)that)
experienced)by)people)who)are)not)exposed.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)3))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
The)effect)of)most)risk)factors)in)human)cannot)be)studied)with)experimental)studies.)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)4))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)prevalence)of)a)disease)at)a)point)in)time)is)a)function)of)incidence)and)duration.)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)5))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Which)of)the)following)study)designs)allow)direct)estimation)of)incidence)in)exposed)and)
unexposed)people?))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
Both)A)&)D)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
cohort)
)
)) )
Question)6))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
What)research)design)is)used)for)patient)survey)research?)
Answer)) )) )
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Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
cross)sectional)study)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
cross)sectional)study)
)
)) )
Question)7))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)low)ventilatory)function)today)is)the)best)predictor)of)its)future)rate)of)decline.)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)8))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
14)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)209)per)100)000)in)smokers.)))The)relative)risk)))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
14.9)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
14.9)
)
)) )
Question)9))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
)))
)) )))))))Develop))CHD) )) )) )
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Smoke) ))Yes) ))No) Total)
Yes) 50) )))50) 100)
No) 20) )280) 300)
Total) 70) )230) 400)
)
Attibutable)Risk)Percent)(AR%=))
Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
60%)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
60%)
)
)) )
Question)10))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Measure)of)the)potential)for)prevention)of)disease)if)the)exposure)could)be)eliminated))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )a.)))
attributable)rsk)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
attributable)rsk)
)
)) )
Question)11))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
))
)
)))))))Develop))CHD) ))
))Yes) ))No) )) )
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Smoke) Total)
Yes) ))10) )))90) 100)
No) )))5) )))95) 100)
Total) )15) )185) 200)
Risk)among)smokers=)
Answer))
Selected)Answer:) ))) )
0.1)
Correct)Answer:) ))))
0.1)
)
)) )
Question)12))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
))
Smoke)
)))))))Develop))CHD) ))
Total))Yes) ))No)
Yes) 30) )))70) 100)
No) 30) )270) 300)
Total) 60) )240) 400)
Risk)among)smokers))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
0.3)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
0.3)
)
)) )
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Question)13))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
))
Smoke)
)))))))Develop))CHD) ))
Total))Yes) ))No)
Yes) 10) )))90) 100)
No) 15) )285) 300)
Total) 25) )375) 400)
Incidence)of)CHD)among)nonsmokers)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
50))per))1000)
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
50))per))1000)
)
)) )
Question)14))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)presence)of)a)strong)risk)factor)indicates)that)an)individual)is)very)likely)to)get)the)disease)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)) )
True)
Correct)Answer:) )a.)))
False)
)
)) )
Question)15))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
A)heavy)smoker)has)at)least)a)hundred)fold)greater)risk)of)lung)cancer)compared)to)
nonsmokers.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)16))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Uses)of)risk)
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
all)of)the)above))
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
all)of)the)above))
)
)) )
Question)17))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Early)coronary)heart)disease)is)better)than)cholesterol,)blood)pressure,)smoking,)diabetes,)and)
obesity)as)predictor)of)future)fatal)disease.)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)18))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A))measure)suitable)for)policy)decision)
)) )
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
attributable)risk)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
attributable)risk)
)
)) )
Question)19))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Most)studies)of)risk)are)observational)studies)and)are)either)crosssectional)or)case)series))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)) )
False)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
False)
)
)) )
Question)20))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
))
)
Smoke)
)))))))Develop))CHD) ))
)
Total)
))Yes) ))No)
Yes) ))10) )))90) 100)
No) )))5) )))95) 100)
Total) )15) )185) 200)
Risk)among)nonsmokers=)
Answer))
)) )
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Selected)Answer:) )b.)) )
0.05)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
0.05)
)
)) )
Question)21))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
A)study)design)for)which)cases)with)the)disease)in)question)are)matched)with)appropriate)
controls)(without)the)disease)in)question)is)called))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )c.)))
casecontrol)
Correct)Answer:) )c.)))
casecontrol)
)
)) )
Question)22))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Measures)of)absolute,)attributable,)and)relative)risks)are)less)frequently)encountered)in)the)
clinical)literature)than)are)measures)of)population)risk.))
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)
)) )
Question)23))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
If)a)risk)factor)is)also)a)cause)of)disease,)removing)it)can)prevent)disease)whether)or)not)the)
mechanism)by)which)the)disease)develops)is)known.))) )
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Answer))
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)24))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
Cohort)study)allows)for)accurate)measurement)of)disease)variables))
Answer)) )) )
Selected)Answer:) )b.)) )
False)
Correct)Answer:) )b.)))
False)
)
)) )
Question)25))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
))
The)incidence)of)disease)A)among)smokers)is)6/10000)and)is)(5)/)10000)among)nonsmokers.)
The)relative)risk)for)smoking=))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )e.)))
1.2))
Correct)Answer:) )e.)))
1.2))
)
)) )
Question)26))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
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)
)Exposure) ))))))))))))))))Outcome) )Total)
Yes) No)
Yes) 80) 20) 100)
No) 50) 50) 100)
Total) 130) 70) 200)
Relative)Risk=)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
1.6)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
1.6)
)
)) )
Question)27))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
572)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures)were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)a)comparatively)small)increase)in)risk)of)CHD,)associated)with)
smoking,)results)in)a)large)number)of)deaths.)))
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)) )
Question)28))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
The)design)where)exposure)status)and)disease)status)are)measured)at)one)point)in)time)or)over)
a)period)is))
Answer)))) )
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Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
crosssectional))
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
crosssectional))
)
)) )
Question)29))
4)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
All)of)the)following)statements)are)true)about)both)prospective)and)retrospective)cohort)
studies)except:)
Answer)))) )
Selected)Answer:) )d.)) )
They)allow)investigators)to)decide)beforehand)what)data)to)collect)
Correct)Answer:) )d.)))
They)allow)investigators)to)decide)beforehand)what)data)to)collect)
)
)) )
Question)30))
0)out)of)4)points)
) )
)
In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was)
572)per)100)000)in)nonsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures)
were)14)and)209,)respectively.)The)attributable)risk)of)lung)related)to)smoking)
Answer))
)) )
Selected)Answer:) )))[None)Given]))
Correct)Answer:) )f.)))
195))per)100)000)
)
)) )
Sunday,)February)24,)2013)10:16:04)AM)EST)
OK))
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)
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Score 84 out of 120 points
Time Elapsed 44 minutes out of 45 minutes.
Instructions
• Question 1
0 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the higher will be its false negative rate
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
Diagnostic tests that discriminat well crowd toward the --------------------- of the ROC curve
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
upper left corner
Correct Answer:a.
upper left corner
• Question 3
0 out of 4 points
Posttest Odds =
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Posttest Odds x Likelihood ratio
Correct Answer:b.
Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
• Question 4
0 out of 4 points
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A test with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity was applied to a populationwith 20% prevalence of a particular disease. The positive negative value was
94%. If the test is applied to another a population with 30% prevalence, thespecificity will be
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
95%
Correct Answer:c.
90%
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
ROC curve is constructed by plotting
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
true positive rate against false-positive rate
Correct Answer:c.
true positive rate against false-positive rate
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
The probability that a patient has the disease given a positive test result.Answer
Selected Answer:c.
p(D+|T+)
Correct Answer:c.
p(D+|T+)
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
The results of clinical tests are usually used not to categorically make or
exclude a diagnosis but to modify the pre-test probability in order to generate
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the post-test probability.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
If the posttest odds equals 4, then the posttest probability will beAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
80%
Correct Answer:e.
80%
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
New Test
Gold Standard
Total
Disease No disease
Positive 90 30 120
Negative 10 70 80
Total 100 100 200
The prevalence of the disease is
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
50%
Correct Answer:c.
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50%
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The positive predictive
value of the test =Answer
Selected Answer:b.
33%
Correct Answer:b.
33%
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the lower will be its specificity
Answer
Selected Answer:
TrueCorrect Answer:
True
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Two tests are used in parallel with 60 and 80% sensitivities. If the two tests were completely
independent of each other then the sensitivity of parallel testing would be
Answer
Selected Answer: d.92%
Correct Answer:d.
92%
• Question 13
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0 out of 4 points
All the following about sensitivity are true except
Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
A highly sensitive test is most helpful to the clinician when the test result
is negative
Correct
Answer:d.
A highly sensitive test is most helpful to the clinician when the test result
is positive
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
Likelihood ratio is clinically more useful than sensitivity or specificity.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
The likelihood ratio for a particular value of a diagnostic test is defined as the
Answer
Selected
Answer:b.
probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the
probability of the result in people without disease
Correct
Answer:b.
probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the
probability of the result in people without disease
• Question 16
0 out of 4 points
A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95
subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The positive predictive value is
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Answer
Selected Answer:c.
50%
Correct Answer:a.
94.7%
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
All the following about specificity are true except
Answer
SelectedAnswer:
a.
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by
other data
Correct
Answer:a.
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by
other data
• Question 18
0 out of 4 points
A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95
subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The negative predictive value is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
50%
Correct Answer:c.
90.5%
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity of Test A is 0.80 , and the specificity is 0.9. The LR + of this test
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is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
8
Correct Answer:d.
8
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
It is desirable to have a test with
Answer
Selected Answer: c.
high sensitivity & high specificity
Correct Answer:c.
high sensitivity & high specificity
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
Serial testing maximizes Answer
Selected Answer:f.
b and c
Correct Answer:f.
b and c
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
The probability that a test result will be negative among patients without the
disease . Answer
Selected Answer:a.
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p(T-|D - )
Correct Answer:a.
p(T-|D - )
• Question 23
0 out of 4 points
The prevalence of the disease has an impact on
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
sensitivity and positive predictive value
Correct Answer:d.
positive predictive value and negative predictive value
• Question 24
0 out of 4 points
The probability of event divided by the probability of no event is called
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
likelihood ratio
Correct Answer:c.
odds
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
Disease is less likely in the presence of an extremely abnormal test result than it is for a
marginal one
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
false
Correct Answer:b.
false
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• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
A psychiatrist devised a short screening test for depression. An independent blind comparison
was made with a gold standard for diagnosis of depression among 200 psychiatric outpatients.Among the 50 outpatients found to be depressed according to the gold standard, 35 patients
were positive for the test. Among 150 patients found not to be depressed according to the gold
standard, 30 patients were found to be positive for the test. Corrected to the nearest decimal
place:
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
The negative predictive value was 88.9%
Correct Answer:d.
The negative predictive value was 88.9%
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
New Test
Gold Standard
Total
Disease No disease
Positive 90 30 120
Negative 10 70 80
Total 100 100 200
The specificity of the new test is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
70%
Correct Answer:d.
70%
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
Posttest odds=
Answer
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Selected Answer:
pretest odds x LR
Correct Answer:
pretest odds x LR
• Question 29
0 out of 4 points
Multiple tests in parallel generally
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
increase the specificity and positive predictive value
Correct Answer: a.
increase the sensitivity and negative predictive value
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has beensuggested by other data
Answer
Selected Answer: False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
The results of clinical tests are usually used not to categorically make or exclude a diagnosis but to modify the pre-test probability in order to generate
the post-test probability.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 2
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4 out of 4 points
A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95
subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The positive predictive value is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
94.7%
Correct Answer:a.
94.7%
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity and specificity of a test cannot be used to estimate probabilityof disease in individual patients.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 4
0 out of 4 points
A test's negative likelihood ratio is calculated when the test result is negative
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
false
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
Posttest Odds =
Answer
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Selected Answer:b.
Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
Correct Answer:b.
Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
• Question 6
0 out of 4 points
A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95
subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The Prevalence of the disease is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
90.5%
Correct Answer:e.
50%
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
The probability that a patient does not have the disease given a negative testresult. Answer
Selected Answer:e.
p(D - |T - )
Correct Answer:e.
p(D - |T - )
• Question 8
0 out of 4 points
A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95
subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The sensitivity is
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Answer
Selected Answer:b.
95%
Correct Answer:e.
90%
• Question 9
0 out of 4 points
Compared to whites of Norwegian descent, a test for sickle cell among AfricanAmerican would have higher Answer
Selected Answer:b.
specificity
Correct Answer:a.
positive predictive value
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
A false negative results when a test indicates a positive status whenthe true status is negative
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
The physician's estimate of the patient's likelihood of having the disease beforea diagnostic test is performed.Answer
Selected Answer:c.
pretest odds
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Correct Answer:d.
a and b
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Serial testing maximizes
Answer
Selected Answer:f.
b and c
Correct Answer:f.
b and c
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
The prevalence of the disease has an impact on
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
positive predictive value and negative predictive value
Correct Answer: d.
positive predictive value and negative predictive value
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
New Test
Gold Standard
Total Disease No disease
Positive 90 30 120 Negative 10 70 80
Total 100 100 200
LR+ =
Answer
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Selected Answer:d.
90/30
Correct Answer:d.
90/30
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
All the followings are false except
Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
The more sensitive a test is, the better will be its negative predictive
value
Correct Answer:c.
The more sensitive a test is, the better will be its negative predictive
value
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
New Test
Gold Standard
Total
Disease No disease
Positive 90 30 120
Negative 10 70 80
Total 100 100 200
The prevalence of the disease is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
50%
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Correct Answer:a.
50%
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
It is desirable to have a test with
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
high sensitivity & high specificity
Correct Answer:c.
high sensitivity & high specificity
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
New Test
Gold Standard
Total
Disease No disease
Positive 90 30 120
Negative 10 70 80
Total 100 100 200
The specificity of the new test is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
70%
Correct Answer:a.
70%
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The positive predictive
value of the test =
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Answer
Selected Answer:c.
33%
Correct Answer: c.
33%
• Question 20
0 out of 4 points
The probability that a test result will be positive among patients with thedisease.
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
p(T+|D+)
Correct Answer:d.
p(T+|D+)
• Question 21
0 out of 4 points
The likelihood ratio for a particular test is 4 and the pretest probability of thedisease is 20%. The posttest odds=Answer
Selected Answer:e.
0.25
Correct Answer:c.
1
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
A test with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity was applied to a population
with 20% prevalence of a particular disease. The positive negative value was94%. If the test is applied to another a population with 30% prevalence, the
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specificity will be
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
90%
Correct Answer: e.
90%
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
The probability that a test result will be negative among patients without the
disease . Answer
Selected Answer:c.
p(T-|D - )
Correct Answer:c.
p(T-|D - )
• Question 24
0 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The negative predictivevalue of the test =Answer
Selected Answer:b.
67%
Correct Answer:d.
33%
• Question 25
0 out of 4 points
The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is calculated for five selected diagnostic tests as
follows: A(.6), B(.72), C(.82), D(.79), E(.87). Based on AUC, the best test is
Answer
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Selected Answer:c.
C
Correct Answer:e.
E
• Question 26
0 out of 4 points
A psychiatrist devised a short screening test for depression. An independent blind comparison
was made with a gold standard for diagnosis of depression among 200 psychiatric outpatients.
Among the 50 outpatients found to be depressed according to the gold standard, 35 patients
were positive for the test. Among 150 patients found not to be depressed according to the gold
standard, 30 patients were found to be positive for the test. Corrected to the nearest decimal
place:
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
The specificity was 88.9%
Correct Answer:d.
The negative predictive value was 88.9%
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
New Test
Gold Standard
Total
Disease No disease
Positive 90 30 120
Negative 10 70 80
Total 100 100 200
The positive predictive value of the test is
Answer
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Selected Answer:b.
75%
Correct Answer:b.
75%
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
The likelihood ratio for a particular value of a diagnostic test is defined as the
Answer
Selected
Answer:b.
probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the
probability of the result in people without disease
Correct
Answer:b.
probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the
probability of the result in people without disease
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10
and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The sensitivity of the test =Answer
Selected Answer:d.
50%
Correct Answer:d.
50%
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
The probability of event divided by the probability of no event is called
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
odds
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Correct Answer:c.
odds
Sunday, February 3, 2013 5:25:38 PM EST
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
A psychiatrist devised a short screening test for depression. An independent blind comparison
was made with a gold standard for diagnosis of depression among 200 psychiatric outpatients.
Among the 50 outpatients found to be depressed according to the gold standard, 35 patients
were positive for the test. Among 150 patients found not to be depressed according to the gold
standard, 30 patients were found to be positive for the test. Corrected to the nearest decimal
place:
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
The negative predictive value was 88.9%
Correct Answer:d.
The negative predictive value was 88.9%
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
The likelihood ratio for a particular test is 4 and the pretest probability of thedisease is 20%. The posttest odds=Answer
Selected Answer:d.
1
Correct Answer:d.
1
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
If the posttest odds equals 4, then the posttest probability will beAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
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80%
Correct Answer:e.
80%
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
A test with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity was applied to a population
with 20% prevalence of a particular disease. The positive negative value was94%. If the test is applied to another a population with 30% prevalence, the
specificity will be
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
90%
Correct Answer:e.
90%
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the higher will be its false negative rate
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 6
0 out of 4 points
Gold Standard
Disease No disease
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New Test Total
Positive 90 30 120
Negative 10 70 80
Total 100 100 200
The false positive rate =
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
90%
Correct Answer:b.
30%
•Question 7
0 out of 4 points
To evaluate the performance of a new diagnostic test, the developer checks it out on 100
known cases of the disease for which the test was designed, and on 200 controls known to be
free of the disease. Ninety of the cases yield positive tests, as do 30 of the controls. Based on
these data, the specificity and false positive error rates of the test are, respectively,
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
75% and 10%
Correct Answer:c.
85% and 15%
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has beensuggested by other data
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
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Serial testing maximizes
Answer
Selected Answer:f.
b and c
Correct Answer:f.
b and c
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity of Test A is 0.80 , and the specificity is 0.9. The LR + of this test
is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
8
Correct Answer:d.
8
• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
A highly sensitive test is most helpful to the clinician when the test
result is positive
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
New Test
Gold Standard
Total
Disease No disease
Positive 90 30 120
Negative 10 70 80
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Total 100 100 200
The sensitivity of the test is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
90%
Correct Answer:d.
90%
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
If the pretest probability equals 60%, then the pretest odds will beAnswer
Selected Answer:b.
1.5
Correct Answer:b.
1.5
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95
subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The specificity is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
95%
Correct Answer:a.
95%
• Question 15
0 out of 4 points
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A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95
subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The sensitivity is
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
95%
Correct Answer:e.
90%
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
Multiple tests in parallel generally increase the sensitivity and negative predictive value
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 17
0 out of 4 points
A clinician uses the combination of multiple tests to arrive at a diagnosis. The results of the
combined testing from history, physical examination, and laboratory tests are used to make a
diagnosis. The resulting test combinations are called
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
receiver operator characteristic curve
Correct Answer:a.
clinical prediction rules
•Question 18
0 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The likelihood ratio of the
test =Answer
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Selected Answer:b.
2
Correct Answer:a.
1
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
ROC curve is constructed by plotting
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
true positive rate against false-positive rate
Correct Answer: c.
true positive rate against false-positive rate
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity and specificity of a test cannot be used to estimate probability
of disease in individual patients.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 21
0 out of 4 points
When multiple tests are used, the accuracy of the final result depends on whether the
additional information contributed by each test is dependent on that already available from thepreceding ones.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 22
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4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10
and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The negative predictivevalue of the test =
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
33%
Correct Answer:e.
33%
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
All the following points about the ROC curve are true except
Answer
Selected
Answer:e.
The closer the curve follows the left-hand border and then the top border of
the ROC space, the less accurate the test
Correct
Answer:e.
The closer the curve follows the left-hand border and then the top border of
the ROC space, the less accurate the test
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the lower will be its specificity
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
The likelihood ratio for a particular value of a diagnostic test is defined as the
Answer
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Selected
Answer:b.
probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the
probability of the result in people without disease
Correct
Answer:b.
probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by theprobability of the result in people without disease
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
All the following about specificity are true except
Answer
Selected
Answer:
a.
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested byother data
Correct
Answer:a.
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by
other data
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
The prevalence of the disease has an impact on
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
positive predictive value and negative predictive value
Correct Answer:d.
positive predictive value and negative predictive value
• Question 28
0 out of 4 points
The more specific a test is, the better will be its negative predictivevalue
Answer
Selected Answer:True
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Correct Answer:False
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
Posttest Odds =
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
Correct Answer:b.
Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
•Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Likelihood ratio is clinically more useful than sensitivity or specificity.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
!
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• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
If treatment B results in a 1% mortality and the placebo control group
has a mortality of 2%, then the relative improvement in mortality is Answer
Selected Answer:B.
50%
Correct Answer:B.
50%
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
A mean difference between groups that is higher than the MID can be
considered asAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
clinically relevant
Correct Answer:d.
clinically relevant
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
Effect size as a measure of clinical relevance can be used inAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
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The smallest difference in score in the domain of interest that patients perceiveas important, either beneficial or harmful, and which would lead the clinician
to consider a change in the patient’s management Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Minimal important difference
Correct Answer:d.
Minimal important difference
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
Absolute risk and relative risk are used as a proxy for
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
clinical significance
Correct Answer:b.
clinical significance
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
Clinical significance is defined as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
the practical value of a treatment effect
Correct Answer:c.
the practical value of a treatment effect
• Question 7
0 out of 4 points
Even though the difference between groups is small to be considered clinically
important, a statistical difference between groups could be found if Answer
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Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
a and b
• Question 8
0 out of 4 points
Evidence-Based Medicine is a ‘cookbook medicine’ and is another way of
implementing treatment guidelines. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer: False
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
Determining success or failure of a treatment or preventive agent depends on
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
all of the above
• Question 10
0 out of 4 points
A challenging issue in clinical research arises when
Answer
Selected
Answer:d.
statistically significant results are small and clinically not relevant
Correct Answer:b.
statistically non-significant results are large enough to be clinically
relevant
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• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
Example of Anchor-based methods in the assessment of clinical relevance
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
clients’ perspective
Correct Answer:c.
calculation of the effect size
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
The rates of remission of a major depressive episode at 6 weeks for drug A anddrug B were 29.5% and 31.5%. Therefore, the number needed to treat is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
50
Correct Answer:a.
50
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
If a p value > 0.05 is found, investigators must conclude that “there is sufficient evidence to
reject the null hypothesis".
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 14
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4 out of 4 points
Large studies may show statistically significant findings that are not clinically significant
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 15
0 out of 4 points
In Bayesian interpretation, a 95% CI indicates that if the same study was
repeated many times, 95% of CI would include the true treatment effect.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
In the setting of a relatively safe treatment with no alternative treatment
options, the seriousness of type I error is relatively small, whereas the
seriousness of type II error is relatively large.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
Positive conclusions should be based on
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
both a & b
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Correct Answer:c.
both a & b
• Question 18
0 out of 4 points
The level of acceptable error (β error) usually is set at Answer
Selected Answer:A.
5%
Correct Answer:D.
20%
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
Small studies may show clinically important findings that are not statistically significant
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:
a.true
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
If treatment A is associated with a 25% mortality and the placebocontrol group has a mortality of 50%, then the relative improvement inmortality is
Answer
Selected Answer:A.
50%
Correct Answer:A.
50%
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• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
The magnitude of the effect size has been interpreted as an index of
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
clinical relevance
Correct Answer:e.
clinical relevance
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
It is possible to haveAnswer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
all of the above
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
A simplified but common interpretation of the p-value is that it is the probability that
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
the null hypothesis is true
Correct Answer:a.
the null hypothesis is true
• Question 24
0 out of 4 points
p value depends on
Answer
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Selected Answer:e.
a & c only
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
Authors of RCTs usually report statistically significant differences between groups, and
conclusions are often based on this statistical significance. If P < 0.05, the conclusion is
usually that the intervention is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
more effective than the comparison
Correct Answer:d.
more effective than the comparison
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
The choice of the correct statistical test depends on
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
The degree to which the phenomenon is present in the population is defined as
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Effect size
Correct Answer:a.
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Effect size
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
The definition of clinical significance depends on the
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
all of the above
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
Clinical relevance (also called clinical significance) assessment indicateswhether the results are meaningful or not. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
The number needed to treat (NNT) is used as a proxy for
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
clinical significance
Correct Answer:a.
clinical significance
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
The choice of the correct statistical test depends on
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Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
Determining success or failure of a treatment or preventive agent depends on
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
all of the above
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
All the followings are true except
Answer
SelectedAnswer:
b.
Results of large studies are subject to more random error in comparison to
small studies
Correct
Answer:b.
Results of large studies are subject to more random error in comparison to
small studies
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
Absolute risk and relative risk are used as a proxy for
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
clinical significance
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Correct Answer:b.
clinical significance
• Question 5
0 out of 4 points
When we see p < 0.05 in a paper what is it telling us?
Answer
Selected
Answer:b.
The probability that this result is false is less than 5%.
Correct
Answer:d.
If there truly was no effect then one would expect to see a
result like this less than 5% of the time.
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
If treatment A is associated with a 25% mortality and the placebocontrol group has a mortality of 50%, then the relative improvement inmortality is
Answer
Selected Answer: A.
50%
Correct Answer:A.
50%
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
The level of acceptable error (β error) usually is set at
Answer
Selected Answer:D.
20%
Correct Answer:D.
20%
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• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
All the following are examples of distribution-based methods to evaluate
clinical relevance exceptAnswer
Selected Answer:c.
clients’ perspective
Correct Answer:c.
clients’ perspective
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
Findings that are novel or have clinical values are referred to in the biomedical literature as
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
all of the above
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
The probability of finding a statistically significant difference between
treatment groups in which the actual difference in means is at least as large asthe predetermined clinically relevant effect size. Answer
Selected Answer:C.
power
Correct Answer:C.
power
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
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The smaller the effect size, “the lower the degree to which the phenomenonunder study is manifested”. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer: True
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
The P value indicates if the effect is clinically important
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
false
Correct Answer:a.
false
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
A meta-analysis may resolve the problem of underpowered studies. If findings are statistically
significant but not clinically important, ameta-analysis will change the conclusions.
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
false
Correct Answer:b.
false
• Question 14
0 out of 4 points
The P value is not very informative and only indicates the chance of the observed effect, not
considering its size
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
false
Correct Answer:b.
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true
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
If a p value > 0.05 is found, investigators must conclude that “there is sufficient evidence to
reject the null hypothesis".
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
If treatment B results in a 1% mortality and the placebo control grouphas a mortality of 2%, then the relative improvement in mortality is Answer
Selected Answer:B.
50%
Correct Answer:B.
50%
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values for the variable of interest
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
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A p value is the probability that one would observe an effect (test statistic) as
extreme or more extreme than the one observed if the null hypothesis were
true.
Answer
Selected Answer: True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
It is possible to haveAnswer
Selected Answer: e.
all of the above
Correct Answer:e.
all of the above
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
NNT is completely dependent on the statistical significance or the ‘P-value’. Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
Positive conclusions should be based on
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
both a & b
Correct Answer:c.
both a & b
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• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
The number needed to treat (NNT) is used as a proxy for
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
clinical significance
Correct Answer:a.
clinical significance
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
Example of Anchor-based methods in the assessment of clinical relevanceAnswer
Selected Answer:b.
calculation of the effect size
Correct Answer:b.
calculation of the effect size
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
Information regarding the magnitude of association between variables as wellas the size of the difference between groups can be obtained using
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Effect size
Correct Answer:e.
Effect size
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
The 95% CI of an estimate is
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Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
the range within which we are 95% certain that the true population
parameter will lie
CorrectAnswer:
c.the range within which we are 95% certain that the true population
parameter will lie
• Question 26
0 out of 4 points
If the NNT were 2, it would mean with every ---- patients a difference inoutcome would be seen. Answer
Selected Answer:c.
200
Correct Answer:e.
2
• Question 27
0 out of 4 points
Frequentist analysis allows for the inclusion of previous knowledge into study
analysis.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
The principles of significance and power are derived from the school of
statistical inference referred to as “ Bayesian statistics".
Answer
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Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
Even though the difference between groups is small to be considered clinicallyimportant, a statistical difference between groups could be found if Answer
Selected Answer:e.
a and b
Correct Answer:e.
a and b
• Question 30
0 out of 4 points
The larger the effect size index, the smaller the difference between groups andthe larger the clinical relevance of the results. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
Saturday, January 26, 2013 11:43:00 PM EST
!
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• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
The validity of a physical examination finding can be established by comparing it to the results of surgery or radiolo
examination.
Answer
Selected Answer:
TrueCorrect Answer:
True
• Question 2
0 out of 4 points
All the following data are termed "soft data" except
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
clinical performance data
Correct Answer:d.
demographic data
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
frequency distribution
Correct Answer:c.
frequency distribution
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
We assess construct validity by seeing whether a particular measure relates as it shouldother measures. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 5
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A patient is found to have a single serum cholesterol above 200 mg/dL, which is in the 65th percentile for adults in
United States and above a widely-accepted threshold for considering drug treatment. All of the followings are true e
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her p
Correct Answer:c.
The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her p
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
The degree to which a measurement truly measures what it purports to measure is
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
validity
Correct Answer:b.
validity
• Question 7
0 out of 4 points
The variability within subject is known as
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
analytical variability
Correct Answer:c.
biological variability
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
The extent to which a measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure Answer
Selected Answer:c.
face validity
Correct Answer:c.
face validity
• Question 9
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0 out of 4 points
The New York Heart Association scale is not sensitive to subtle changes in congestive heart failure, one that matte
patients. Therefore, this scale has limited
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
interpretability
Correct Answer: b.
responsiveness
• Question 10
0 out of 4 points
The reliability of laboratory measurements is established by showing that they are similarly described to different
observers under different conditions.
Answer
Selected Answer: True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
If a scale for measuring pain include questions about aching, throbbing, burning, and stinging but not about pressur
itching, nausea, and tingling, this scale would have
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
criterion validity
Correct Answer:d.
content validity
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
both a and b
Correct Answer:c.
both a and b
• Question 13
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4 out of 4 points
A scale based on questionnaire may have little intuitive meaning to clinicians and patients who do not use it regula
This scale has low
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
interpretability
Correct Answer: a.
interpretability
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
Consider a dataset that contains the birthweight of all children born in Ohio during the last 50 years. Assuming that
dataset is normally distributed, which of the following statements is correct?
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
The mean, median, and mode share the same value
Correct Answer:a.
The mean, median, and mode share the same value
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
Only random error is introduced by measurement variationAnswer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 16
0 out of 4 points
The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 17
0 out of 4 points
All the followin s are methods for assessin reliabilit exce t
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Answer
Selected Answer:b.
split-half
Correct Answer:d.
discriminant
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
The extent to which a measure distinguishes participants on the basis of a particular behavioral criterion
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
criterion validity
Correct Answer:b.
criterion validity
• Question 19
0 out of 4 points
Conceptually, it is the average consistency across all possible split-half reliabilities. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Significance level
Correct Answer:d.
Cronbach's alpha
• Question 20
0 out of 4 points
Ordinal scale is appropriate to use for
Answer
Selected Answer: d.All of the above
Correct Answer:e.
a and c only
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
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Sometimes extreme values are actually beneficial.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
Measures lacking face validity are not valid
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
To separate normal from abnormal, we need to take into consideration
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 25
0 out of 4 points
Observations that are close to the true are also
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
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valid
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 26
0 out of 4 points
Most biologic phenomena change from moment to moment.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 27
0 out of 4 points
If a scale measuring pain can predict mild pain from minor abrasion, moderate pain from ordinary headache, and se
pain from renal colic, this scale would have
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
content validity
Correct Answer:b.
criterion validity
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
When it is not possible to verify measurement of a phenomenon, such as itching, by the physical senses, which of th
followings can be said of its validity?
Answer
Selected
Answer:c.
It can be supported by showing that the measurement is related to other measures of phenomena s
as the presence of diseases that are known to cause itching
CorrectAnswer:
c.
It can be supported by showing that the measurement is related to other measures of phenomena s
as the presence of diseases that are known to cause itching
• Question 29
0 out of 4 points
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All the following are ordinal data except
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
recording of leg edema
Correct Answer:c.
demographics such as marital status
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Validity of a scale is either present or absent.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
Sunday, January 20, 2013 5:30:59 PM EST
• Question 1
0 out of 4 points
All the following regarding criterion validity are true except:
Answer
Selected
Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:a.
ssed by seeing whether a particular measure relates as it should to other
measures.
• Question 2
0 out of 4 points
The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and
maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to
individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limitedAnswer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:a.
range
• Question 3
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0 out of 4 points
A health practitioner encounters a dataset where diagnoses are coded with numbers. For example, pneumonia is coded
with a '1', hypertension is coded with a '2', appendicitis is coded with a '3', and so on. Which of the following best
describes the numerical component of this dataset?
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer: d.
Nominal Scale
• Question 4
0 out of 4 points
Face validity studies employ a reference standard (also called “gold standard”). Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:False
• Question 5
0 out of 4 points
The validity of a physical examination finding can be established by comparing it to the results of surgery or radiologic
examination.
Answer
Selected Answer: [None Given]
Correct Answer:True
• Question 6
0 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except
Answer
SelectedAnswer: [None Given]
Correct
Answer:c.
Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from
increased risk.
• Question 7
0 out of 4 points
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Measurement of ejection fraction by echocardiography can detect changes so subtle that patients do not notice them.
Therefore, this measure has high
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:d.
responsiveness
• Question 8
0 out of 4 points
The followings are consequences of measurement error except
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:c.
reduced significance level
• Question 9
0 out of 4 points
Criteria for abnormality
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer: d.all of the above
• Question 10
0 out of 4 points
The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except
Answer
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Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:a.
High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 12
0 out of 4 points
A statistical phenomenon that occurs when repeated measurements are made on the same subject or unit of observation.
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:d.
Regression to the mean
• Question 13
0 out of 4 points
The variability within subject is known as
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:c.
biological variability
• Question 14
0 out of 4 points
The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement.
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:False
• Question 15
0 out of 4 points
In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:c.
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both a and b
• Question 16
0 out of 4 points
Although clinical distributions often resemble a normal distribution the resemblance is superficial.
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:True
• Question 17
0 out of 4 points
The extent to which a measure distinguishes participants on the basis of a particular behavioral criterion
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:b.
criterion validity
• Question 18
0 out of 4 points
Systematic error, where the observed values are consistently biased, is not the cause of regression to the mean.Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:True
• Question 19
0 out of 4 points
"Abnormal" is commonly defined byAnswer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:e.
A and B only
• Question 20
0 out of 4 points
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To have construct validity, a measure should
Answer
Selected Answers: [None Given]
Correct Answers:c.
both a and b
• Question 21
0 out of 4 points
The shape of clinical distributions differ from one another mainly because of random variations.
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:False
• Question 22
0 out of 4 points
A measure has face validity if Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:b.
people think it does
• Question 23
0 out of 4 points
All the followings are methods for assessing reliability except
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:d.
discriminant
• Question 24
0 out of 4 points
The reliability of laboratory measurements is established by showing that they are similarly described to different
observers under different conditions.
Answer
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Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:False
• Question 25
0 out of 4 points
Observations that are close to the true are also
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 26
0 out of 4 points
Ordinal scale is appropriate to use for
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:e.
a and c only
• Question 27
0 out of 4 points
The extent to which a measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:c.
face validity
• Question 28
0 out of 4 points
As the prevalence of disease rises with age, the number of people with unidentified abnormalities is also likely to
decrease.
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
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Correct Answer:b.
false
• Question 29
0 out of 4 points
Regression to the mean is not restricted to distributions that are Normal, or even to distributions that are continuous.
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:True
• Question 30
0 out of 4 points
Consider a dataset that contains the birthweight of all children born in Ohio during the last 50 years. Assuming that thisdataset is normally distributed, which of the following statements is correct?
Answer
Selected Answer:[None Given]
Correct Answer:a.
The mean, median, and mode share the same value
• Question 1
0 out of 4 points
All the following are nominal data except
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Hospital location as rural or urban
Correct Answer:c.
Demographics such as socioeconomic status
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
All the following are interval data except
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
risk of birth defect from drug during pregnancy
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Correct Answer:b.
risk of birth defect from drug during pregnancy
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
Blood pressure is generally higher when people are
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
a and b
Correct Answer:e.
a and b
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
Validity of a scale is either present or absent.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
Consider a dataset that contains the birthweight of all children born in Ohio during the last 50 years. Assuming that this
dataset is normally distributed, which of the following statements is correct?
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
The mean, median, and mode share the same value
Correct Answer:a.
The mean, median, and mode share the same value
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
Ordinal scale is appropriate to use for
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
a and c only
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Correct Answer:e.
a and c only
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and
maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to
individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limited
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
range
Correct Answer:a.
range
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
both a and b
Correct Answer:c.
both a and b
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 10
0 out of 4 points
Hemoglobin values follow a positively skewed distribution
Answer
Selected Answer:True
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Correct Answer:False
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
A randomized placebo controlled trial was carried out among subjects with mild hypertension. Among 1000 subjects
allocated to active treatment there were 10 strokes. Among 1000 subjects allocated to placebo there were 20 strokes.What is the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent a single stroke under the conditions of this trial?
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
100
Correct Answer:e.
100
• Question 12
0 out of 4 points
Coefficient of Variation is basically the
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
standard deviation multiplied by the mean
Correct Answer:e.
standard deviation divided by the mean
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
A population having a specific disease will usually have an asymmetric distribution. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
A physician or nurse measures a patient's heart rate by feeling the pulse for 10 seconds each time she comes to clinic. The
rates might differ from visit to visit because of all of the followings except:
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
The pulse rate varies among patients
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Correct Answer:a.
The pulse rate varies among patients
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
Just because a measure has face validity does not ensure that it is a valid measure Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
Observations that are reproducible are also
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
Systematic error, where the observed values are consistently biased, is not the cause of regression to the mean.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
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• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
High validity (both internal and external)
Correct Answer:a.
High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
The degree to which a measurement provides the same result each time it is performed on a given subject or specimen is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
reliability
Correct Answer:a.
reliability
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
Observations that are close to the true are also
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 22
0 out of 4 points
Regression to the mean happens because of a systematic variation in the observed values around a true mean.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 23
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4 out of 4 points
Sometimes extreme values are actually beneficial.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
If a scale measuring pain can predict mild pain from minor abrasion, moderate pain from ordinary headache, and severe
pain from renal colic, this scale would have
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
criterion validity
Correct Answer: a.criterion validity
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
The absolute value of the average difference of individual values from the mean is called
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Standard deviation
Correct Answer:d.
Standard deviation
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
Only random error is introduced by measurement variation
AnswerSelected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
Conceptually, it is the average consistency across all possible split-half reliabilities.
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Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Cronbach's alpha
Correct Answer:d.
Cronbach's alpha
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
frequency distribution
Correct Answer:c.
frequency distribution
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
A patient is found to have a single serum cholesterol above 200 mg/dL, which is in the 65th percentile for adults in the
United States and above a widely-accepted threshold for considering drug treatment. All of the followings are true except
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her peers.
Correct Answer:c.
The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her peers.
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
The validity of a physical examination finding can be established by comparing it to the results of surgery or radiologic
examination.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
Coefficient of Variation is basicall the
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Answer
Selected Answer:e.
standard deviation divided by the mean
Correct Answer:e.
standard deviation divided by the mean
• Question 2
0 out of 4 points
All the followings are true except
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
The normal distribution is unimodal and symmetrical
Correct Answer:d.
The normal distribution is the best basis for defining abnormal
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
One common way of establishing a cutoff point between normal and abnormal is to agree, somewhat arbitrarily, that all
values beyond ---- standard deviations from the mean are abnormal
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
2
Correct Answer:b.
2
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
High validity (both internal and external)
Correct Answer:a.
High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
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All the followings are methods for assessing reliability except
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
discriminant
Correct Answer:d.
discriminant
• Question 6
0 out of 4 points
The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 7
0 out of 4 points
Just because a measure has face validity does not ensure that it is a valid measure Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:True
• Question 8
0 out of 4 points
Some clinical measurements such as pain, nausea, dyspnea, depression, and fear cannot be verified physically. In patient
care, information about these phenomena is usually obtained informally by
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
all of the above
Correct Answer: c.taking a history
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
A statistical phenomenon that occurs when repeated measurements are made on the same subject or unit of observation.
Answer
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Selected Answer:a.
Regression to the mean
Correct Answer:a.
Regression to the mean
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
All the following assertions about regression to the mean phenomenon are true except
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
The more extreme the initial reading is, the more likely it is to be normal when repeated
Correct Answer:a.
The more extreme the initial reading is, the more likely it is to be normal when repeated
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
A scale based on questionnaire may have little intuitive meaning to clinicians and patients who do not use it regularly.
This scale has low
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
interpretability
Correct Answer:a.
interpretability
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
As the prevalence of disease rises with age, the number of people with unidentified abnormalities is also likely to
decrease.
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
false
Correct Answer:b.
false
• Question 13
0 out of 4 points
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Criteria for abnormality
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
a and b only
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
frequency distribution
Correct Answer:c.
frequency distribution
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
Regression to the mean affects all fields of life science, when effects of an intervention have
to be evaluated in an uncontrolled longitudinal setting.
Answer
Selected Answer: True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 16
0 out of 4 points
The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and
maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to
individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limited
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
responsiveness
Correct Answer:b.
range
• Question 17
4 out of 4 oints
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Whether the measurement is consistent with other measurements of the same phenomenon is known as
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
construct validity
Correct Answer:a.
construct validity
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except
Answer
Selected
Answer:e.
Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from
increased risk.
Correct
Answer:e.
Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from
increased risk.
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
Observations that are thought to be normal are usually described as
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
The degree to which a measurement provides the same result each time it is performed on a given subject or specimen is
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
reliability
Correct Answer:a.
reliability
• Question 21
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4 out of 4 points
The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:
d.all of the above
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
The followings are consequences of measurement error except
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
reduced significance level
Correct Answer:c.
reduced significance level
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
The distribution of values for many laboratory tests changes with
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
Validity of a scale is either present or absent.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
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Regression towards the mean occurs whenever we select an extreme group based on one variable and then measure
another variable for that group.
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 26
0 out of 4 points
To compare different sets of observations relative to their means, you should use
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
standard deviation
Correct Answer:c.
coefficient of variation
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to
Answer
Selected Answer: c.
both a and b
Correct Answer:c.
both a and b
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
The absolute value of the average difference of individual values from the mean is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
Standard deviation
Correct Answer:d.
Standard deviation
• Question 29
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4 out of 4 points
Regression to the mean happens because of a systematic variation in the observed values around a true mean.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Only random error is introduced by measurement variation
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
To compare different sets of observations relative to their means, you should use
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
coefficient of variation
Correct Answer:c.
coefficient of variation
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
Hemoglobin values follow a positively skewed distribution
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
Only random error is introduced by measurement variation
Answer
Selected Answer:False
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Correct Answer:False
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
Sometimes extreme values are actually beneficial.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
The New York Heart Association scale is not sensitive to subtle changes in congestive heart failure, one that matter to
patients. Therefore, this scale has limitedAnswer
Selected Answer:b.
responsiveness
Correct Answer:b.
responsiveness
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
Measurement of ejection fraction by echocardiography can detect changes so subtle that patients do not notice them.
Therefore, this measure has high
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
responsiveness
Correct Answer:d.
responsiveness
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
Just because a measure has face validity does not ensure that it is a valid measure Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
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• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
Observations that are close to the true are also
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 9
0 out of 4 points
A strong relationship exists beween the degree of statistical unusualness and clinical disease.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
Systematic error, where the observed values are consistently biased, is not the cause of regression to the mean.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
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All the followings are methods for assessing reliability except
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
discriminant
Correct Answer:d.
discriminant
• Question 13
0 out of 4 points
When comparing multiple markers for the same outcome, the marker with the lowest biological variation is most
beneficial
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
false
Correct Answer: a.
true
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
We assess construct validity by seeing whether a particular measure relates as it should toother measures. Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and
maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to
individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limited
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
range
Correct Answer:c.
range
• Question 16
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4 out of 4 points
Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
frequency distribution
Correct Answer:
c.frequency distribution
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
A statistical phenomenon that occurs when repeated measurements are made on the same subject or unit of observation.
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Regression to the mean
Correct Answer:a.
Regression to the mean
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
Regression to the mean affects all fields of life science, when effects of an intervention have
to be evaluated in an uncontrolled longitudinal setting.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
Conceptually, it is the average consistency across all possible split-half reliabilities. Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Cronbach's alpha
Correct Answer:d.
Cronbach's alpha
• Question 20
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4 out of 4 points
Although clinical distributions often resemble a normal distribution the resemblance is superficial.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
The followings are consequences of measurement error except
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
reduced significance level
Correct Answer:c.
reduced significance level
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except
Answer
Selected
Answer:d.
Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from
increased risk.
Correct
Answer:d.
Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from
increased risk.
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
The distribution of values for many laboratory tests changes withAnswer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 24
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4 out of 4 points
All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
High validity (both internal and external)
Correct Answer:
a.High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
To have construct validity, a measure should
Answer
Selected Answers:c.
both a and b
Correct Answers:c.
both a and b
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement.
Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
Overall variation is the sum of variation related to
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
all of the above
Correct Answer:a.
all of the above
• Question 28
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0 out of 4 points
Most biologic measurements are normally distributed.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
Criteria for abnormality
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Some clinical measurements such as pain, nausea, dyspnea, depression, and fear cannot be verified physically. In patient
care, information about these phenomena is usually obtained informally by
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
taking a history
Correct Answer:c.
taking a history
!
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• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
The biggest threat to validity in a clinical trial comparing two types of treatment therapy is
Answer
Selected Answer:e.
selection bias
Correct Answer:e.
selection bias
• Question 2
0 out of 4 points
In contrast to random error, which diminishes as sample size increases, systematic error
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
increases as sample size increases
Correct Answer:a.
is independent of the size of the study population
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
The degree to which the results of an observation hold true in other settings is
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
generalizability
Correct Answer:d.
generalizability
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
All systematic errors can be controlled in the phase corresponding to analysis
of the results.
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Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 5
0 out of 4 points
Which of the following is true?
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
A study can be externally valid but not internally valid
Correct Answer:a.
A study can be internally valid but not externally valid
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the
part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease. Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Differential information bias
Correct Answer:a.
Differential information bias
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
The attribute of patients and clinical events are called
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
variables
Correct Answer:a.
variables
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• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
All the following methods for controlling a confounding factor are applicable at the stage of
study design except:Answer
Selected Answer:c.
stratification
Correct Answer:c.
stratification
• Question 9
0 out of 4 points
A sophisticated statistical method available to adjust simultaneously for various confounding
factors
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
stratification
Correct Answer:b.
regression modelling
• Question 10
0 out of 4 points
A failure to secure the participation of all the selected sample units
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Neyman bias
Correct Answer:
c. Non-response bias
• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
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Random error Answer
Selected Answer:e.
Affects the accuracy of the measurements
Correct Answer: b.
Does not always occur in the same direction.
• Question 12
0 out of 4 points
The divergence of an observation on a sample from the true population value, due to chance
alone, is called
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Systematic error
Correct Answer:b.
Random variation
• Question 13
0 out of 4 points
A confounding factor may or may not carry some causal relationship to theoutcome.
Answer
Selected Answer:B.
false
Correct Answer:A.
true
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
A variable is confounded if it is directly along the path from cause to effect.
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Answer
Selected Answer:False
Correct Answer:False
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
Cronbach coefficient is used to assess
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
internal consistency
Correct Answer:c.
internal consistency
• Question 16
0 out of 4 points
All the following disorders or disabilities are associated with confounding by indication
except:
Answer
Selected Answer:c.
ADL
Correct Answer:d.
Vigorous exercise
• Question 17
0 out of 4 points
The effects of bias and chance are
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
Mutually exclusive
Correct Answer:c.
Cumulative
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• Question 18
0 out of 4 points
The degree to which the results of a study are correct for the sample of patients being studied
is calledAnswer
Selected Answer:a.
test-retest reliability
Correct Answer:c.
internal validity
• Question 19
0 out of 4 points
There are sharp distinctions among the biologic sciences (such as anatomy and physiology).
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 20
0 out of 4 points
The clinical events of primary interest in clinical epidemiology are
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
signs, symptoms, and admissions
Correct Answer:c.
symptoms, disability, and death
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
A bias arises from the fact that those who take medication generally differ from those who do
not under medical indication. These differences introduce a bias in the comparison.
Answer
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Selected Answer:c.
Confounding by indication
Correct Answer:c.
Confounding by indication
• Question 22
0 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug
treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator isalso the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the
new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so. Answer
Selected Answer:b.
confounding bias
Correct Answer:e.
none of the above
• Question 23
0 out of 4 points
The inclusion of a large number of subjects in a study
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
Reduces information bias
Correct Answer:a.
Allows precise risk estimates to be calculated
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
Understanding the biology of disease is often not, in itself, a sound basis for prediction in
intact humans.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
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Correct Answer:True
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
Clinical outcomes, such as occurrence of disease, death, symptoms, or disability, can be
counted and expressed as numbers.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
Good decisions depend on
Answer
Selected Answer:d.
all of the above
Correct Answer:d.
all of the above
• Question 27
0 out of 4 points
Which of the following is/are true? I. Bias results from systematic flaws in study design II.
Bias results from systematic flaws in data collection III. Bias results from systematic flaws in
the analysis or interpretation of results
Answer
Selected Answer:b.
I and III only are true.
Correct Answer: a.
I, II, and III are all true.
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
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The gene for phenylketon uria is expressed only in children who ingest phenylalanine in their
diet.
Answer
Selected Answer:True
Correct Answer:True
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
Clinical epidemiology is the application of epidemiologic principles to problems encountered
in clinical medicine.
Answer
Selected Answer:a.
true
Correct Answer:a.
true
• Question 30
0 out of 4 points
Not all studies are generalizable to patients very much like the ones in the study.
Answer
Selected Answer: True
Correct Answer:False
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
The$generalizability$of$clinical$observations,$even$those$with$high$internal$validity,$is$a$matter$of$personal$judgment$about$which$reasonable$people$
might$disagree.$Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 2
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4 out of 4 points
Confounding bias is the only one of the three types of bias that can be
controlled both in the study design phase and posteriorly in the analytical phase of an epidemiological study.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 3
0 out of 4 points
Different drug classes have been recommended in the control of
hyperglycaemia and prevention of diabetes complications. To this end,diabetes is associated with multiple risk factors for complications and thus,subjects requiring drug treatment are often high risk individuals for
hypertension, CVD, renal disease and cancer. Thus, drug use indication bias isa systematic error due to$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $$$$Confounding$
Correct$Answer: $$$$
Selection bias
• Question 4
0 out of 4 points
A$RCT$of$10,000$adults$was$conducted$to$determine$if$a$new$antiplatelet$
medication$taken$with$aspirin$is$better$than$aspirin$taken$alone$in$
subjects$with$heart$disease.$The$outcome$of$interest$was$MI$(heart$attack).$
Select$the$best$answer:$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $a.$$$
It$is$possible$that$confounding$by$the$new$antiplatelet$medication$could$occur.
Correct$ $b.$$$
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Answer: It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$anti
platelet$medication$could$occur.
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
In$contrast$to$random$error,$which$diminishes$as$sample$size$increases,$
systematic$error$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
is$independent$of$the$size$of$the$study$population$
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
is$independent$of$the$size$of$the$study$population$
• Question 6
0 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$measurement$bias$except$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
Incomplete$recording
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
Selection$bias
• Question 7
0 out of 4 points
The presence of systematic error affects
Answer$ Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
internal validity of the study
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$only a and b
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• Question 8
0 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to
remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthychildren. This is an example of
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
none of the above
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$ participant bias
• Question 9
0 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting the
controls from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission to
hospital for diseases included as controls must be
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
Lower
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$Similar
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$disorders$or$disabilities$are$associated$with$confounding$
by$indication$except:$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
Vigorous$exercise$
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
Vigorous$exercise$
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• Question 11
0 out of 4 points
A$modern$term$for$the$application$of$clinical$epidemiology$to$the$care$of$
patients$is$$Answer$
Selected$Answers:$ $B.$$$
Evidencebased$medicine$$
$
$C.$$$
Clinical$medicine$$$
$
Correct$Answers: $B.$$$Evidencebased$medicine$$
$
$
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Systematic error can be classified as
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$all of the above
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
all of the above
• Question 13
0 out of 4 points
Histamine$is$a$mediator$of$inflammation$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.$Based$on$this$fact,$which$of$the$following$is$true?$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $a.$$$
Drugs$that$block$the$effects$of$histamines$will$relieve$
symptoms.
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Correct$
Answer: $c.$$$
Antihistamines$may$be$effective$and$their$effects$on$
symptoms$(such$as$itching,$sneezing$and$congestion)$
should$be$studied$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
Cumulative
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$Cumulative
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
Understanding$the$biology$of$disease$is$often$not,$in$itself,$a$sound$basis$
for$prediction$in$intact$humans.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drugtreatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator is
also the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating thenew drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$none of the above
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
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none of the above
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
Observation$about$disease$are$ordinarily$made$on$a$sample$of$patients$
because$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
• Question 18
0 out of 4 points
A$purported$cause$or$predictor$variable$is,$sometimes,$called$the$
dependent$variable.$Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is$true?$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$
valid
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$
valid
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• Question 20
0 out of 4 points
Quantitative$decision$analysis$include$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
decision$analysis$
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
a$$and$c$
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
A failure to secure the participation of all the selected sample units
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
Non-response bias
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$ Non-response bias
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$true$except$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $a.$$$
Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$
exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$
Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$
exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
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Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from amonghospitalized patients.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
Berkson bias
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$Berkson bias
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
A type of bias occurs when we study a disease that causes early death, and at
the start of the study the deceased individuals can no longer be included in thecase group.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Neyman bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
Neyman bias
• Question 25
0 out of 4 points
A$bias$arises$from$the$fact$that$those$who$take$medication$generally$differ$
from$those$who$do$not$under$medical$indication.$These$differences$
introduce$a$bias$in$the$comparison.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
Medication$bias$
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$Confounding$by$indication$
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
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Not$all$studies$are$generalizable$to$patients$very$much$like$the$ones$in$the$
study.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$
direction$or$the$other.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
The$inclusion$of$a$large$number$of$subjects$in$a$study$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the
part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
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Differential information bias
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$
study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$
Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$
results$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Saturday, January 12, 2013 4:02:30 PM EST
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from among
hospitalized patients. Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$Berkson bias
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
Berkson bias
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
A confounding factor may or may not carry some causal relationship to the
outcome.
Answer$
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Selected$Answer: $A.$$$
true
Correct$Answer: $A.$$$
true
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$measurement$bias$except$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$Selection$bias
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
Selection$bias
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$an$observation$hold$true$in$other$settings$is$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
generalizability
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$generalizability
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$a$study$are$correct$for$the$sample$of$
patients$being$studied$is$called$$
Answer$
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Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
internal$validity$
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$internal$validity$
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
Good$decisions$depend$on$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$all$of$the$above$
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
all$of$the$above$
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to
remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy
children. This is an example of Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$Differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
Differential information bias
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
Random error
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$Does not always occur in the same direction.$
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Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
Does not always occur in the same direction.$
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
There$is$a$positive$association$between$carrying$matches$and$lung$cancer.$
This$is$an$example$of$an$association$likely$caused$by:$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
confounding$factor
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
confounding$factor
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
Systematic error can be classified as
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
all of the above
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
all of the above
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
In$a$randomized$controlled$trial,$the$following$type$of$bias$is$reduced$by$
randomization$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
Selection$bias$
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
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Selection$bias$
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$
direction$or$the$other.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
Select$the$best$statement$concerning$recall$bias:$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $d.$$$
It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$
status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$
case$control$study.
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$
status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$
case$control$study.
• Question 14
0 out of 4 points
In a population with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetics are at
least twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction as are non-diabetics. Acase-control study conducted in the community identifies 1,000 people with
sustained myocardial infarction and 1,000 people without sustained myocardialinfarction. The subjects are asked whether they have a history of diabetes
mellitus. According to the study results, diabetes has a protective effect againstmyocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains the observed study
results?$$
Answer$
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Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
Observer bias$
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$Selection bias$
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort toremember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy
children. This is an example of
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$ participant bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$ participant bias
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
All systematic errors can be controlled in the phase corresponding to analysisof the results.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
The presence of systematic error affects
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$only a and b
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
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only a and b
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting thecontrols from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time
but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission tohospital for diseases included as controls must be
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$Similar
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$Similar
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$
study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$
results$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
The$biggest$threat$to$validity$in$a$clinical$trial$comparing$two$types$of$
treatment$therapy$is$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
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selection$bias
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
selection$bias
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug
treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator isalso the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the
new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$none of the above
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
none of the above
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
A$RCT$of$10,000$adults$was$conducted$to$determine$if$a$new$antiplatelet$medication$taken$with$aspirin$is$better$than$aspirin$taken$alone$in$
subjects$with$heart$disease.$The$outcome$of$interest$was$MI$(heart$attack).$
Select$the$best$answer:$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $b.$$$
It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$anti
platelet$medication$could$occur.
Correct$
Answer:
$b.$$$
It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$antiplatelet$medication$could$occur.
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
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Stratification$(stratified$analysis)$and$regression$modeling$(multivariate$
analysis)$are$the$method$for$adjusting$a$confounding$factor$at$the$stage$of$
study$design$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$false$
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$false$
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
Confounding bias is the only one of the three types of bias that can becontrolled both in the study design phase and posteriorly in the analytical
phase of an epidemiological study.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
Cronbach$coefficient$is$used$to$assess$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$internal$consistency$
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
internal$consistency$
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
The$divergence$of$an$observation$on$a$sample$from$the$true$population$
value,$due$to$chance$alone,$is$called$
Answer$
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Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
Random$variation
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$Random$variation
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
The$ROC$curve$is$constructed$by$plotting$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$Sensitivity$versus$1specificity
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
Sensitivity$versus$1specificity
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
Histamine$is$a$mediator$of$inflammation$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.$
Based$on$this$fact,$which$of$the$following$is$true?$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$
Antihistamines$may$be$effective$and$their$effects$on$
symptoms$(such$as$itching,$sneezing$and$congestion)$should$be$studied$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.
Correct$
Answer: $c.$$$
Antihistamines$may$be$effective$and$their$effects$on$
symptoms$(such$as$itching,$sneezing$and$congestion)$
should$be$studied$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
A$modern$term$for$the$application$of$clinical$epidemiology$to$the$care$of$patients$is$$
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Answer$
Selected$Answers:$ $A.$$$
Evidencebased$medicine$$
$
$ Correct$Answers: $A.$$$
Evidencebased$medicine$$
$
$
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$only$basic$science$that$clinicians$rely$on$in$the$care$of$patients.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
In much of epidemiological research, the aim of the study is to determine the
effect of a type of exposure upon a given health problem.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
In general bias can be classified as
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$all of the above
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Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
all of the above
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
Observation$about$disease$are$ordinarily$made$on$a$sample$of$patients$
because$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
The$inclusion$of$a$large$number$of$subjects$in$a$study$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
A$variable$is$confounded$if$it$is$directly$along$the$path$from$cause$to$effect.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
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• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
Chance$can$affect$all$the$steps$involved$in$clinical$research.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$methods$for$controlling$a$confounding$factor$are$
applicable$at$the$stage$of$study$design$except:$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$stratification
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
stratification
• Question 8
0 out of 4 points
All$epidemiologic$studies$are$directly$useful$in$the$care$of$individual$patients.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $False
•Question 9
4 out of 4 points
The$ROC$curve$is$constructed$by$plotting$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
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Sensitivity$versus$1specificity
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
Sensitivity$versus$1specificity
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
The comparison of groups is the fundamental element used to establish causal
relationships.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$disorders$or$disabilities$are$associated$with$confounding$
by$indication$except:$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
Vigorous$exercise$
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$Vigorous$exercise$
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$
study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$
results$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
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Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$application$of$epidemiologic$principles$to$
problems$encountered$in$clinical$medicine.$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
true$
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
true$
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
A$purported$cause$or$predictor$variable$is,$sometimes,$called$the$
dependent$variable.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
A$sophisticated$statistical$method$available$to$adjust$simultaneously$for$
various$confounding$factors$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
regression$modelling$
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
regression$modelling$
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• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
The$generalizability$of$clinical$observations,$even$those$with$high$internal$
validity,$is$a$matter$of$personal$judgment$about$which$reasonable$people$might$disagree.$Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
Select$the$best$statement$concerning$recall$bias:$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$
It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$
status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$case$control$study.
Correct$
Answer: $d.$$$
It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$
status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$case$control$study.
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$true$except$Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$
exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
Correct$
Answer: $a.$$$
Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$
exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
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• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
The$ideal$method$of$controlling$confounders$in$a$study$with$a$reasonable$
sample$size$is$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
randomization$
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
randomization$
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
A$bias$arises$from$the$fact$that$those$who$take$medication$generally$differ$
from$those$who$do$not$under$medical$indication.$These$differences$
introduce$a$bias$in$the$comparison.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
Confounding$by$indication$
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$Confounding$by$indication$
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$only$basic$science$that$clinicians$rely$on$in$the$
care$of$patients.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
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An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drugtreatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator is
also the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating thenew drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
none of the above
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$none of the above
• Question 23
0 out of 4 points
A$mixing$of$effects$between$the$exposure,$the$disease,$and$other$factors$
associated$with$both$the$exposure$and$the$disease$such$that$the$effects$of$
the$two$processes$are$not$separated$is$known$as$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$effect$modification$
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
confounding$
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
In a population with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetics are at
least twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction as are non-diabetics. Acase-control study conducted in the community identifies 1,000 people with
sustained myocardial infarction and 1,000 people without sustained myocardialinfarction. The subjects are asked whether they have a history of diabetes
mellitus. According to the study results, diabetes has a protective effect againstmyocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains the observed study
results?$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
Selection bias$
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Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
Selection bias$
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$
direction$or$the$other.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from amonghospitalized patients.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$Berkson bias
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$Berkson bias
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting the
controls from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission to
hospital for diseases included as controls must be
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Similar
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
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Similar
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
There$is$a$positive$association$between$carrying$matches$and$lung$cancer.$This$is$an$example$of$an$association$likely$caused$by:$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$confounding$factor
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
confounding$factor
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
Differential information bias
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$Cumulative
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$Cumulative
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• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
Different drug classes have been recommended in the control of
hyperglycaemia and prevention of diabetes complications. To this end,diabetes is associated with multiple risk factors for complications and thus,
subjects requiring drug treatment are often high risk individuals for hypertension, CVD, renal disease and cancer. Thus, drug use indication bias is
a systematic error due to$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $$$$
Selection bias
Correct$Answer: $$$$
Selection bias
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is$true?$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $a.$$$
A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$valid
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$
valid
• Question 3
4 out of 4 points
The$inclusion$of$a$large$number$of$subjects$in$a$study$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
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Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
• Question 4
0 out of 4 points
We$wish$to$investigate$if$a$new$drug$is$effective$in$reducing$the$duration$
and$severity$of$the$migrain$headache.$We$take$the$next$15$patients$that$come$to$the$walkin$clinic$and$tell$them$about$the$new$drug$we$are$giving$
them$and$we$give$them$the$new$drug$.$Twelve$patients$state$the$new$drug$
was$helpful$in$reducing$the$severity$and$duration$of$migrain$headache.$
Which$of$the$following$is$NOT$CORRECT?$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$
This$is$not$a$good$clinical$trial$because$it$is$not$double
blinded.$The$patients$may$feel$relief$because$they$thought$
the$new$drug$should$work.
Correct$
Answer: $d.$$$
This$is$not$a$good$clinical$trial$because$we$didn$t$give$the$
new$drug$to$subjects$without$migrain$headache$to$assess$
its$effect$in$a$control$group
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
There$is$a$positive$association$between$carrying$matches$and$lung$cancer.$
This$is$an$example$of$an$association$likely$caused$by:$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
confounding$factor
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$confounding$factor
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
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Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$
study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$
Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$
results$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
The comparison of groups is the fundamental element used to establish causalrelationships.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 8
4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$Cumulative
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
Cumulative
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
A bias that affects all the comparator groups equally and tends to dilute thetrue existing association
Answer$
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Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
Non-differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$ Non-differential information bias
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
There$are$sharp$distinctions$among$the$biologic$sciences$(such$as$anatomy$and$physiology).$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
The$divergence$of$an$observation$on$a$sample$from$the$true$population$
value,$due$to$chance$alone,$is$called$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$Random$variation
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
Random$variation
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
All$epidemiologic$studies$are$directly$useful$in$the$care$of$individual$patients.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
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• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$a$study$are$correct$for$the$sample$of$
patients$being$studied$is$called$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
internal$validity$
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
internal$validity$
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
Select$the$best$statement$concerning$recall$bias:$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $d.$$$
It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$
status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$
case$control$study.
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$
status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$
case$control$study.
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
Good$decisions$depend$on$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
all$of$the$above$
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
all$of$the$above$
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• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
A type of bias occurs when we study a disease that causes early death, and at
the start of the study the deceased individuals can no longer be included in thecase group.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$ Neyman bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$ Neyman bias
•Question 17
4 out of 4 points
Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from among
hospitalized patients.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$Berkson bias
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$Berkson bias
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$Differential information bias
• Question 19
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4 out of 4 points
In a population with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetics are at
least twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction as are non-diabetics. Acase-control study conducted in the community identifies 1,000 people with
sustained myocardial infarction and 1,000 people without sustained myocardialinfarction. The subjects are asked whether they have a history of diabetes
mellitus. According to the study results, diabetes has a protective effect againstmyocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains the observed study
results?$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$Selection bias$
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
Selection bias$
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
Observation$about$disease$are$ordinarily$made$on$a$sample$of$patients$
because$$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
All systematic errors can be controlled in the phase corresponding to analysisof the results.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
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• Question 22
0 out of 4 points
The$study$of$how$nonbiologic$factors$affect$patients'$health$is$known$as$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
sociology
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
health$service$research
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$an$observation$hold$true$in$other$settings$is$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$
generalizability
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$generalizability
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$application$of$epidemiologic$principles$to$
problems$encountered$in$clinical$medicine.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
true$
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$true$
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
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Random error
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$Does not always occur in the same direction.$
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
Does not always occur in the same direction.$
• Question 26
4 out of 4 points
A confounding factor may or may not carry some causal relationship to the
outcome.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $A.$$$
true
Correct$Answer: $A.$$$
true
• Question 27
0 out of 4 points
A$bias$occurs$when$comparisons$are$made$between$groups$of$patients$
that$differ$in$determinants$of$outcome$other$than$the$one$under$study.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
confounding$bias
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$selection$bias
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
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A$sophisticated$statistical$method$available$to$adjust$simultaneously$for$
various$confounding$factors$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
regression$modelling$
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
regression$modelling$
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
Stratification$(stratified$analysis)$and$regression$modeling$(multivariate$
analysis)$are$the$method$for$adjusting$a$confounding$factor$at$the$stage$of$study$design$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
false$
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
false$
• Question 30
4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to
remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthychildren. This is an example of
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$Differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
Differential information bias
• Question 1
4 out of 4 points
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Systematic error can be classified as
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$all of the above
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$all of the above
• Question 2
4 out of 4 points
A$RCT$of$10,000$adults$was$conducted$to$determine$if$a$new$antiplatelet$
medication$taken$with$aspirin$is$better$than$aspirin$taken$alone$in$
subjects$with$heart$disease.$The$outcome$of$interest$was$MI$(heart$attack).$Select$the$best$answer:$
Answer$
Selected$
Answer: $b.$$$
It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$anti
platelet$medication$could$occur.
Correct$
Answer: $b.$$$
It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$antiplatelet$medication$could$occur.
• Question 3
0 out of 4 points
A failure to secure the participation of all the selected sample units
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$ Neyman bias
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$ Non-response bias
• Question 4
4 out of 4 points
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Confounding bias is the only one of the three types of bias that can be
controlled both in the study design phase and posteriorly in the analytical phase of an epidemiological study.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 5
4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$disorders$or$disabilities$are$associated$with$confounding$
by$indication$except:$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$Vigorous$exercise$
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
Vigorous$exercise$
• Question 6
4 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting the
controls from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission to
hospital for diseases included as controls must be
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$Similar
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$
Similar
• Question 7
4 out of 4 points
A$sophisticated$statistical$method$available$to$adjust$simultaneously$for$
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various$confounding$factors$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
regression$modelling$
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$regression$modelling$
• Question 8
0 out of 4 points
Quantitative$decision$analysis$include$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
decision$analysis$
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$
a$$and$c$
• Question 9
4 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug
treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator isalso the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the
new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
none of the above
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$none of the above
• Question 10
4 out of 4 points
Stratification$(stratified$analysis)$and$regression$modeling$(multivariate$
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analysis)$are$the$method$for$adjusting$a$confounding$factor$at$the$stage$of$
study$design$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
false$
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$
false$
• Question 11
4 out of 4 points
In much of epidemiological research, the aim of the study is to determine the
effect of a type of exposure upon a given health problem. Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Selection bias is more common inAnswer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$cross-sectional studies
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
cross-sectional studies
• Question 13
4 out of 4 points
Chance$can$affect$all$the$steps$involved$in$clinical$research.$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
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• Question 14
4 out of 4 points
A$purported$cause$or$predictor$variable$is,$sometimes,$called$the$
dependent$variable.$Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 15
4 out of 4 points
There$are$sharp$distinctions$among$the$biologic$sciences$(such$as$anatomy$and$physiology).$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$application$of$epidemiologic$principles$to$
problems$encountered$in$clinical$medicine.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
true$
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
true$
• Question 17
4 out of 4 points
The$divergence$of$an$observation$on$a$sample$from$the$true$population$
value,$due$to$chance$alone,$is$called$Answer$
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Selected$Answer: $b.$$$
Random$variation
Correct$Answer: $b.$$$Random$variation
• Question 18
4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort toremember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy
children. This is an example of
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $d.$$$Differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $d.$$$Differential information bias
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
A type of bias occurs when we study a disease that causes early death, and atthe start of the study the deceased individuals can no longer be included in the
case group.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Neyman bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
Neyman bias
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is$true?$
Answer$
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Selected$
Answer: $a.$$$
A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$
valid
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$
A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$
valid
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points
The comparison of groups is the fundamental element used to establish causal
relationships.
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 22
4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$
direction$or$the$other.$$
Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $False
Correct$Answer:$ $False
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points
The$clinical$events$of$primary$interest$in$clinical$epidemiology$are$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
symptoms,$disability,$and$death
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$symptoms,$disability,$and$death
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• Question 24
4 out of 4 points
The$gene$for$phenylketon$uria$is$expressed$only$in$children$who$ingest$
phenylalanine$in$their$diet.$Answer$
Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 25
4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease.
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $a.$$$
Differential information bias
Correct$Answer: $a.$$$Differential information bias
•Question 26
4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$
Answer$
Selected$Answer: $c.$$$
Cumulative
Correct$Answer: $c.$$$
Cumulative
• Question 27
4 out of 4 points
The presence of systematic error affects
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Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$
only a and b
Correct$Answer: $e.$$$only a and b
• Question 28
4 out of 4 points
The$generalizability$of$clinical$observations,$even$those$with$high$internal$
validity,$is$a$matter$of$personal$judgment$about$which$reasonable$people$might$disagree.$
Answer$ Selected$Answer:$ $True
Correct$Answer:$ $True
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points
The$biggest$threat$to$validity$in$a$clinical$trial$comparing$two$types$of$
treatment$therapy$is$Answer$
Selected$Answer: $e.$$$selection$bias
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