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Climate change, nutrition and
Health:
Protecting the most vulnerable
Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,
Team Leader, Climate Change and Health,
Public Health and Environment Department
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Undernutrition: The unfinished health business
of the 20th Century
Undernutrition kills approximately 1.4 million people each year, Data from IHME, WHO. Figures from WHO/WMO, Atlas of Health and Climate
3 |
Undernutrition burdens decreasing globally:
still further to go
Undernutrition kills approximately 3.5 million people each year, Data from IHME, WHO. Figures from WHO/WMO, Atlas of Health and Climate
Lim et al, Lancet 2012
4 |
Climate change and degradation of ecosystem
services place food production at risk
Without effective responses, climate change will compromise:
Water quality and quantity: Contributing to a doubling of people living in water-stressed basins by 2050.
Food security: In some African countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture may halve by 2020.
Estimates from IPCC, 2007.
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Health impacts are unfairly distributed
Cumulative emissions of
greenhouse gases, to 2002
WHO estimates of per
capita mortality from
climate change, 2000
Map projections from
Patz et al, 2007; WHO, 2009.
6 |
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010
Food Price Index
Cereals Price Index
Slide from Colin Butler, ANU: Original data: FAO
Environmental and socioeconomic factors
combine to undermine health
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The urgent need: Poverty alleviation, nutrition
programmes & emergency response for malnutrition
Examples of programmes with WHO support:
- Scaling Up Nutrition.
- Strengthening health action in nutritional emergencies.
- New programme on climate information, nutrition and health in Africa, (with WMO, WFP, IFRC).
Figures from
WHO/WMO, Atlas of
Health and Climate
8 |
Poor diet and unhealthy lifestyles:
the emerging threat of the 21st Century
– Dietary risk factors and physical inactivity cause 12.5 million deaths per year.
– High body-mass index alone is associated with 3.4 million deaths/year
– 80% of obesity burden falls on low and middle- income countries
Data from IHME, Lancet, 2012.
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How will we provide sufficient, healthy food
for a population of > 10 billion ?
- Population growth:
- Increasing meat consumption:
McMichael et al, Lancet, 2007
UN Population Division, 2013
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The long- term priority:
Viewing our food differently
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Promoting the health benefits of more
sustainable and nutritious food systems
Moderating meat consumption in high
and middle income countries could bring:
- Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions consistent with sectoral targets.
- 30% reduction in adult consumption of saturated fat.
- 15-16% reduction in cardiovascular disease.
- Significant reductions in colorectal and other cancers
Estimates for London, UK, and São Paolo, Brazil. Friel et al, Lancet, 2009.
12 |
Measurement – from MDGs to SDGs:
Sustainable quality foods for all
Need to track trends in relation to :
Undernutrition,
micronutrient deficiency,
obesity,
food safety risks,
farmworker health,
etc…
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Inputs and Processes
•Protein supply in grams/capita/day (crops, livestock, fish)
•Trade negotiations that routinely assess sustainability impacts; including on food security, health and equity
•Number of countries that have phased out use of antibiotics as growth promoters
•Number of countries implementing national strategies for integrated pest management (IPM)
•Results of environmental, social and health impact assessments conducted on agricultural policies, plans and projects, accessible to the public
Outputs
•% total daily energy intake from saturated fats (excess)
•% total daily energy intake from protein (adequacy)
•Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)
•Proportion of food marketed that complies with international food safety standards for hormone, pesticides, antibiotic residues, and other chemical and microbiological food safety parameters
Outcomes
•Prevalence of anaemia in women, particular of reproductive age
•Prevalence of stunting in children under 5 years
•Prevalence of obesity in children under 5 and in adults
• Incidence/prevalence of foodborne disease and outbreaks
Food Thematic Area:
Example Indicators
Health equity impacts
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Conclusions
Food and nutrition are (obviously) one of the most important determinants of health patterns.
Reducing malnutrition remains an imperative, especially with climate change and other environmental pressures.
Controlling the burden of NCDs from poor diets will be one of the biggest challenges of coming decades.
There are big opportunities for "triple wins", for health, environment, and sustainable development.
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