Climate Change
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Climate Change
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery
5. Adaptation to Water Scarcity
6. Adaptation to Flooding
7. Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit
8. Conclusion
9. References
3
Climate Change
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= presence of greenhouse gases lead to warming of the earth’s surface
4
1. Introduction
Source: http://envis.tropmet.res.in/kidscorner/greenhouse.htm [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Some radiation (sun heat) passes the atmosphere and reaches the earth’s surface.
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere stop the radiation to escape the atmosphere so that the warming on the earth’s surface is intensified.Human (=anthropogenic) activities greenhouse gas
emissions
The Greenhouse Gas Effect
Climate Change
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Relevant Greenhouse Gases and Major Anthropogenic Sources
5
1. Introduction
CO2CO2
N2ON2O
CH4CH4
Sources:• fossil fuel combustion• biomass combustion (primarily deforestation)
Sources:• fossil fuels• enteric fermentation• rice paddies
Sources:• cultivated soil• biomass burning
Source:http://www.billygoattavern.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/HiRes.jpg [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Source:http://www.deere.com/wps/dcom/en_US/products/equipment/frontier_implements/tillage_equipment/tillage_equipment.page [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Source:http://www.21stcentech.com/energy-update-keystone-dilemma-drop-co2-bucket-list/carbonemissions/ [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Source:http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/28/amazon-deforestation-record-low [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Climate Change
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Rise in temperature 1.1-6.4°C by end of 21st century leading to:• Change in rainfall patterns: increased risk of drought, fire and floods
• Rising sea level and weakening of sea currents• Further impacts are explained e.g. on The Nature Conservancy’s website (http://www.nature.org)
6
1. Introduction
Source: http://www.mymedicalaid.za.org/tag/drought/
[Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect
Source: http://discoverhistorictravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/new-orleans-flooding.jpg [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Source:http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/global-warming-climate-change/threats-impacts/rising-seas.xml [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Climate Change
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The many changes in climate due to temperature rise (climate change) threaten survival on the planet as they effect:
• food security (through droughts)
• shelter (through areas flooded in the future/droughts)
• health (through heat waves)
7
Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Effect
1. Introduction
Climate Change
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Prevention and Mitigation versus Adaption
Prevention and Mitigation:Reduce climate change
by Reducing greenhouse gas effect
by Reducing greenhouse gases at its anthropogenic sources
Adaption:Cope with climate change
byAdapting yourself to the new environmental circumstances
1. Introduction
Climate Change
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Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Mitigation
Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to mitigate climate change
9
2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation
Reduces primary energy consumption (from non-renewable sources)
Avoids energy-intensive production of mineral fertiliser
Climate Change
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Sustainable Sanitation for Climate Change Adaptation
Sustainable sanitation = opportunities to adapt to climate change
10
2. Mitigation and Adaptation in Sanitation
Reduces primary water resources demand
Climate Change
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Biogas = a renewable energy
11
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production
Production = bacteria decompose organic matter under anaerobic conditions (= in the absence of oxygen) and turn it into biogas
Substrates that can be used for biogas production:
• Blackwater (= mix of excreta and flushing water)
• Organic waste from households or agricultural farms
• Animal manure
• Sewage sludge from domestic wastewater
• Human excreta from dry toilets
Anaerobic Biogas Reactor. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)
Climate Change
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Biogas is usually piped from the tank into a:
Biogas Cooking Stove Biogas Lamp
12
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production – Direct Use
Running a gas lamp from biogas,
Vietnam. Source: PBPO (2006)
Biogas stove in kitchen, India. Source: FULFARD (2008)
Climate Change
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Generating electricity from biogas.
This requires converting chemical electricity to mechanical electricity by a heat engine. The mechanical electricity then activates a generator to produce electric power.
Usually, combustion engines are used as a heat engine. About half of the thermal energy of a heat engine is lost and not converted into electricity. A combined heat and power unit can take advantage of this excess heat.
13
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production – Small-Scale
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit “micro size” in Germany. Source: SUSANA (2009)
Climate Change
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Large-scale biogas plants are almost always combined plants (see small-scale: electricity and heat) based on gas turbines (more efficient but more expensive than combustion engines).
14
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biogas Production – Large-Scale
Usually found in district heating systems of:
• big cities• hospitals• wastewater treatment plants• paper mills• and moreSource: SCHALLER (2007)Source: SCHALLER (2007)
Climate Change
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Biomass = a non-fossil energy source which is neither always harmful nor always neutral to climate
Renewable biomass:
• Wood (in case harvest ≤ growth)
• Other wooden biomass (provided cultivated area remains constant)
• Animal or human manure
• Aolid organic waste (domestic or industrial)
15
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Biomass Production
Food vs. biomass conflict
Source: http://www.solarpowernotes.com/renewable-energy/biomass-energy/biomass-energy.html [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
Climate Change
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Both biogas and biomass as an energy source are emission neutral:
Emissions through combustion = previous uptake of greenhouse gases
Example: a growing tree sequesters carbon while growing. The accumulated carbon in tree biomass will be emitted when tree is burned for energy generation.
Emission reductions as primary energy from fossil fuel is substituted by emission neutral energy sources
16
3. Mitigation: Energy Production
Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
CO2CO2
CO2CO2
Climate Change
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Nitrogen (N-)fertiliser requires the most energy for artificial production (compared to other mineral fertilisers (P and K))
Focus on N-fertiliser with regard to mitigating climate-relevant effects
87% of the excreted nitrogen is in urine
Focus on urine recovery and reuse most efficient means of emission reductions through nutrient recovery
17
4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery
Nutrient Recovery from Urine
Urine application in agriculture as seen in Burkina Faso. Source: FALL (2009)
Climate Change
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Production of artificial Nitrogen fertiliser is very energy-intensive by the Haber-Bosch process.
Recycling nitrogen from urine reduces the demand for primary nitrogen fertiliser and thus the emissions that are attached to its energy-intensive production.
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4. Mitigation: Nutrient Recovery
Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Source: https://news.slac.stanford.edu/features/phrase-week-haber-bosch-process
Requires 1-2% of the
world’s annual energy
supply (WIKIPEDIA, 2013)
Climate Change
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Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity
Among others:
• Appropriately treated wastewater or rainwater reused for irrigation (wastewater use also reduces need for mineral fertiliser)
• Use dry toilet systems
• Increase cultivation of drought-resistant crops
• Reduce physical water losses through repairing leaking pipes
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5. Adaptation to Water Scarcity
Garden irrigated with treated blackwater in Peru. Source: SUSANA (2009)
Climate Change
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Building sanitation system components in a way that they are:
• Not affected by floodingurine-diversion dehydration toilets (UDDTs) built high
enough above ground
• Water can evacuate quicklysludge drying bedsconstructed wetlands
20
6. Adaptation to Flooding
Measures in Sanitation to Cope with Water Scarcity
Planted drying bed. Source: TILLEY et al. (2008)
Climate Change
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The Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), initiated by the Kyoto Protocol, compensates emission reduction efforts in development countries. The generated carbon credits are traded in a carbon market.
Applicable for reductions achieved through sustainable sanitation systems
Yet, CDM projects generate high fixed costs, thus a minimum project scale is required to make CDM compensation economically viable.
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7. Emission Trading as an Additional Benefit
Carbon credits arise from emission reduction through CDM projects and industry can compensate their excess emissions through buying carbon credits. Source:http://www.climateavenue.com/cdm.carbon.cred.index.htm
Climate Change
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Sustainable Sanitation and Climate Change Mitigation+ Adaptation
22
8. Conclusion
Most of these measures lead to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions If emission reductions achieved in development countries, they could be financially compensated through the creation of carbon credits within the Clean Development Mechanism
Climate Change
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9. ReferencesFALL (2009): Urban Urine Diversion Dehydration Toilets and Reuse Ouagadougou Burkina Faso - Draft. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/06-case-studies/en-susana-cs-armenia-hayanist-school.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
FULFARD, D. (1996): Biogas Stove Design. A short course. Kingdom Bioenergy Ltd.; University of Reading.
PBPO (Editor) (2006): Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Animal Husbandry Sector in some Provinces of Vietnam. Hanoi: Provincial Biogas Project Office Hanoi. Available at: http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/a-material-topic-wg/wg03/Biogas/bpo-2006-report-biogas-programme-vietnam-en.pdf [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
SCHALLER, M. (2007): Biogas electricity production hits 17,272GWh a year in Europe. In: Engineer Live, 46-49. Available at: http://www.engineerlive.com/Energy-Solutions/Waste-to-Energy/Biogas_electricity_production_hits_17_272GWh_a_year_in_Europe_/20788/ [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
SUSANA (Editor) (2009): Links between Sanitation, Climate Change and Renewable Energies. Eschborn. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA). Available at: http://www.susana.org/lang-en/working-groups/wg03 [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
TILLEY, E.; LUETHI, C.; MOREL, A.; ZURBRUEGG, C.; SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf and Geneva: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Available at: http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/index [Accessed: 15.02.2010]
WIKIPEDIA (2013): Haber Process. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_process [Accessed: 19.03.2013]
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