Click to edit Master subtitle style Oceanography and the Nature
of Science
Slide 2
A. What is Science? 1. Science literally means having knowledge
2. Science is the search for answers to questions in a methodical
way. 3. And there is a specific method for going about obtaining
knowledge scientifically.
Slide 3
B. The Scientific Method 1. Purpose: Why are we doing this? -
state the problem. PURPOSE
Slide 4
B. The Scientific Method 1. Purpose: Why are we doing this? -
state the problem. 2. Research: Start by gathering data. PURPOSE
RESEARCH
Slide 5
B. The Scientific Method 1. Purpose: Why are we doing this? -
state the problem. 2. Research: Start by gathering data. 3.
Hypothesis: a prediction based on data of what you think might
happen. PURPOSE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Slide 6
B. The Scientific Method 1. Purpose: Why are we doing this? -
state the problem. 2. Research: Start by gathering data. 3.
Hypothesis: a prediction based on data of what you think might
happen. 4. Experiment: set up a way to test your prediction.
PURPOSE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT
Slide 7
B. The Scientific Method 1. Purpose: Why are we doing this? -
state the problem. 2. Research: Start by gathering data. 3.
Hypothesis: a prediction based on data of what you think might
happen. 4. Experiment: set up a way to test your prediction. 5.
Analysis- record and interpret the results of your test. PURPOSE
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS
Slide 8
B. The Scientific Method 1. Purpose: Why are we doing this? -
state the problem. 2. Research: Start by gathering data. 3.
Hypothesis: a prediction based on data of what you think might
happen. 4. Experiment: set up a way to test your prediction. 5.
Analysis- record and interpret the results of your test. 6.
Conclusion- compare your hypothesis to the results of your tests.
PURPOSE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS CONCLUS ION
Slide 9
C. Theories and Laws 1. Just because scientific theories are
developed because of observations doesnt mean they are True 2.
Theories dont become laws.
Slide 10
C. Theories and Laws 1. Just because scientific theories are
developed because of observations doesnt mean they are True 2.
Theories dont become laws. 3. A Theory is an explanation based on
multiple observations. What theories do you have about this
party?
Slide 11
C. Theories and Laws 1. Just because scientific theories are
developed because of observations doesnt mean they are True 2.
Theories dont become laws. 3. A Theory is an explanation based on
multiple observations. 4. Law- a rule that describes the behavior
of something in nature. A Law describes what will happen in a
situation, but not why it happens. What will happen to this cliff
jumper? What do we know? What can we theorize?
Slide 12
C. Theories and Laws 1.Often, scientists develop theories about
why something happens based on tests and observations. (ex. Theory
of Relativity proposed by Albert Einstein) 2.Laws are developed
after tests and observations too, but why is not always known. What
is known is that the tests always have the same conclusion. (ex.
Law of Gravity)
Slide 13
D. Science Without Bias: Is it Possible? For science to be done
accurately it must be done without Bias. Bias is simply your
personal opinion. Preconceived notions and personal beliefs can
affect your observations. For example if you believe in aliens,
your more likely to report seeing one, and truly believe you have
seen one, whether you truly have or not. Do you think it is
possible for a scientists who has spent 20 years of his life doing
an in-depth study, trying to gather evidence in support of his
theory, to be unbiased?
Slide 14
modified by Liz LaRosa www.middleschoolscience.com 2009, from
original posted at:
www.science-class.net/PowerPoints/Observation_Inference_8th.pptwww.middleschoolscience.com
www.science-class.net/PowerPoints/Observation_Inference_8th.ppt E.
Observation & Inference
Slide 15
Observations Any information collected with the senses.
Quantitative measureable or countable 3 meters long 4 marbles 50
kilograms 35 degrees Celsius Qualitative describable, not
measureable red flowers smells like fresh baked cookies Tastes
bitter The skill of describing scientific events
Slide 16
Inference Conclusions or deductions based on observations. The
process of drawing a conclusion from given evidence. Practice:
Observations: I hear people screaming I smell cotton candy,
popcorn, and hamburgers I see a lot of people Inference = ?
Slide 17
Look at these two sets of animal tracks. List 3 OBSERVATIONS
Make an INFERENCE
Slide 18
Now what do you think? Make 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an
INFERENCE
Slide 19
Now what do you think? Make 3 OBSERVATIONS Make an
INFERENCE
Slide 20
Source of graphic:
http://bob.nap.edu/html/evolution98/evol6-e.html
http://bob.nap.edu/html/evolution98/evol6-e.html
Slide 21
Fossil Activity 1.Find a partner 2.Write your name on the paper
provided 3.I will give you a fossil 4.You are to draw your fossil
as you see it (top, side, and bottom) and make 3 observations. 5.In
another area of the paper, draw the environment and creature/plant
that your fossil belongs to. 6.Then you will present it to the
class briefly.
Slide 22
What do you see?
Slide 23
F. Independent and Dependent Variables The scientific method
requires variables for testing. Is plant growth affected by the
amount of sunlight? - tested by varying the amount of sunlight
several plants receive and comparing the growth of the plants.
Independent variable is what you control in the experiment (the
amount of sunlight). Dependent variable is what you measure in the
experiment (the plant growth).
Slide 24
G. Graphing Data If you were to graph the relationship between
plant growth and hours of sunlight received, which variable would
go on your X axis? Bottom line= be independent
Slide 25
Let's try the Scientific Method! What is happening in these
pictures? Do you know why?
Slide 26
Let's try the Scientific Method! Purpose: Why does Diet Coke
react explosively with mentos candy? Research: Everyone has seen
this done on the internet, so it does work. What is it between Diet
Coke and Mentos that makes it explosive?
Slide 27
Let's try the Scientific Method! Diet Coke is fizzy, caused by
the dissolved Carbon Dioxide in the soda. The candy releases this
carbon dioxide rapidly, causing the explosion. So we will try this
with soda water, which is like Diet Coke, without all the additives
(just dissolved carbon dioxide in water) Write down a hypothesis
(prediction) about what you think will happen.
Slide 28
So our experiment is to add mentos to soda water to get a
reaction between the candy and the carbon dioxide. Record your
observations. What did you see? This is your analysis. Did it match
your hypothesis? This is your conclusion.
Slide 29
Now we need to test the mentos to see if it is special. We will
drop a fruit flavored mentos into the soda water and see if we have
the same reaction. What do you think will happen? Did your
hypothesis match the result?
Slide 30
Make your own tests! In groups of 3 or 4, you will be given a
problem. Read your card and create an experiment that will solve
your problem. Work quickly! When the time is up, turn in all your
work. Don't forget to put everyone's names on it!
Slide 31
Let's see if you had the same ideas...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGMxEr2AxHM
Slide 32
What is Oceanography? Oceanography is the study of the ocean
using scientific methods of testing and data recording.
Slide 33
G. Earth and its Oceans Earth's surface is mostly water: 71%
How did the oceans form?
Slide 34
G. Earth and its Oceans Earth's surface is mostly water: 71%
How did the oceans form? One theory states: As Earth warmed and
partially melted, water locked in the minerals as hydrogen and
oxygen were released and carried to the surface by volcanic venting
activity (outgassing). Once the hydrogen and oxygen was released
into the atmosphere, it combined to become water vapor. As more
water was produced, clouds formed and it rained and rained and
rained!
Slide 35
G. Earth and its Oceans The presence of water on Earth is due
to the Goldilocks Effect - Earth is a perfect distance from the sun
for water to be liquid on the planet. Too close, and water would be
permanently water vapor. Too far, and water would be permanently
ice. Liquid water is essential to support life on Earth!
Slide 36
I. One World Ocean, 5 Names All the oceans are interconnected,
but we use 5 names to identify the 5 main ocean basins. They are
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern (formerly the
Antarctic).
Slide 37
J. The Disciplines of Oceanography 1.Oceanography is composed
of 4 basic disciplines: 1.Geological Oceanography Structure and
formation of the sea floor 2.Chemical Oceanography - Chemical
composition and properties of seawater 3.Physical Oceanography -
Waves, tides, currents (all movement) 4.Biological Oceanography -
Oceanic life forms
Slide 38
J. The Disciplines of Oceanography Using the descriptions,
state which area of oceanography the following situations would fit
into: (INCLUDE SCENARIO IN YOUR NOTES AND ANSWER) 1. Studying the
tides during a moon cycle 2. Testing how much salt is in the waters
of the Southern Ocean 3. Studying the mating habits of false killer
whales 4. Using sonar to map the sea floor 5. Sampling ocean water
and iceburg melt water and comparing their chemical compositions 6.
Tracking the ocean currents as they move from the equator to the
pole in the Atlantic ocean 7. Sending a ROV to the floor of the
Pacific to collect data on depths and underwater trenches 8. Taking
a count of the number of species of Clownfish on the Great Barrier
Reef