ClassicalConditioning&OperantConditioning
What is Classical Conditioning?
How Do We Learn?Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtending Pavlov’s UnderstandingPavlov’s Legacy
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Learning Objective: Students will be able to describe the difference between
Classical and Operant Conditioning.
Operant Conditioning§
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Skinner’s ExperimentsExtending Skinner’s UnderstandingSkinner’s LegacyContrasting Classical & OperantConditioning
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Learning is a relatively permanent change in anorganism’s behavior due to experience.
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Learning to associate one stimuluswith another.
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Learning to associate a responsewith a consequence.
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Learning to associate a responsewith a consequence.
Sovfoto
Ideas of classical conditioning originate from oldphilosophical theories. However, it was the
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov who explainedclassical conditioning.
11Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Forty Studies that Changed Psychology• Read pages 65-72, “It’s not just about
salivating dogs!” in groups of three.• Discuss each section and fill out the
worksheet as you go (One worksheet per group)
• Be prepared to discuss the study with the class. J
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Before conditioning, food (UnconditionedStimulus, US) produces salivation
(Unconditioned Response, UR). However, thetone (neutral stimulus) does not.
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During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone)and the US (food) are paired, resulting in
salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutralstimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits
salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)
Acquisition is the initial learning stage inclassical conditioning in which an association
between a neutral stimulus and anunconditioned stimulus takes place.
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1. In most cases, for conditioning to occur, theneutral stimulus needs to come before theunconditioned stimulus.
2. The time in between the two stimuli shouldbe about half a second.
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The CS needs to come half a second before the USfor acquisition to occur.
When the US (food) does not follow the CS(tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and
eventually causes extinction.
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After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation)spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persists
alone, the CR becomes extinct again.
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Tendency to respond tostimuli similar to the CS is
called generalization. Pavlovconditioned the dog’s
salivation (CR) by usingminiature vibrators (CS) on
the thigh. When hesubsequently stimulatedother parts of the dog’s
body, salivation dropped.
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Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguishbetween a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that
do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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Pavlov’s greatest contributionto psychology is isolating
elementary behaviors frommore complex ones through
objective scientificprocedures.
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Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)
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Former crack cocaine users should avoidcues (people, places) associated withprevious drug use.Through classical conditioning, a drug (plusits taste) that affects the immune responsemay cause the taste of the drug to invoke theimmune response.
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Brow
nBrothers
Watson used classicalconditioning procedures to
develop advertisingcampaigns for a number of
organizations, includingMaxwell House, making the“coffee break” an American
custom.
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John B. Watson
What is Operant Conditioning?
1. Classical conditioningforms associationsbetween stimuli (CSand US). Operantconditioning, on theother hand, forms anassociation betweenbehaviors and theresulting events.
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2. Classical conditioning involves respondentbehavior that occurs as an automaticresponse to a certain stimulus. Operantconditioning involves operant behavior, abehavior that operates on the environment,producing rewarding or punishing stimuli.
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Operant Conditioning• law of effect: This law states that
rewarded behavior is likely to occur.
FromTheEssentialsofConditioningandLearning,3rd
EditionbyMichaelP.Domjan,2005.Usedwithpermission
byThomsonLearning,WadsworthDivision
WalterD
awn/Photo
Researchers,Inc.
Using Thorndike's law of effect as a startingpoint, Skinner developed the Operant chamber,
or the Skinner box, to study operantconditioning.
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The operant chamber,or Skinner box, comeswith a bar or key that
an animal manipulatesto obtain a reinforcer
like food or water. Thebar or key is connectedto devices that recordthe animal’s response.
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Reuters/C
orbis
Reinforcement:Any event that strengthens thebehavior it follows. A heat lamp positivelyreinforces a meerkat’s behavior in the cold.
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Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcingstimulus like food or drink.
Conditioned Reinforcer: A learnedreinforcer that gets its reinforcing powerthrough association with the primaryreinforcer.
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Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer thatoccurs instantly after a behavior. A rat gets afood pellet for a bar press.
Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that isdelayed in time for a certain behavior. Apaycheck that comes at the end of a week.
We may be inclined to engage in small immediatereinforcers (watching TV) rather than large delayedreinforcers (getting an A in a course) which require
consistent study.36
An aversive event that decreases the behavior itfollows.
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Results in unwanted fears.Conveys no information to the organism.Justifies pain to others.Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in itsabsence.Causes aggression towards the agent.Causes one unwanted behavior to appear inplace of another.
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Although there may be some justification foroccasional punishment (Larzelaere & Baumrind,
2002), it usually leads to negative effects.
Intrinsic Motivation:The desire to perform abehavior for its ownsake.
Extrinsic Motivation:The desire to perform abehavior due topromised rewards orthreats of punishments.
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LWA-JDL/C
orbis
Skinner introduced the concept of teachingmachines that shape learning in small steps and
provide reinforcements for correct rewards.
49In School
Reinforcers affect productivity. Many companiesnow allow employees to share profits and
participate in company ownership.
50At work
At Home
In children, reinforcing good behavior increasesthe occurrence of these behaviors. Ignoring
unwanted behavior decreases their occurrence.
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Examples-1• Aprofessorhasapolicyofexemptingstudentsfromthefinalexamiftheymaintainperfectattendanceduringthequarter.Hisstudents’attendanceincreasesdramatically
• Theexemptionfromthefinalexamisanegativereinforcementbecausesomethingistakenawaythatincreasesthebehavior(attendance).
Examples-2
• Youcheckthecoinreturnslotonapaytelephoneandfindaquarter.Youfindyourselfcheckingothertelephonesoverthenextfewdays.
• Thequarterwouldbeapositivereinforcementbecauseitwasgivenandledtoanincreaseinthebehavior.
Examples-3
• Yourhandsarecoldsoyouputyourgloveson.Inthefuture,youaremorelikelytoputglovesonwhenit’scold.
• Theconsequenceisanegativereinforcementbecausethecoldnessistakenawayandthebehaviorofputtingonglovesincreases.
Examples-4• JohnWatsonconductedanexperimentwithaboynamedAlbertinwhichhepairedawhiteratwithaloud,startlingnoise.Albertnowbecomesstartledatthesightofthewhiterat.
• TheloudnoiseistheUS.• ThestartleistheUR.• ThewhiteratistheCS.• ThestartleresponsetothewhiteratistheCR.
Examples-5
• Yourcellphoneringsinthemiddleofaclasslecture,andyouarescoldedbyyourteacherfornotturningyourphoneoffpriortoclass.
• Thisispositivepunishmentbecausesomethinguncomfortablewasaddedtothesituationthatdecreasesthelikelihoodofyoulettingyourphoneringinthefuture.
ObservationalLearning
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